TY - JOUR T1 - Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from households by urban woodland in Ibagué-Colombia A1 - Acuña-Simbaqueva, Luis Miguel A1 - Andrade, Hernán J. A1 - Segura, Milena A. A1 - Sierra-Ramírez, Erika A1 - Canal-Daza, Diana Skarly A1 - Greñas-Corrales, Oscar Enrique Y1 - 2021/// KW - Almacenamiento KW - Armazenamento KW - Ecosystem services KW - environmental policy KW - fijación KW - fixation KW - fixação KW - política ambiental KW - servicios ecosistémicos KW - serviços ecossistêmicos KW - silvicultura urbana KW - storage KW - urban silviculture JF - Ambiente e Sociedade VL - 24 SP - 1 EP - 20 DO - 10.1590/1809-4422ASOC20200191VU2021L3AO L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Acuña-Simbaqueva 2021.pdf N2 - Trees are essential in the city to capture CO2, and, at the same time, to contribute to the mitigation of climate change. Carbon storage and fixation in aboveground biomass was estimated in the urban woodland of Ibagué with a census from 2013-2016, and a new measurement of 15% on individuals in the 2019-2020 period. The number of trees of the main species required to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases from households was estimated. Urban woodland captures about 3.81 Gg CO2/year, which represents only 2,3% of the city emissions. The mitigation of 169.2 Gg CO2/year of the city households would be achieved by having between 412,000 and 1.2 million trees of the most dominant species. Efforts based on green infrastructure to compensate urban emissions at municipal level must be coordinated with territory policies at large scales. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - PLAN DE MANEJO DE ARBOLADO URBANO DE LA CIUDAD DE VALLEDUPAR A1 - Alcaldía de Valledupar Y1 - 2017/// SP - 63 EP - 63 CY - Valledupar - Colombia L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Plan Arbolado Urbano - PMAU 09.03.2017 -2.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Plan de desarrollo de Puerto Carreño-Vichada 2016-2019 A1 - Alcaldia Municipal de Puerto Carreño Y1 - 2016/// L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/PLAN_DE_DESARROLLO_PUERTO_CARREÑO_SOMOS_TODOS_2016_-_2019.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy 55-2004 A1 - ASHRAE Standard Y1 - 2004/// JF - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. VL - 2004 IS - ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 SP - 1 EP - 34 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/T0080ASHRAE-55-2004-ThermalEnviromCondiHO.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Biomass distribution among tropical tree species grown under differing regional climates A1 - Bastien-Henri, Sara A1 - Park, Andrew A1 - Ashton, Mark A1 - Messier, Christian Y1 - 2010/// KW - Aitchison transformation KW - Biomass distribution KW - Native tree species KW - Panama KW - Site condition KW - Size effect PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Forest Ecology and Management VL - 260 IS - 3 SP - 403 EP - 410 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.035 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.035 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Biomass distribution among tropical tree species grown under differing regional climates - Bastien-Henri et al. - 2010.pdf N2 - In the Neotropics, there is a growing interest in establishing plantations of native tree species for commerce, local consumption, and to replant on abandoned agricultural lands. Although numerous trial plantations have been established, comparative information on the performance of native trees under different regional environments is generally lacking. In this study, we evaluated the accumulation and partitioning of above-ground biomass in 16 native and two exotic tree species growing in replicated species selection trials in Panama under humid and dry regional environments. Seven of the 18 species accumulated greater total biomass at the humid site than at the dry site over a two-year period. Species-specific biomass partitioning among leaves, branches and trunks was observed. However, a wide range of total biomass found among species (from 1.06. kg for Dipteryx panamensis to 29.84. kg for Acacia mangium at Soberania) justified the used of an Aitchison log ratio transformation to adjust for size. When biomass partitioning was adjusted for size, a majority of these differences proved to be a result of the ability of the tree to support biomass components rather than the result of differences in the regional environments at the two sites. These findings were confirmed by comparative ANCOVAs on Aitchison-transformed and non-Aitchison-transformed variables. In these comparisons, basal diameter, height and diameter at breast height were robust predictors of biomass for the pooled data from both sites, but Aitchison-transformed variables had little predictive power. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Resolving uncertainties in predictive equations for urban tree crown characteristics of the southeastern United States: Local and general equations for common and widespread species A1 - Blood, A. A1 - Starr, G. A1 - Escobedo, F. J. A1 - Chappelka, A. A1 - Wiseman, P. E. A1 - Sivakumar, Rama A1 - Staudhammer, C. L. Y1 - 2016/// KW - Crown width KW - Tree height KW - Tree inventory KW - Urban forest sampling KW - Urban tree allometry PB - Elsevier GmbH. JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 20 SP - 282 EP - 294 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.009 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.009 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Blood et al 2016.pdf N2 - Urban forest research and management requires improved methods for quantifying ecosystem structure and function. Regional equations for urban tree crown width and height can accordingly improve predictions of urban tree structure. Using a large regional dataset with 12 locations in the southeastern US, we developed diameter-based equations for 97 urban tree species. Whereas previously published urban equations have almost exclusively been developed with one location on public or commercial land, our data included both public and private land uses. For 5 widespread, common urban tree species (Acer rubrum, Cornus florida, Pinus taeda, Quercus nigra and Lagerstroemia spp.), we also assessed the inclusion of additional variables such as crown light exposure, land cover, basal area, and location. Overall, height and crown width models were improved when including additional predictors, although competition and location effects varied by species. Study city was a significant predictor of tree height in all species except C. florida, and a significant predictor of crown width for all species except C. florida and Q. nigra. This indicates that anthropogenically-influenced variation among cities can lead to significant differences in both tree form and structure and that future model development should utilize data encompassing multiple cities. Our predictive equations for urban tree crown characteristics provide an improved method for planning, management, and estimating the provision of ecosystem services to improve quality of life in cities. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ecosystem services in urban areas A1 - Bolund, Per; Hunhammar, Sven Y1 - 1999/// KW - Ecosystem KW - Ecosystem services KW - Urban areas JF - Ecological Economics IS - 2 SP - 293 EP - 301 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0 UR - https://www-sciencedirect-com.ez.urosario.edu.co/science/article/pii/S0921800999000130?via%3Dihub L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ecosystem services in urban areas - Bolund, Per Hunhammar - 1999.pdf N2 - Humanity is increasingly urban, but continues to depend on Nature for its survival. Cities are dependent on the ecosystems beyond the city limits, but also benefit from internal urban ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ecosystem services generated by ecosystems within the urban area. ‘Ecosystem services’ refers to the benefits human populations derive from ecosystems. Seven different urban ecosystems have been identified: street trees; lawns/parks; urban forests; cultivated land; wetlands; lakes/sea; and streams. These systems generate a range of ecosystem services. In this paper, six local and direct services relevant for Stockholm are addressed: air filtration, micro climate regulation, noise reduction, rainwater drainage, sewage treatment, and recreational and cultural values. It is concluded that the locally generated ecosystem services have a substantial impact on the quality-of-life in urban areas and should be addressed in land-use planning. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence A1 - Bowler, Diana E. A1 - Buyung-Ali, Lisette A1 - Knight, Teri M. A1 - Pullin, Andrew S. Y1 - 2010/// KW - Adaptation strategy KW - Climate change KW - Heat wave KW - Public health KW - Urban planning KW - Urban temperature PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Landscape and Urban Planning VL - 97 IS - 3 SP - 147 EP - 155 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Bowler et al 2010.pdf N2 - 'Urban greening' has been proposed as one approach to mitigate the human health consequences of increased temperatures resulting from climate change. We used systematic review methodology to evaluate available evidence on whether greening interventions, such as tree planting or the creation of parks or green roofs, affect the air temperature of an urban area. Most studies investigated the air temperature within parks and beneath trees and are broadly supportive that green sites can be cooler than non-green sites. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize data on the cooling effect of parks and results show that, on average, a park was 0.94 °C cooler in the day. Studies on multiple parks suggest that larger parks and those with trees could be cooler during the day. However, evidence for the cooling effect of green space is mostly based on observational studies of small numbers of green sites. The impact of specific greening interventions on the wider urban area, and whether the effects are due to greening alone, has yet to be demonstrated. The current evidence base does not allow specific recommendations to be made on how best to incorporate greening into an urban area. Further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space, and specifically to investigate the importance of the abundance, distribution and type of greening. Any urban greening programme implemented would need to be appropriately designed and monitored to continue to evaluate benefit to human health through reducing temperature. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Equações alométricas para estimativa de carbono em árvores de uma área urbana em Viçosa-MG A1 - Brianezi, Daniel A1 - Jacovine, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves A1 - Soares, Carlos Pedro Boechat A1 - Castro, Renato Vinícius Oliveira A1 - Basso, Vanessa Maria Y1 - 2013/// KW - Afforestation KW - Carbon stock KW - Modeling JF - Revista Arvore VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1073 EP - 1081 DO - 10.1590/S0100-67622013000600009 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Brianezi et al 2013.pdf N2 - The objective of this study was to generate equations to estimate carbon in trees of the main campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, contributing to the knowledge about the ability of urban green areas in removing and storing carbon. Thus, every tree with DBH less than 5 cm located at the university was inventoried. For no palm trees, were selected 721 sample trees, which were rigorously cubed by successive application of Smalian expression until 5 cm of diameter, for trunk and twigs. Regarding the palm trees, 100% of the individuals were cubed using the Huber expression. The basic density of wood with bark and content carbon were obtained, in palm trees, by removing a disk on DBH, due to the difficult of borehole. For the other trees, a mechanical auger was used. Based on the volume with bark, the basic density and carbon content, we calculated the total carbon and carbon in the twigs. Furthermore, we evaluated the Schumacher & Hall (1933) and Spurr (1952) modified models to estimate the carbon fixed in these individuals. In the case of no palm trees, the total carbon and the branches carbon can be estimated, in kg, according to the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH in cm) and Total Height (TH, in meters), by -0,906586+1,60421*LnDAP+0,37162*LnHt e por -2,052673+1,89903*LnDAP+0,24156*LnHt, in this order. In palms, the total carbon can be estimated by -4,46988+199082*LnDBH+1,06420*LnTH. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Climate change and developing-country cities: Implications for environmental health and equity A1 - Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid A1 - Corvalán, Carlos Y1 - 2007/// KW - Cities KW - Climate change KW - Energy KW - Equity KW - Health KW - Transport JF - Journal of Urban Health VL - 84 IS - SUPPL. 1 SP - 109 EP - 117 DO - 10.1007/s11524-007-9170-x L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Campbell-Lendrum-Corvalán2007_Article_ClimateChangeAndDeveloping-Cou.pdf N2 - Climate change is an emerging threat to global public health. It is also highly inequitable, as the greatest risks are to the poorest populations, who have contributed least to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The rapid economic development and the concurrent urbanization of poorer countries mean that developing-country cities will be both vulnerable to health hazards from climate change and, simultaneously, an increasing contributor to the problem. We review the specific health vulnerabilities of urban populations in developing countries and highlight the range of large direct health effects of energy policies that are concentrated in urban areas. Common vulnerability factors include coastal location, exposure to the urban heat-island effect, high levels of outdoor and indoor air pollution, high population density, and poor sanitation. There are clear opportunities for simultaneously improving health and cutting GHG emissions most obviously through policies related to transport systems, urban planning, building regulations and household energy supply. These influence some of the largest current global health burdens, including approximately 800,000 annual deaths from ambient urban air pollution, 1.2 million from road-traffic accidents, 1.9 million from physical inactivity, and 1.5 million per year from indoor air pollution. GHG emissions and health protection in developing-country cities are likely to become increasingly prominent in policy development. There is a need for a more active input from the health sector to ensure that development and health policies contribute to a preventive approach to local and global environmental sustainability, urban population health, and health equity. © 2007 The New York Academy of Medicine. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban morphological determinants of temperature regulating ecosystem services in two African cities A1 - Cavan, Gina A1 - Lindley, Sarah A1 - Jalayer, Fatemeh A1 - Yeshitela, Kumelachew A1 - Pauleit, Stephan A1 - Renner, Florian A1 - Gill, Susannah A1 - Capuano, Paolo A1 - Nebebe, Alemu A1 - Woldegerima, Tekle A1 - Kibassa, Deusdedit A1 - Shemdoe, Riziki Y1 - 2014/// KW - Africa KW - Cities KW - Climate change KW - Ecosystem services KW - Land surface cover KW - Land surface temperature KW - Urban ecosystems KW - Urban morphology PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Ecological Indicators VL - 42 SP - 43 EP - 57 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.025 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.025 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Urban morphological determinants of temperature regulating ecosystem services in two African cities - Cavan et al. - 2014.pdf N2 - Urban green infrastructure provides important regulating ecosystem services, such as temperature and flood regulation, and thus, has the potential to increase the resilience of African cities to climate change. Differing characteristics of urban areas can be conceptualised and subsequently mapped through the idea of urban morphology types (UMTs) - classifications which combine facets of urban form and function. When mapped, UMT units provide biophysically relevant meso-scale geographical zones which can be used as the basis for understanding climate-related impacts and adaptations. For example, they support the assessment of urban temperature patterns and the temperature regulation services provided by urban green structures. UMTs have been used for assessing regulating ecosystem services in European cities but little similar knowledge is available in an African context. This paper outlines the concept of UMTs and how they were applied to two African case study cities: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It then presents the data and methods used to understand provision of temperature regulation services across the two cities. In total, 35 detailed UMT classes were identified for Addis Ababa and 43 for Dar es Salaam. Modelled land surface temperature profiles for each of these UMTs are presented. The results demonstrate that urban morphological characteristics of UMTs, such as land surface cover proportions and associated built mass, have a much larger potential to alter neighbourhood level surface temperatures compared to projected climate changes. Land surface cover differences drive land surface temperature ranges over 25 °C compared to climate change projections being associated with changes of less than 1.5 °C. Residential UMTs account for the largest surface area of the cities, which are rapidly expanding due to population increase. Within the Residential UMTs, informal settlements and traditional housing areas are associated with the lowest land surface temperatures in Addis Ababa. These have higher proportions and better composition of green structures than other residential areas. The results have implications for planning policies in the cities. In Addis Ababa, the current urban renewal strategy to convert high density informal unplanned settlements into formal planned housing needs to explicitly account for green structure provision to avoid adverse effects on future supply of temperature regulation services. In Dar es Salaam, condominium UMTs have some of the largest proportions of green structures, and the best provision of temperature regulation services. In this case the challenge will be to maintain these into the future. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees A1 - Chave, J. A1 - Réjou-Méchain, M. A1 - Búrquez, A. A1 - Chidumayo, E. A1 - Colgan, M. A1 - Delitti, W. A1 - Duque, A. A1 - Eid, T. A1 - Fearnside, P. A1 - Goodman, R. A1 - Henry, M. A1 - Martínez-Yrízar, A. A1 - Mugasha, Wilson A. A1 - Muller-Landau, H. A1 - Mencuccini, M. A1 - Nelson, B. A1 - Ngomanda, A. A1 - Nogueira, E. A1 - Ortiz-Malavassi, E. A1 - Pélissier, R. A1 - Ploton, P. A1 - Ryan, C. A1 - Saldarriaga, J. A1 - Vieilledent, G. Y1 - 2014/// KW - Carbon KW - Forest inventory KW - Global carbon cycling KW - Plant allometry KW - Tree height KW - Tropics JF - Global Change Biology VL - 20 IS - 10 SP - 3177 EP - 3190 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12629 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Chave et al 2014.pdf N2 - Terrestrial carbon stock mapping is important for the successful implementation of climate change mitigation policies. Its accuracy depends on the availability of reliable allometric models to infer oven-dry aboveground biomass of trees from census data. The degree of uncertainty associated with previously published pantropical aboveground biomass allometries is large. We analyzed a global database of directly harvested trees at 58 sites, spanning a wide range of climatic conditions and vegetation types (4004 trees = 5 cm trunk diameter). When trunk diameter, total tree height, and wood specific gravity were included in the aboveground biomass model as covariates, a single model was found to hold across tropical vegetation types, with no detectable effect of region or environmental factors. The mean percent bias and variance of this model was only slightly higher than that of locally fitted models. Wood specific gravity was an important predictor of aboveground biomass, especially when including a much broader range of vegetation types than previous studies. The generic tree diameter-height relationship depended linearly on a bioclimatic stress variable E, which compounds indices of temperature variability, precipitation variability, and drought intensity. For cases in which total tree height is unavailable for aboveground biomass estimation, a pantropical model incorporating wood density, trunk diameter, and the variable E outperformed previously published models without height. However, to minimize bias, the development of locally derived diameter-height relationships is advised whenever possible. Both new allometric models should contribute to improve the accuracy of biomass assessment protocols in tropical vegetation types, and to advancing our understanding of architectural and evolutionary constraints on woody plant development. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum A1 - Chave, J A1 - Coomes, D A1 - Jansen, S A1 - Lewis, S A1 - Swenson, N A1 - Zanne, Amy E. Y1 - 2009/// KW - Evolution KW - Functional ecology KW - Plant economics KW - Trade-offs KW - Wood JF - Ecology Letters VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 366 DO - 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Chave et al 2009.pdf N2 - Wood performs several essential functions in plants, including mechanically supporting aboveground tissue, storing water and other resources, and transporting sap. Woody tissues are likely to face physiological, structural and defensive trade-offs. How a plant optimizes among these competing functions can have major ecological implications, which have been under-appreciated by ecologists compared to the focus they have given to leaf function. To draw together our current understanding of wood function, we identify and collate data on the major wood functional traits, including the largest wood density database to date (8412 taxa), mechanical strength measures and anatomical features, as well as clade-specific features such as secondary chemistry. We then show how wood traits are related to one another, highlighting functional trade-offs, and to ecological and demographic plant features (growth form, growth rate, latitude, ecological setting). We suggest that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined. We then discuss the biogeography, evolution and biogeochemistry of the spectrum, and conclude by pointing out the major gaps in our current knowledge of wood functional traits. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparing the cooling effects of a tree and a concrete shelter using PET and UTCI A1 - Cheung, Pui Kwan A1 - Jim, C. Y. Y1 - 2018/// KW - Cooling effect KW - Outdoor thermal comfort KW - Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) KW - Thermal benefit KW - Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) KW - Urban tree PB - Elsevier JF - Building and Environment VL - 130 IS - October 2017 SP - 49 EP - 61 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.013 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Comparing the cooling effects of a tree and a concrete shelter using PET and UTCI - Cheung, Jim - 2018.pdf N2 - Trees could provide notable cooling by intercepting solar radiation and evapotranspiration. Human-made shelters in urban areas also serve as shading devices. However, few studies have compared the cooling efficacy of trees and artificial shelters. This study systematically quantified and compared the daytime and nighttime cooling effects of a large Chinese Banyan tree (Ficus microcarpa) with dense foliage and an extensive concrete shelter, in an urban park in Hong Kong's subtropical summer. Microclimatic parameters at the two sites were monitored to compare air temperature, and the computed values of PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index). The mean daytime cooling effects generated by the tree were 0.6 °C (air temperature), 3.9 °C (PET) and 2.5 °C (UTCI), which were higher than the shelter at 0.2 °C, 3.8 °C and 2.0 °C respectively. The differences were significant for air temperature and UTCI (p <.001 and p <.05 respectively, t-test) but not for PET (p =.261). The tree's mean daytime maximum cooling effects were 2.1 °C (air temperature), 18.8 °C (PET) and 10.3 °C (UTCI). The tree's mean nighttime cooling was significantly higher than the shelter for all three indices (p <.001, t-test). The thermal stress classifications by PET and UTCI were significantly different on the neutral or warmer side (p <.001, Chi-squared test), suggesting that they cannot be used interchangeably. The findings could inform decisions on natural versus artificial shelters in urban thermal design, and trigger comparative investigations in using PET and UTCI for outdoor thermal comfort assessment. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest A1 - Chow, Winston T.L. A1 - Akbar, Siti Nur Assyakirin Binte Ali A1 - Heng, Su Li A1 - Roth, Matthias Y1 - 2016/// KW - Outdoor thermal comfort KW - Tropical microclimate KW - Urban parks PB - Elsevier GmbH. JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 16 SP - 62 EP - 75 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.010 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.010 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest - Chow et al. - 2016.pdf N2 - Urban greenery is a favoured approach applied towards reducing urban warmth and climate discomfort, but ascertaining its measured and perceived effectiveness in tropical climates is relatively understudied. To this end, we investigated microclimate differences within an urban park (the Singapore Botanic Gardens) to assess if variations in plot-scale land cover affect both objective (measured) and subjective (surveyed) microclimate data. Over two monsoonal seasons, we obtained data from four distinct sites-a tropical rainforest stand, a palm tree valley, a water-body feature, and the park visitors' centre. Measured climate data (e.g. air temperature, vapour pressure, wind velocity and globe temperatures) were used to derive mean radiant temperature Tmrt and three thermal comfort indices (e.g. temperature-humidity index THI, physiological equivalent temperature PET, and wet-bulb globe temperature WBGT). Concurrent to these measurements, we also surveyed park users (n = 1573) for perceived microclimate sensations and preferences in thermal, humidity, wind and sun exposure, as well as their overall assessment of climate comfort/discomfort. The results indicate significant differences in both measured and perceived microclimates over different sites and seasons, with (i) selected heat stress thresholds based on thermal comfort indices exceeded at several sites, and (ii) visitors perceived generally hot, humid and low-wind conditions throughout. Variations in respondent acclimatisation to tropical climates are observed between correlations of WBGT and some sensation votes, with apparently stronger correlations with more acclimated respondents. While humidity was voted as the most uncomfortable climate variable across all sites, a large majority of respondents felt comfortable climate conditions throughout. Present results confirm that vegetation canopy characteristics affecting wind and sun exposure appear to be important factors in outdoor thermal comfort. Lastly, we suggest that future tropical outdoor thermal comfort studies consider the critical aspects of site humidity and wind to discern comfort/discomfort levels. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Urban Forest Management Plan A1 - Climate Action Reserve Y1 - 2019/// SP - 45 EP - 45 UR - https://www.climateactionreserve.org/how/protocols/urban-forest/ L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Urban_Forest_Management_Project_Protocol_V1.1.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of urban green areas on air temperature in a medium-sized Argentinian city A1 - Coronel, Alejandra A1 - Feldman, Susana A1 - Jozami, Emliano A1 - Facundo, Kehoe A1 - Piacentini, Rubén A1 - Dubbeling, Marielle A1 - Escobedo, Francisco Y1 - 2015/// KW - climate change KW - cooling requirements KW - green infrastructure KW - heating requirements KW - urban agriculture KW - urban forestry KW - urban heat island JF - AIMS Environmental Science VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 803 EP - 826 DO - 10.3934/environsci.2015.3.803 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Effects of urban green areas on air temperature in a medium-sized Argentinian city - S. Coronel et al. - 2015.pdf N2 - Urban climate is the result of both atmospheric and geographic factors affecting a region, as well as the morphology, structures and human activities in a city. Urban vegetation in particular affects this climate at a local scale and provides many other social, economic and ecological benefits. Thus, it is important to explore the effects of different green areas used for urban and periurban agriculture and forestry activities (UPAF) on daily atmospheric temperature and the required degrees of cooling or refrigerating temperature. Comfort temperatures were defined using a range 18–24 °C and analyzed using actual measured as well as forecasted temperatures using a future scenario. Actual temperatures were recorded from September 2013 to August 2014 using digital sensors across eight sites in Rosario, Argentina: three in the central core with no vegetation, one in the central core with street trees, one in an urban agriculture site, one in a public park and two in periurban agricultural areas. Results show that air temperature in the central core with no vegetation were higher than those in other sites with vegetation during day and night, with the exception of the temperatures measured at the central core site with street trees. Findings also show that temperature effects in urban agricultural gardens of approximately 2 ha were similar to those of gardens and public parks 2‒3 ha in size. Three UPAF types were classified according to cooling degree days, which decreased in order from (1) central core with no trees; (2) central core with street trees and public parks; and (3) urban and periurban agriculture areas. Conversely, the opposite trends for heating degree days were found. Results from this study can be used for integrating UPAF measures into climate change mitigation and urban planning policies in medium-sized cities in the developing world. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Estimación de la capacidad potencial de fijación de co2 y producción de o2, como servicio ecosistémico suministrado por el arbolado del parque los fundadores y la alameda de la avenida 40 en el municipio de Villavicencio (Meta). A1 - Cortes, C , J.H; Matias, B; E.V Y1 - 2013/// KW - icle JF - Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling VL - 53 IS - 9 SP - 1689 EP - 1699 SN - 9788578110796 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Biomasa/Tesis Villavo carbono.pdf N2 - Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein−protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD ≤ 2.0 Å for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21% with default Glide SP settings to 58% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluating the urban climate of a typically tropical city of northeastern Brazil A1 - Da Silva, Vicente De Paulo Rodrigues A1 - De Azevedo, Pedro Vieira A1 - Brito, Robson Souto A1 - Da Cunha Campos, João Hugo Baracuy Y1 - 2010/// KW - Climatic variables KW - Discomfort index KW - Heat island KW - Mann-Kendal test KW - Urban area JF - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment VL - 161 IS - 1-4 SP - 45 EP - 59 DO - 10.1007/s10661-008-0726-3 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Silva2010_Article_EvaluatingTheUrbanClimateOfATy.pdf N2 - This study attempted to assess a bioclimate index and the occurrence of an urban heat island in the city of Campina Grande, northeastern Brazil, using data taken from mobile measurements and Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The climate data were obtained during two representative months, one for the dry season (November 2005) and one for the rainy season (June 2006) at seven points in an urban area. Ten-minute air temperatures recorded by an AWS installed in urban areas were compared to those from a similar station located in a suburban area to assess the urban heat island (UHI). The data were collected using a 23X data logger (Campbell Scientific, Inc.) programmed for collecting data every second. The thermal discomfort level was analyzed by Thom's discomfort index (DI), and an analysis of variance was applied for assessing if there was any statistically significant difference at the 1% and 5% significance level of thermal comfort among points. Mann-Kendall statistical test was used for identifying possibly significant trends in a time series for air temperature, relative humidity, and class A pan evaporation for the city of Campina Grande. The present study found UHI intensities of 1.48°C and -∈0.7°C for the months taken as representative of the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Summer in the city has partially comfortable conditions while the winter is fully comfortable. There are significant changes in DI hourly values between seasons. Only during the rainy season did all points of the city have a comfortable condition until 8:19 h, at which time they become partially comfortable for the rest of the day. Results indicated that there was a 1.5°C increase in air temperature and a 7.2% reduction in relative humidity throughout the analyzed time series. The DI also showed a statistically significant increasing trend (Mann-Kendall test, p∈<∈0.01) for the dry and rainy seasons and annual period of approximately 1°C in the last 41 years in the city of Campina Grande. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Puerto Carreño / Vichada ¿Cuántos somos? A1 - DANE Y1 - 2018/// KW - Departamento Nacional de Estadística SP - 1 EP - 1 UR - https://sitios.dane.gov.co/cnpv/#!/ L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/DANE 2018.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Global buffering of temperatures under forest canopies A1 - De Frenne, Pieter A1 - Zellweger, Florian A1 - Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco A1 - Scheffers, Brett R. A1 - Hylander, Kristoffer A1 - Luoto, Miska A1 - Vellend, Mark A1 - Verheyen, Kris A1 - Lenoir, Jonathan Y1 - 2019/// JF - Nature Ecology and Evolution VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 744 EP - 749 DO - 10.1038/s41559-019-0842-1 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/De Frenne et al 2019.pdf N2 - Macroclimate warming is often assumed to occur within forests despite the potential for tree cover to modify microclimates. Here, using paired measurements, we compared the temperatures under the canopy versus in the open at 98 sites across 5 continents. We show that forests function as a thermal insulator, cooling the understory when ambient temperatures are hot and warming the understory when ambient temperatures are cold. The understory versus open temperature offset is magnified as temperatures become more extreme and is of greater magnitude than the warming of land temperatures over the past century. Tree canopies may thus reduce the severity of warming impacts on forest biodiversity and functioning. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso A1 - Di Leo, Néstor A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Dubbeling, Marielle Y1 - 2016/// KW - Africa KW - Urban agriculture KW - Urban climate change policies KW - Urban ecosystem services KW - Urban forestry KW - Urban heat island JF - Environment, Development and Sustainability VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 373 EP - 392 DO - 10.1007/s10668-015-9653-y L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso - Di Leo, Escobedo, Dubbel.pdf N2 - Green infrastructure in developed countries has been used as a climate change adaptation strategy to lower increased temperatures in cities. But, the use of green infrastructure to provide ecosystem services and increase resilience is largely overlooked in climate change and urban policies in the developing world. This study analyzed the role of urbanization and green infrastructure on urban surface temperatures in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, in sub-Saharan Africa. We use available geospatial data and techniques to spatially and temporally explore urbanization and land surface temperatures (LSTs) over 20 years. The effect of specific green infrastructure areas in the city on LSTs was also analyzed. Results show increased urbanization rates and increased temperature trends across time and space. But, LST in green infrastructure areas was indeed lower than adjacent impervious, urbanized areas. Seasonal phenological differences due to rainfall patterns, available planting space, and site limitations should be accounted for to maximize temperature reduction benefits. We discuss an approach on how study findings and urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry are being used for policy uptake and formulation in the field of climate change, food security, and urbanization by the municipal government in this city in Burkina Faso. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Análisis estadístico de datos multivariados A1 - Díaz, L A1 - Morales, M Y1 - 2012/// PB - Universidad Nacional de Colombia ET - 1st SP - 599 EP - 599 CY - Bogotá SN - 9789587613254 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Análisis estadístico de datos multivariados 2012.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sub-national water–food–labour nexus in Colombia A1 - Distefano, T. A1 - Isaza, A. Saldarriaga A1 - Muñoz, E. A1 - Builes, T. Y1 - 2022/// KW - Environmentally extended input–output KW - Inequality KW - Informal labour KW - Spatial analysis KW - Sustainable development goals KW - Virtual water PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Journal of Cleaner Production VL - 335 IS - March 2021 SP - 130138 EP - 130138 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130138 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130138 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Distefano et al 2022.pdf N2 - Poorer countries often face a severe trade-off: the need to improve socio-economic conditions is hard to balance with the maintenance of key ecological processes. As a case study, we select Colombia, a Latin American country with almost 10% of its inhabitants living in extreme poverty. We elaborate a water–food–labour (WFL) nexus grounded on a sub-national Environmentally Extended Input–Output (EEIO) analysis to assess the virtual water trade (VWT) and virtual informal labour (VIL) flows across administrative departments and economic sectors related to domestic trade. The main results are the following: high cross-departmental resource interdependence both in terms of VWT and VIL, rich departments highly depend on the resources of their neighbouring trading partners, extreme poverty conditions shown by economically isolated departments, and considerable income inequality in the food production sectors. Moreover, departments that are net exporters of virtual water suffer from water stress that might be exacerbated by future high rainfall variability due to climate change. These results suggest that strategies to attain sustainable development goals (SDGs) must deal with the biophysical constraints and the economic and political feasibility of the proposed solutions. In this vein, we argue that a holistic framework, grounded on quantitative analyses, is necessary to support informed policy decisions for the simultaneous achievement of multiple (possibly contrasting) goals. Moreover, severe spatial imbalances call for local policy responses coordinated at the national level. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indicators A1 - Dobbs, C. A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Zipperer, Wayne C. Y1 - 2011/// KW - Disservices KW - Ecosystem services KW - Florida KW - Urban ecosystem KW - Urban soils PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Landscape and Urban Planning VL - 99 IS - 3-4 SP - 196 EP - 206 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Dobbs et al 2011.pdf N2 - The social and ecological processes impacting on urban forests have been studied at multiple temporal and spatial scales in order to help us quantify, monitor, and value the ecosystem services that benefit people. Few studies have comprehensively analyzed the full suite of ecosystem services, goods (ESG), and ecosystem disservices provided by an urban forest. Indicators, however, are one approach that could be used to better understand the structure of an urban forest, the suite of ESG provided by urban forests, and their influence on human well-being using a simple, innovative and repeatable metric. This study presents a framework for developing indicators using field data, an urban forest functional model, and the literature. Urban tree and soil indicators for groups of ecosystem functions were used to statistically analyze the effects of urban morphology and socioeconomics on urban forest ESG. Findings show that the most influential ESG indicators were tree cover, soil pH, and soil organic matter. Indicators were significantly influenced by land use and time since urbanization, while analyses of property values and household income did not yield any particularly significant results. The indicators presented in this paper present a first approach to non-monetary valuation of urban forest ESG and can be used to develop urban forest structure management goals and to monitor the effects of urban greening policies on human well-being. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Exploring temporal dynamics of urban ecosystem services in Latin America: The case of Bogota (Colombia) and Santiago (Chile) A1 - Dobbs, C. A1 - Hernández-Moreno, Ángela A1 - Reyes-Paecke, Sonia A1 - Miranda, Marcelo D. Y1 - 2018/// KW - Carbon KW - Landscape metrics KW - Recreation KW - Spatial patterns KW - Urban ecology KW - Urban-rural gradient PB - Elsevier JF - Ecological Indicators VL - 85 IS - June 2017 SP - 1068 EP - 1080 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.062 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.062 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Dobbs et al 2018.pdf N2 - Latin America is one of the most urbanized region in the world, where patterns of urbanization are disorganized and disjoint from urban planning, with unknown effects for ecosystem services (ES). We evaluated the ES in Bogota and Santiago for a 30-year period. Using remote sensing data, models and census data we quantified carbon regulation, climate mitigation and recreation potential. We assessed ES provision changes and their spatio-temporal patterns using landscape metrics. Urban vegetation patterns differ between the two cities because of climate variability and greening policies. Bogota stored more carbon than Santiago given to climate effects, differences within city were the result of different policies and management. Climate mitigation showed similar behavior for both cities, influenced by global climate, densification and urban sprawling. Recreation potential increased in the inner-city and decrease at the outskirts, reflecting unplanned urban sprawling and increase population. Areas of high ecosystem services connected for Bogota and fragmented for Santiago. Bogota improved its environmental condition, as evaluated by ES provision, while Santiago worsens, even there was an increased in vegetation cover. Vegetation cover was not a sufficient indicator for ecosystem services and the distribution of it becomes highly relevant for informing mismatches between services and vegetation. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? A1 - Dobbs, C A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Clerici, Nicola A1 - de la Barrera, Francisco A1 - Eleuterio, Ana Alice A1 - MacGregor-Fors, Ian A1 - Reyes-Paecke, Sonia A1 - Vásquez, Alexis A1 - Zea Camaño, Jorge Danilo A1 - Hernández, H. Jaime Y1 - 2019/// KW - Governance KW - Green infrastructure KW - Social inequities KW - Socio-ecological systems KW - Urban ecology PB - Urban Ecosystems JF - Urban Ecosystems VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 173 EP - 187 SN - 1125201808053 DO - 10.1007/s11252-018-0805-3 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Dobbs et al 2019.pdf N2 - Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Global drivers and tradeoffs of three urban vegetation ecosystem services A1 - Dobbs, C A1 - Nitschke, Craig R. A1 - Kendal, Dave Y1 - 2014/// JF - PLoS ONE VL - 9 IS - 11 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0113000 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Dobbs et al 2014.PDF N2 - Our world is increasingly urbanizing which is highlighting that sustainable cities are essential for maintaining human wellbeing. This research is one of the first attempts to globally synthesize the effects of urbanization on ecosystem services and how these relate to governance, social development and climate. Three urban vegetation ecosystem services (carbon storage, recreation potential and habitat potential) were quantified for a selection of a hundred cities. Estimates of ecosystem services were obtained from the analysis of satellite imagery and the use of well-known carbon and structural habitat models. We found relationships between ecosystem services, social development, climate and governance, however these varied according to the service studied. Recreation potential was positively related to democracy and negatively related to population. Carbon storage was weakly related to temperature and democracy, while habitat potential was negatively related to democracy. We found that cities under 1 million inhabitants tended to have higher levels of recreation potential than larger cities and that democratic countries have higher recreation potential, especially if located in a continental climate. Carbon storage was higher in full democracies, especially in a continental climate, while habitat potential tended to be higher in authoritarian and hybrid regimes. Similar to other regional or city studies we found that the combination of environment conditions, socioeconomics, demographics and politics determines the provision of ecosystem services. Results from this study showed the existence of environmental injustice in the developing world. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ecuaciones De Biomasa Aerea Y Area Foliar Basadas En Metodos No Destructives Para Arboles Urbanos De Dos Comunas De Chile Central A1 - Dobbs, C; A1 - Hernández, Jaime; A1 - Escobedo, Francisco Y1 - 2011/// KW - Allometry KW - Non-destructive method KW - Randomised branch sampling JF - Bosque VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 287 EP - 296 DO - 10.4067/S0717-92002011000300010 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Dobbs et al 2011.pdf N2 - Biomass is regarded as an important indicator of ecological and management processes in urban vegetation, difficult to measure but easy to interpret. Existence and growing rates of biomass can be used to calculate carbon storage and sequestration, estimate dry deposition of air pollution or volatile organic compound emissions. In cities, management practices also affect the amount and distribution of biomass components within a tree and local calibrated equations should be used. However, traditional destructive methods to gather the data necessary to build such equations are less practical in urban environments. The main objective of this work was to develop above ground biomass and leaf area models by using non destructive methods for common urban trees in Santiago, Chile. We used randomised branch sampling (RBS), a non-destructive method, and easily measured variables such as DBH and total height to estimate crown biomass and leaf area for the 11 most common urban tree species in Santiago. Results using equations developed in this study yielded crown biomass estimates, comparable and within the range of values reported in literature and within those obtained from urban forest structure models. Leaf area results yielded more reasonable estimates when compared to field data and urban forest structure models. These equations can be incorporated into urban forest function models for more precise estimates of Latin American temperate urban forest function. With increased sampling intensity the RBS sampling method could be presented as a non-destructive and repeatable method for estimating different types of urban tree crown characteristics. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Air temperature regulation by urban trees and green infrastructure. A1 - Doick, Kieron A1 - Hutchings, Tony Y1 - 2013/// JF - Research {Note} - {Forestry} {Commission} IS - February SP - 10 pp. EP - -10 pp. UR - http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCRN012.pdf/$FILE/FCRN012.pdf L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Doick, Hutchings - 2013 - Air temperature regulation by urban trees and green infrastructure.pdf N2 - A well-known effect of urbanisation is the warming of the local climate relative to surrounding rural areas, creating a phenomenon known as the 'urban heat island' (UHI). UHI intensity varies across a city and over time, but temperature differences may reach 9°C in the UK. Factors that contribute to a UHI include the thermal properties, height and spacing of buildings, the production of waste heat, air pollution, and differences in land cover and albedo. The UHI effect is important as heat-related stress accounts for around 1100 premature deaths per year in the UK - increasing noticeably in exceptionally hot years. An estimated 8-11 extra deaths occur each day for each degree increase in air temperature during UK summer heatwaves. As the occurrence and intensity of extreme heat events is set to increase under the changing climate predicted for the UK, there are significant implications for the thermal comfort and health of city dwellers across many parts of the UK. UHI abatement is of significance to those engaged in the development and delivery of climate change adaptation plans, including urban planners, policy makers and health professionals. Urban planning, building design and landscaping can all provide strategies for mitigating the UHI. Vegetation has a key role to play in contributing to the overall temperature regulation of cities. Informed selection and strategic placement of trees and green infrastructure can reduce the UHI and cool the air by between 2°C and 8°C, reducing heat-related stress and premature human deaths during high-temperature events. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Socio-ecological dynamics and inequality in Bogotá, Colombia's public urban forests and their ecosystem services A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Clerici, Nicola A1 - Staudhammer, Christina L. A1 - Corzo, Germán Tovar Y1 - 2015/// KW - Ecosystem service predictors KW - Environmental justice KW - Socioeconomic strata KW - Tree diversity KW - Urban ecosystem services PB - Elsevier GmbH. JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 1040 EP - 1053 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2015.09.011 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.09.011 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Escobedo et al 2015.pdf N2 - Little is known about the distribution of urban forests of rapidly growing megacities in the developing world and what role they have on the well-being of citizens. Lack of information on their spatial distribution and ecosystem service (ESS) provision is especially pressing since megacities are often characterized by irregular land use patterns, social inequities, and socioeconomic instability. We explored spatial equity in key tree structural characteristics and ESS predictors from public urban forests in Bogotá, Colombia. We used one of the most comprehensive public urban tree inventories in Latin America, ESS indicators, and geospatial data to statistically and spatially analyze structural and diversity attributes and provision of ESS across Bogota's land uses and socioeconomic strata. We found that the poorest socioeconomic stratum had the lowest tree size and crown attributes while the wealthiest stratum had the largest trees attributes. Tree diversity was greatest in northern, affluent areas and total C stocks were greatest in residential areas. Potential particulate matter removal was notably proportional to socioeconomic strata with the wealthiest having the greatest potential while the poorest stratum had the lowest. Residential land-use property value premiums were weakly related to tree diameter and height, and locality and socioeconomic strata were the most significant predictors of property value in residential land-uses. We identified marked inequalities in ESS provision by urban trees in Bogotá, Colombia highlighting a need for urban forest ESS to be taken into account in city planning efforts to address environmental justice issues and improve citizen welfare. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban forests, ecosystem services, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions: Nexus or evolving metaphors? A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Giannico, Vincenzo A1 - Jim, C. Y. A1 - Sanesi, Giovanni A1 - Lafortezza, Raffaele Y1 - 2019/// KW - Co-benefits KW - Environmental metaphors KW - Spatial-temporal literature review KW - Urban ecosystems KW - Urban forestry JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 37 IS - February SP - 3 EP - 12 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.011 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Escobedo et al 2018.pdf N2 - Approaches and concepts nurturing interdisciplinary knowledge on urban ecosystems have evolved over recent decades and adopted a series of metaphors, including Ecosystem services (ES), Green infrastructure (GI), and Nature-based solutions (NBS). Similarly, research and promotion of urban forests (UF) and their multiple functions have recently grown as a means to address issues affecting urban areas throughout the world. Regardless of the metaphor used, urban forestry has historically provided a common language, science-based practices, and experiences for planning and managing trees and green spaces in cities to provide such benefits. Therefore, we conducted a review of the literature to better understand the origin, trends, and evolution of these metaphors and their institutional and contextual interpretations. Relationships among terms, publication trends and the studies’ countries of origin were then used to identify the nexus between urban forestry and these metaphors. We found that ES appears in 2006, GI in 2007 and NBS in 2015. Definitions based on seminal academic publications are now included in national-level policy instruments in several countries and regions. However, in terms of English language publications, the United States leads by a notable margin followed by China, larger European Union countries, Brazil, Australia, and Canada. Similarly, the North-South divide is evident in terms of scientific publication productivity and funding for this type of research. Science and evidence-based guidelines and solutions for integrating and implementing urban forestry practices and experiences are found in several international publications. We suggest that such metaphors, and their socio-political implications, are not as important as the inherent messages. Indeed, changes in both discipline and language are key for communicating the documented importance of urban forestry for enhancing human well-being. A set of criteria that could be adopted to guide the use of these and future metaphors is also presented. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Spatio-temporal changes in structure for a mediterranean urban forest: Santiago, Chile 2002 to 2014 A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Palmas-Perez, Sebastian A1 - Dobbs, Cynnamon A1 - Gezan, Salvador A1 - Hernandez, Jaime Y1 - 2016/// KW - Basal area KW - Spatial analysis KW - Urban forest biomass KW - Urban forest mortality KW - Urban tree growth JF - Forests VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 14 DO - 10.3390/f7060121 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Escobedo et al 2016 Methodology.pdf N2 - There is little information on how urban forest ecosystems in South America and Mediterranean climates change across both space and time. This study statistically and spatially analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of Santiago, Chile's urban forest using tree and plot-level data from permanent plots from 2002 to 2014. We found mortality, ingrowth, and tree cover remained stable over the analysis period and similar patterns were observed for basal area (BA) and biomass. However, tree cover increased, and was greater in the highest socioeconomic stratum neighborhoods while it dropped in the medium and low strata. Growth rates for the five most common tree species averaged from 0.12 to 0.36 cm· year-1. Spatially, tree biomass and BA were greater in the affluent, northeastern sections of the city and in southwest peri-urban areas. Conversely, less affluent central, northwest, and southern areas showed temporal losses in BA and biomass. Overall, we found that Santiago's urban forest follows similar patterns as in other parts of the world; affluent areas tend to have more and better managed urban forests than poorer areas, and changes are primarily influenced by social and ecological drivers. Nonetheless, care is warranted when comparing urban forest structural metrics measured with similar sampling-monitoring approaches across ecologically disparate regions and biomes. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Big or Small Cities? On city size and economic growth A1 - Frick, Susanne A. A1 - Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés Y1 - 2018/// JF - Growth and Change VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 32 DO - 10.1111/grow.12232 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Frick & Rodríguez-Pose 2018.pdf N2 - Policy makers and academics frequently emphasize a positive link between city size and economic growth. The empirical literature on the relationship, however, is scarce and uses rough indicators for the size of a country's cities, while ignoring factors that are increasingly considered to shape this relationship. In this paper, we employ a panel of 113 countries between 1980 and 2010 to explore whether 1) there are certain city sizes that are growth enhancing and 2) how additional factors highlighted in the literature impact the city size/growth relationship. The results suggest a nonlinear relationship which is dependent on the country's size. In contrast to the prevailing view that large cities are growth-inducing, for a majority of countries relatively small cities of up to 3 million inhabitants are more conducive to economic growth. A large share of the urban population in cities of more than 10 million inhabitants is only growth promoting in countries with an urban population of 28.5 million and more. In addition, the relationship is highly context-dependent: a high share of industries that benefit from agglomeration economies, a well-developed urban infrastructure, and an adequate level of governance effectiveness allow countries to take advantage of agglomeration benefits from larger cities. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Estimación de la biomasa aérea usando datos de campo e información de sensores remotos Versión 1.0 Estimación de la biomasa aérea usando datos de campo e información de sensores remotos Versión 1.0 A1 - Galindo, G.A A1 - Cabrera, E A1 - Vargas, DM A1 - Pabón, H.R. A1 - Cabrera, K.R. A1 - Yepes, A.P. A1 - Phillips, J.F. A1 - Navarrete, D.A. A1 - Duque, A.J. A1 - García, M.C. A1 - Ordoñez, M.F Y1 - 2011/// KW - Biomass KW - colombia KW - remote sensing SP - 52 EP - 52 SN - 9789588067506 UR - http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/13257/13548/Biomasa+Sensores.pdf/1ad2a058-1b6f-48c1-b826-f2625eed610e L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/IDEAM 2011b Biomasa.pdf N2 - Estimación de la biomasa aérea usando datos de campo e información de sensores remotos Versión 1.0 Estimación de la biomasa aérea usando datos de campo e información de sensores remotos Versión 1.0 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Overheating risk assessment of different dwellings during the hottest season of a warm tropical climate A1 - Gamero-Salinas, Juan Carlos A1 - Monge-Barrio, Aurora A1 - Sánchez-Ostiz, Ana Y1 - 2020/// KW - Dwellings KW - Overheating risk KW - Residential typology KW - Thermal comfort KW - Thermal transmittance KW - Tropical climate JF - Building and Environment VL - 171 IS - October 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106664 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Gamero-Salinas 2020.pdf N2 - Cities with hot tropical climate suffer generally from warm conditions during all year long, which could result on buildings ‘overheating’ or high energy consumption by cooling. This paper is the first of its kind in Central America, region that lacks studies regarding thermal performance of buildings. This study develops an overheating risk assessment to twelve dwellings of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, with a warm tropical climate, based on 41-day field study measurements of indoor air temperatures during its hottest season of the year. The aim of the study was to find if overheating risk differed depending on the building typology, single-family (SD) or apartment-type (AT), and based on the latter, to what extent roof exposure to solar gains and material properties, such as u-values and thermal mass, are parameters that influence the risk of overheating. The adopted methodology followed CIBSE TM52 Overheating Risk Methodology, and EN15251 and ASHRAE 55 adaptive thermal comfort approaches. Overheating risk was found to vary depending on the residential building typology. Dwellings with high roof exposure and high u-values in roof were found to be ‘overheating’ more. Following CIBSE TM52 methodology, some AT and SD dwellings experienced hours of exceedance above 3% of occupied hours, reaching up to 12.5% (61 h) and 20.3% (133 h) of occupied hours, respectively. Passive strategies such as improving roof properties (e.g. low u-values), shading and night ventilation may be necessary to reduce the risk of overheating in Tegucigalpa and similar tropical contexts where air conditioning is less affordable. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Heat-related mortality at the beginning of the twenty-first century in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil A1 - Geirinhas, João L. A1 - Russo, Ana A1 - Libonati, Renata A1 - Trigo, Ricardo M. A1 - Castro, Lucas C.O. A1 - Peres, Leonardo F. A1 - Magalhães, Mônica de Avelar F.M. A1 - Nunes, Baltazar Y1 - 2020/// KW - Extreme events KW - Extreme heat factor KW - Heat waves KW - Mortality levels KW - Rio de Janeiro PB - International Journal of Biometeorology JF - International Journal of Biometeorology VL - 64 IS - 8 SP - 1319 EP - 1332 SN - 0048402001 DO - 10.1007/s00484-020-01908-x L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Geirinhas2020_Article_Heat-relatedMortalityAtTheBegi.pdf N2 - Temperature record-breaking events, such as the observed more intense, longer-lasting, and more frequent heat waves, pose a new global challenge to health sectors worldwide. These threats are of particular interest in low-income regions with limited investments in public health and a growing urban population, such as Brazil. Here, we apply a comprehensive interdisciplinary climate-health approach, including meteorological data and a daily mortality record from the Brazilian Health System from 2000 to 2015, covering 21 cities over the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro. The percentage of absolute mortality increase due to summer extreme temperatures is estimated using a negative binomial regression modeling approach and maximum/minimum temperature-derived indexes as covariates. Moreover, this study assesses the vulnerability to thermal stress for different age groups and both genders and thoroughly analyzes four extremely intense heat waves during 2010 and 2012 regarding their impacts on the population. Results showed that the highest absolute mortality values during heat-related events were linked to circulatory illnesses. However, the highest excess of mortality was related to diabetes, particularly for women within the elderly age groups. Moreover, results indicate that accumulated heat stress conditions during consecutive days preferentially preceded by persistent periods of moderate-temperature, lead to higher excess mortality rather than sporadic single hot days. This work may provide directions in human health policies related to extreme climate events in large tropical metropolitan areas from developing countries, contributing to altering the historically based purely reactive response. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Role of street trees in mitigating effects of heat and drought at highly sealed urban sites A1 - Gillner, Sten A1 - Vogt, Juliane A1 - Tharang, Andreas A1 - Dettmann, Sebastian A1 - Roloff, Andreas Y1 - 2015/// KW - Cooling effects KW - Leaf-area density KW - Transpiration KW - Tree species PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Landscape and Urban Planning VL - 143 SP - 33 EP - 42 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.005 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.005 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Gillner et al 2015.pdf N2 - Vegetation and trees in particular play a key role in mitigating thermal load in urban areas. The goals of this study were to analyse species-specific microclimatic effects and to identify the role of leaf-area-density, transpiration, and stomatal conductance for cooling effects at urban sites. Air temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature were used to study the effects of six tree species with similar age structure in a residential area with comparable site conditions. Transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf-area density were measured during the summer months in 2013. Air temperatures and relative humidity were monitored for four trees per street in hourly intervals, and surface temperatures were recorded in the afternoon for three hot days on the shaded and unshaded asphalt surfaces beneath the trees.Species differ significantly in their ability to reduce air and surface temperatures, as well as to increase relative humidity. Trees showing both a high leaf-area density and a high rate of transpiration are more effective in cooling the air temperatures. Differences in the surface temperatures of the tree shaded areas are more pronounced compared to the air temperatures. Thus, the surface temperatures of the full sun exposed areas are up to 15.2. K warmer than that in the tree shaded areas. The results provide information to decrease thermal load in urban areas for future tree planting by choosing species with high cooling potential. The highest cooling potential was measured for Corylus colurna and Tilia cordata '. Greenspire' and the lowest for Ulmus × hollandica 'Lobel'. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantifying the mitigation of temperature extremes by forests and wetlands in a temperate landscape A1 - Gohr, Charlotte A1 - Blumröder, Jeanette S. A1 - Sheil, Douglas A1 - Ibisch, Pierre L. Y1 - 2021/// KW - Climate change mitigation KW - Ecological indicators KW - Forests KW - Land surface temperature KW - NDVI KW - Surface cooling JF - Ecological Informatics VL - 66 IS - July DO - 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101442 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Gohr_et_al_2021_QuantifyingTempExtremesMitigation.pdf N2 - As a result of ongoing climate change and more frequent heat events, the regulating services of land cover in terms of moderating and mitigating local temperatures are increasingly important. While the reduced temperatures found in forests and wetlands are recognized, their wider contribution to regional landscape cooling remains largely uncharacterized and unquantified. Herein, we propose and test a new method that estimates the temperature response and inertia of landscapes in high temperatures, based on land cover share. In order to achieve this goal, we combined the MODIS daytime land surface temperature (henceforth LST) time series and CORINE land cover data. We classified the time series in two ways, i.e. by stepwise temperature range (−10/−5 °C to +35/+40 °C) and by the occurrence of hot days (days with a mean LST ≥ 30 °C). As an explanatory variable, we developed and used a greenest pixel composite of the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series. In our study area, covering parts of northeastern Germany and western Poland, the fragmented landscape has heterogeneous temperature patterns, including urban heat islands, warm agricultural areas, cool forests and cold wetlands. We found that at high temperature ranges only forests and wetlands remained comparably cool, with LSTs up to 20.8 °C lower than the maximum LST in the study area. The analysis of land cover shares and LSTs revealed the substantial cooling effect of forests and wetlands in line with increasing land cover share in higher temperature ranges, as well as on hot days. The relation between LST and the NDVI indicated vegetation cover as the cause. We propose the corresponding metrics to quantify landscape-level temperature regulation. Equally, we advocate for management to identify these ecosystem services and their current and potential contributions, along with implications for sustaining and increasing, both tree cover and wetlands and thereby adapting landscapes to climate change. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning A1 - Gómez-Baggethun, Erik A1 - Barton, David N. Y1 - 2013/// KW - Cities KW - Ecosystem disservices KW - Ecosystem services KW - Green infrastructure KW - Resilience KW - Urban ecosystems KW - Urban planning KW - Valuation PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Ecological Economics VL - 86 SP - 235 EP - 245 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Gomez bagetun 2013.pdf N2 - While technological progress has fostered the conception of an urban society that is increasingly decoupled from ecosystems, demands on natural capital and ecosystem services keep increasing steadily in our urbanized planet. Decoupling of cities from ecological systems can only occur locally and partially, thanks to the appropriation of vast areas of ecosystem services provision beyond the city boundaries. Conserving and restoring ecosystem services in urban areas can reduce the ecological footprints and the ecological debts of cities while enhancing resilience, health, and quality of life for their inhabitants. In this paper we synthesize knowledge and methods to classify and value ecosystem services for urban planning. First, we categorize important ecosystem services and disservices in urban areas. Second, we describe valuation languages (economic costs, socio-cultural values, resilience) that capture distinct value dimensions of urban ecosystem services. Third, we identify analytical challenges for valuation to inform urban planning in the face of high heterogeneity and fragmentation characterizing urban ecosystems. The paper discusses various ways through which urban ecosystems services can enhance resilience and quality of life in cities and identifies a range of economic costs and socio-cultural impacts that can derive from their loss. We conclude by identifying knowledge gaps and challenges for the research agenda on ecosystem services provided in urban areas. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - A primer of ecological statistics A1 - Gotelli, Nicholas J. A1 - Ellison, Aaron M. Y1 - 2013/// PB - Sinauer Associates, Inc. ET - Second SP - 614 EP - 614 CY - Sunderland, MA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Using green to cool the grey: Modelling the cooling effect of green spaces with a high spatial resolution A1 - Grilo, Filipa A1 - Pinho, Pedro A1 - Aleixo, Cristiana A1 - Catita, Cristina A1 - Silva, Patrícia A1 - Lopes, Nuno A1 - Freitas, Catarina A1 - Santos-Reis, Margarida A1 - McPhearson, Timon A1 - Branquinho, Cristina Y1 - 2020/// KW - Artificial areas KW - Land-cover KW - Nature-based solutions KW - Urban green infrastructure KW - Urban heat island KW - Urban microclimate PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Science of the Total Environment VL - 724 SP - 138182 EP - 138182 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138182 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138182 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Using green to cool the grey Modelling the cooling effect of green spaces with a high spatial resolution - Grilo et al. - 2020.pdf N2 - The urban heat island effect creates warmer and drier conditions in urban areas than in their surrounding rural areas. This effect is predicted to be exacerbated in the future, under a climate change scenario. One way to mitigate this effect is to use the urban green infrastructure as a way to promote the cooling island effect. In this study we aimed to model, with a high spatial resolution, how Mediterranean urban parks can be maximized to be used as cooling islands, by answering the following questions: i) which factors influence the cooling effect and when?; ii) what type of green spaces contributes the most to the cooling effect?; iii) what is the cooling distance of influence? To answer these questions we established a sampling design where temperature and relative humidity were measured in different seasons, in locations with contrasting characteristics of green and grey cover. We were able to model the effect of green and grey spaces in the cooling island effect and build high spatial resolution predicting maps for temperature and relative humidity. Our study showed that even green spaces with reduced areas can regulate microclimate, alleviating temperature by 1–3 °C and increasing moisture by 2–8%, on average. Green spaces with a higher density of trees were more efficient in delivering the cooling effect. The morphology, aspect and level of exposure of grey surfaces to the solar radiation were also important features included in the models. Green spaces influenced temperature and relative humidity up to 60 m away from the parks' limits, whereas grey areas influenced in a much lesser range, from 5 m up to 10 m. These models can now be used by citizens and stakeholders for green spaces management and human well-being impact assessment. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantifying excess deaths related to heatwaves under climate change scenarios: A multicountry time series modelling study A1 - Guo, Yuming A1 - Gasparrini, Antonio A1 - Li, Shanshan A1 - Sera, Francesco A1 - Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria A1 - de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Micheline A1 - Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento A1 - Lavigne, Eric A1 - Tawatsupa, Benjawan A1 - Punnasiri, Kornwipa A1 - Overcenco, Ala A1 - Correa, Patricia Matus A1 - Ortega, Nicolas Valdes A1 - Kan, Haidong A1 - Osorio, Samuel A1 - Jaakkola, Jouni J.K. A1 - Ryti, Niilo R.I. A1 - Goodman, Patrick G. A1 - Zeka, Ariana A1 - Michelozzi, Paola A1 - Scortichini, Matteo A1 - Hashizume, Masahiro A1 - Honda, Yasushi A1 - Seposo, Xerxes A1 - Kim, Ho A1 - Tobias, Aurelio A1 - Íñiguez, Carmen A1 - Forsberg, Bertil A1 - Åström, Daniel Oudin A1 - Guo, Yue Leon A1 - Chen, Bing Yu A1 - Zanobetti, Antonella A1 - Schwartz, Joel A1 - Dang, Tran Ngoc A1 - Van, Dung Do A1 - Bell, Michelle L. A1 - Armstrong, Ben A1 - Ebi, Kristie L. A1 - Tong, Shilu Y1 - 2018/// JF - PLoS Medicine VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 17 SN - 1111111111 DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002629 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Guo et al 2018.pdf N2 - Background: Heatwaves are a critical public health problem. There will be an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves under changing climate. However, evidence about the impacts of climate change on heatwave-related mortality at a global scale is limited. Methods and findings: We collected historical daily time series of mean temperature and mortality for all causes or nonexternal causes, in periods ranging from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2015, in 412 communities within 20 countries/regions. We estimated heatwave–mortality associations through a two-stage time series design. Current and future daily mean temperature series were projected under four scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions from 1971–2099, with five general circulation models. We projected excess mortality in relation to heatwaves in the future under each scenario of greenhouse gas emissions, with two assumptions for adaptation (no adaptation and hypothetical adaptation) and three scenarios of population change (high variant, median variant, and low variant). Results show that, if there is no adaptation, heatwave-related excess mortality is expected to increase the most in tropical and subtropical countries/regions (close to the equator), while European countries and the United States will have smaller percent increases in heatwave-related excess mortality. The higher the population variant and the greenhouse gas emissions, the higher the increase of heatwave-related excess mortality in the future. The changes in 2031–2080 compared with 1971–2020 range from approximately 2,000% in Colombia to 150% in Moldova under the highest emission scenario and high-variant population scenario, without any adaptation. If we considered hypothetical adaptation to future climate, under high-variant population scenario and all scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, the heatwave-related excess mortality is expected to still increase across all the countries/regions except Moldova and Japan. However, the increase would be much smaller than the no adaptation scenario. The simple assumptions with respect to adaptation as follows: no adaptation and hypothetical adaptation results in some uncertainties of projections. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive characterisation of future heatwave-related excess mortality across various regions and under alternative scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, different assumptions of adaptation, and different scenarios of population change. The projections can help decision makers in planning adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Análisis de la influencia del diseño urbano en la meteorología del Valle de Aburrá A1 - Guzmán, Gisel Y1 - 2018/// KW - clima urbano KW - confort térmico KW - dosel urbano KW - porción de cielo visible. KW - temperatura superficial KW - índices térmicos JF - Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ingeniería - Recursos Hidráulicos. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. SP - 144 EP - 144 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Análisis de la influencia del diseño urbano en la meteorología del Valle de Aburrá - Guzmán - 2018.pdf N2 - Con el proposito de brindar un analisis integral del entorno donde las personas llevan su vida diariamente, el estudio del clima en las ciudades debe involucrar los efectos causados por su heterogeneidad. Por esta razon, esta investigacion tiene como nalidad analizar la in uencia de la geometra y las coberturas urbanas en distintas variables meteorologicas, tanto a nivel super cial como en el dosel urbano, al interior del Valle de Aburra. En primer lugar, se estudia la variabilidad intraurbana de la temperatura super cial como manifestacion del efecto isla de calor super cial a escala local y micro con informacion de sensores remotos. Luego, se conecta el analisis anterior con diferentes escenarios termicos en el dosel urbano, contrastando mediciones tomadas dentro y fuera del mismo, para poner de mani esto las diferencias inducidas por los entornos de medici on. Finalmente, los resultados hallados se interpretan en terminos de las posibles implicaciones sobre el confort termico de la poblacion, teniendo en cuenta las variaciones de altura, geometra urbana y cobertura de vegetacion. Los resultados sugieren que a escala local el tipo de clima esta condicionado en mayor medida por la variacion altitudinal del Valle, pero en la micro escala, la estructura urbana y la distribucion de la vegetacion modi can signi cativamente las condiciones termicas percibidas en el dosel urbano, siendo estos resultados altamente relevantes en terminos de dise~no urbano para la región ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Identifying tree traits for cooling urban heat islands—a cross-city empirical analysis A1 - Helletsgruber, Carola A1 - Gillner, Sten A1 - Gulyás, Ágnes A1 - Junker, Robert R. A1 - Tanács, Eszter A1 - Hof, Angela Y1 - 2020/// KW - Microclimate KW - Random forest KW - Tree physiognomy JF - Forests VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 14 DO - 10.3390/f11101064 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Helletsgruber et al 2020.pdf N2 - Research Highlights: This paper presents a cross-city empirical study on micro-climatic thermal benefits of urban trees, using machine-learning analysis to identify the importance of several in situ measured tree physiognomy traits for cooling. Background and Objectives: Green infrastructure and trees in particular play a key role in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. A more detailed understanding of the cooling potential of urban trees and specific tree traits is necessary to support tree management decisions for cooling our progressively hot cities. The goal of this study was to identify the influence and importance of various tree traits and site conditions. Materials and Methods: Surface temperature, air temperature at 1.1 m and at tree crown height, as well as wet bulb globe-temperature of shaded and fully sun-exposed reference areas, were used to study the cooling effect of seven different urban tree species. For all 100 individuals, tree height, crown base, trunk circumference, crown volume, crown area, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area density (LAD) were measured. Measurements were conducted in the cities of Dresden, Salzburg, Szeged, and Vienna as representatives for middle European cities in different climate zones. Results: Beside site conditions, tree species, height, height of crown base, as well as trunk circumference, have a great influence on the cooling effect for city dwellers. The trunk circumference is a very valuable indicator for estimating climate regulating ecosystem services and therefore a highly robust estimator for policy makers and tree management practitioners when planning and managing urban green areas for improving the availability and provision of ecosystem services. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - GlobAllomeTree: International platform for tree allometric equations to support volume, biomass and carbon assessment A1 - Henry, Matieu A1 - Bombelli, Antonio A1 - Trotta, Carlo A1 - Alessandrini, Alfredo A1 - Birigazzi, Luca A1 - Sola, Gael A1 - Vieilledent, Ghislain A1 - Santenoise, Philippe A1 - Longuetaud, Fleur A1 - Valentini, Riccardo A1 - Picard, Nicolas A1 - Saint-André, Laurent Y1 - 2013/// KW - Communication KW - Database KW - Forest assessment KW - LULUCF KW - Software KW - Trees outside forests JF - IForest VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 326 EP - 330 DO - 10.3832/ifor0901-006 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Henry et al 2013.pdf N2 - GlobAllomeTree is an international platform for tree allometric equations. It is the first worldwide web platform designed to facilitate the access of the tree allometric equation and to facilitate the assessment of the tree biometric characteristics for commercial volume, bio-energy or carbon cycling. The webplatform presents a database containing tree allometric equations, a software called Fantallomatrik, to facilitate the comparison and selection of the equations, and documentation to facilitate the development of new tree allometric models, improve the evaluation of tree and forest resources and improve knowledge on tree allometric equations. In the Fantallometrik software, equations can be selected by country, ecological zones, input parameters, tree species, statistic parameters and outputs. The continuously updated database currently contains over 5000 tree allometric equations classified according to 73 fields. The software Fantallometrik can be also used to compare equations, insert new data and estimate the selected output variables using field inventory. The GlobAllomeTree products are freely available at the URL: http://globallometree. org for a range of users including foresters, project developers, scientist, student and government staff. © SISEF. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Daytime thermal comfort in urban spaces: A field study in Brazil A1 - Hirashima, Simone Queiroz da Silveira A1 - Assis, Eleonora Sad de A1 - Nikolopoulou, Marialena Y1 - 2016/// KW - Adaptation KW - Neutral temperature KW - PET index KW - Preferred temperature KW - Thermal comfort PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Building and Environment VL - 107 IS - August SP - 245 EP - 253 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.006 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.006 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Hirashima-Nikolopoulou_2016.pdf N2 - This article presents the results from thermal comfort surveys in two squares located in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil over two different seasons. Objective environmental parameters were compared with subjective responses collected during field surveys in order to evaluate thermal comfort conditions people experience and identify potential thermal adaptation processes. Individuals and behavioral’ characteristics were also taken into account. The summer survey was carried out in March 2013 and the winter survey in July 2013, both comprising a total of 1693 interviewees. The PET index was calibrated to determine the thermally acceptable range. Neutral and preferred temperatures, for both summer and winter, were obtained in order to assess thermal preference. The results show that people were more tolerant in one of the squares (Liberdade square) in winter, considering the same thermal conditions. These findings were associated to psychological processes related to thermal adaptation, such as naturalness, perceived control, experience (thermal history on longer timescales – seasonal) and environmental diversity - along with the presence of greater adaptive opportunities. The calibration of the PET index, resulted in the definition of the thermal acceptability range of: “Cold” for PET values bellow 19 °C; “Neutral” for PET values between 19 °C and 27 °C; “Hot” for PET values greater than 27 °C. Neutral temperatures were 27.7 °C, in summer, and 15.9 °C, in winter; while preferred temperatures were 14.9 °C, in summer, and 20.9 °C, in winter. Design strategies, such as shading, exposure to the wind and providing increased environmental diversity may improve urban environments and pedestrians' experience in cities. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ecosystem services: Valuing ecosystems for climate A1 - Hungate, Bruce A. A1 - Hampton, Haydee M. Y1 - 2012/// PB - Nature Publishing Group JF - Nature Climate Change VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 151 EP - 152 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1398 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1398 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ecosystem services Valuing ecosystems for climate - Hungate, Hampton - 2012.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Análisis del comportamiento promedio y tendencias de largo plazo de la temperatura maxima media para las regiones hidroclimaticas de Colombia A1 - Hurtado, G. Y1 - 2012/// JF - IDEAM Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales SP - 61 EP - 61 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Hurtado 2012.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Carácterísticas Climatológicas De Ciudades Principales Y Municipios Turísticos A1 - IDEAM Y1 - 2018/// JF - Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales SP - 48 EP - 48 DO - http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/21789/1Sitios+turisticos2.pdf/cd4106e9-d608-4c29-91cc-16bee9151ddd UR - http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/418894/Características+de+Ciudades+Principales+y+Municipios+Turísticos.pdf/c3ca90c8-1072-434a-a235-91baee8c73fc%0Ahttp://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/21789/1Sitios+turisticos2.pdf/cd4106e9-d608-4c29-91cc-16bee91 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Características de Ciudades Principales y Municipios Turísticos.pdf N2 - IDEAM. 2015. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Nuevos Escenarios de Cambio Climático para Colombia 2011-2100 Herramientas Científica para los Tomadores de Decisione- Enfoque Nacional - Departamental: Tercera Comunicacion Nacional de Cambio Climatico A1 - IDEAM A1 - PNUD A1 - MADS A1 - DN A1 - CANCILLERÍA Y1 - 2015/// JF - Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climatico SP - 60 EP - 60 SN - 978-958-8902-55-5 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/IDEAM 3ra comunicación cambio climático.pdf N2 - BACKGROUND: The abscisic acid (ABA) pathway plays an important role in the plants’ reaction to drought stress and ABA-stress response (Asr) genes are important in controlling this process. In this sense, we accessed nucleotide diversity at two candidate genes for drought tolerance (Asr1 and Asr2), involved in an ABA signaling pathway, in the reference collection of cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a core collection of wild common bean accessions. RESULTS: Our wild population samples covered a range of mesic (semi-arid) to very dry (desert) habitats, while our cultivated samples presented a wide spectrum of drought tolerance. Both genes showed very different patterns of nucleotide variation. Asr1 exhibited very low nucleotide diversity relative to the neutral reference loci that were previously surveyed in these populations. This suggests that strong purifying selection has been acting on this gene. In contrast, Asr2 exhibited higher levels of nucleotide diversity, which is indicative of adaptive selection. These patterns were more notable in wild beans than in cultivated common beans indicting that natural selection has played a role over long time periods compared to farmer selection since domestication. CONCLUSIONS: Together these results suggested the importance of Asr1 in the context of drought tolerance, and constitute the first steps towards an association study between genetic polymorphism of this gene family and variation in drought tolerance traits. Furthermore, one of our major successes was to find that wild common bean is a reservoir of genetic variation and selection signatures at Asr genes, which may be useful for breeding drought tolerance in cultivated common bean. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the A1 - IPCC Y1 - 2018/// SP - 541 EP - 562 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_AnnexI_Glossary.pdf L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/IPCC 2018.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chapter 4: Future global climate: scenario-based projections and near-term information A1 - IPCC Y1 - 2021/// JF - Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IS - August SP - 195 EP - 195 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_04.pdf N2 - This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons from the near term 4 (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to the year 2300. Changes are assessed 5 relative to both the recent past (1995–2014) and the 1850–1900 approximation to the pre-industrial period. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme A1 - IPCC Y1 - 2006/// KW - Buendia L. KW - Eggleston H.S. KW - Miwa K. KW - Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). KW - Published: IGES VL - 42 IS - 1-2 SP - 125 EP - 140 CY - Japan. L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/IPCC AFOLU.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of sampling approaches on quantifying urban forest structure A1 - Jin, Jing A1 - Yang, Jun Y1 - 2020/// KW - Sampling designs KW - Simulation KW - Species abundance KW - Species richness KW - Total population KW - Urban forest PB - Elsevier JF - Landscape and Urban Planning VL - 195 IS - November 2019 SP - 103722 EP - 103722 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103722 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103722 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/jin & Yang 2020.pdf N2 - Researchers and practitioners obtain information on urban forest structure mainly through sampling a small percentage of the total population of trees. Nevertheless, people seldom examine the suitability of sampling designs for this task. In this study, we evaluated the performance of simple random sampling (SRS), stratified random sampling (STR), systematic sampling (SS), and generalized random-tessellation stratified sampling (GRTS) for obtaining information on urban forests in Philadelphia, United States and Beijing, China. We determined the spatial locations of all urban trees in the two cities from high-resolution aerial images. We ran simulated surveys on the data set using the four sampling designs with varied sample sizes to estimate structural variables of urban forests, including the total number of trees, species richness, and species abundance. We conducted accuracy assessments by comparing the estimates to the real values. In the end, we located 1,381,903 and 2,295,794 urban trees in Philadelphia and Beijing, respectively. The results of simulated surveys showed that SRS had a more stable performance than other sampling designs when used for estimating the total number of trees. STR and GRTS performed better than SRS and SS in estimating species richness and detecting rare species. For estimating species abundance, SRS again displayed a stable performance among all designs. Also, we found that small sample sizes (≤200) used in existing studies would lead to estimates of urban forest structure with low accuracy. Our findings provide useful guidance to researchers and practitioners on sampling urban forests. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Land use management recommendations for reducing the risk of downstream flooding based on a land use change analysis and the concept of ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction A1 - Kato, Sadahisa A1 - Huang, Wanhui Y1 - 2021/// KW - Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction KW - Land use management KW - Nature-based solutions KW - River floods KW - Watershed management PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Journal of Environmental Management VL - 287 IS - September 2020 SP - 112341 EP - 112341 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112341 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112341 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Kato & Huang 2021.pdf N2 - Sustainable management of ecosystems can provide various socio-ecological benefits, including disaster risk reduction. Through their regulating services and by providing natural protection, ecosystems can reduce physical exposure to common natural hazards. Ecosystems can also minimize disaster risk by reducing social and economic vulnerability and enhancing livelihood resilience. To showcase the importance and usefulness of ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR), this study (1) analyzed the land use change in a watershed in central Japan, (2) applied the concept of Eco-DRR, and made land use management recommendations regarding the watershed scale for reducing the risk of downstream flooding. The recommendations that emerged from the application, based on the land use change analysis, are: the use of hard infrastructure and vegetation to store and retain/detain stormwater and promote evapotranspiration is recommended for downstream, urban areas; the sustainable management of upland forest ecosystems and secondary forest-paddy land-human systems, and proactive land use planning in the lowland delta, where built land is concentrated, are key to the watershed-scale landscape planning and management to reduce downstream flooding risks. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A comprehensive review of thermal comfort studies in urban open spaces A1 - Lai, Dayi A1 - Lian, Zhiwei A1 - Liu, Weiwei A1 - Guo, Chaoran A1 - Liu, Wei A1 - Liu, Kuixing A1 - Chen, Qingyan Y1 - 2020/// KW - Adaptation KW - Human behavior KW - Outdoor thermal comfort KW - Urban heat island KW - Urban open space KW - Urban planning PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Science of the Total Environment VL - 742 SP - 140092 EP - 140092 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140092 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140092 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Lai et al 2020.pdf N2 - Urban open spaces provide various benefits to large populations in cities. Since thermally comfortable urban open spaces improve the quality of urban living, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to extend the existing knowledge of outdoor thermal comfort. This paper comprehensively reviews current outdoor thermal comfort studies, including benchmarks, data collection methods, and models of outdoor thermal comfort. Because outdoor thermal comfort is a complex issue influenced by various factors, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes physical, physiological and psychological factors as direct influences; and behavioral, personal, social, cultural factors, as well as thermal history, site, and alliesthesia, as indirect influences. These direct and indirect factors are further decomposed and reviewed, and the interactions among various factors are discussed. This review provides researchers with a systematic and comprehensive understanding of outdoor thermal comfort, and can also guide designers and planners in creating thermally comfortable urban open spaces. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes A1 - Lee, Xuhui A1 - Goulden, Michael L. A1 - Hollinger, David Y. A1 - Barr, Alan A1 - Black, T. Andrew A1 - Bohrer, Gil A1 - Bracho, Rosvel A1 - Drake, Bert A1 - Goldstein, Allen A1 - Gu, Lianhong A1 - Katul, Gabriel A1 - Kolb, Thomas A1 - Law, Beverly E. A1 - Margolis, Hank A1 - Meyers, Tilden A1 - Monson, Russell A1 - Munger, William A1 - Oren, Ram A1 - Paw U, Kyaw Tha A1 - Richardson, Andrew D. A1 - Schmid, Hans Peter A1 - Staebler, Ralf A1 - Wofsy, Steven A1 - Zhao, Lei Y1 - 2011/// PB - Nature Publishing Group JF - Nature VL - 479 IS - 7373 SP - 384 EP - 387 DO - 10.1038/nature10588 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10588 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Lee et al 2011.pdf N2 - Deforestation in mid-to high latitudes is hypothesized to have the potential to cool the Earth's surface by altering biophysical processes. In climate models of continental-scale land clearing, the cooling is triggered by increases in surface albedo and is reinforced by a land albedo-sea ice feedback. This feedback is crucial in the model predictions; without it other biophysical processes may overwhelm the albedo effect to generate warming instead. Ongoing land-use activities, such as land management for climate mitigation, are occurring at local scales (hectares) presumably too small to generate the feedback, and it is not known whether the intrinsic biophysical mechanism on its own can change the surface temperature in a consistent manner. Nor has the effect of deforestation on climate been demonstrated over large areas from direct observations. Here we show that surface air temperature is lower in open land than in nearby forested land. The effect is 0.85±0.44K (mean±one standard deviation) northwards of 45°N and 0.21±0.53K southwards. Below 35°N there is weak evidence that deforestation leads to warming. Results are based on comparisons of temperature at forested eddy covariance towers in the USA and Canada and, as a proxy for small areas of cleared land, nearby surface weather stations. Night-time temperature changes unrelated to changes in surface albedo are an important contributor to the overall cooling effect. The observed latitudinal dependence is consistent with theoretical expectation of changes in energy loss from convection and radiation across latitudes in both the daytime and night-time phase of the diurnal cycle, the latter of which remains uncertain in climate models. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Estimating urban vegetation biomass from sentinel-2A image data A1 - Li, Long A1 - Zhou, Xisheng A1 - Chen, Longqian A1 - Chen, Longgao A1 - Zhang, Yu A1 - Liu, Yunqiang Y1 - 2020/// KW - Biomass estimation KW - Sentinel-2A KW - Stepwise regression KW - Urban vegetation KW - Xuzhou JF - Forests VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 24 SN - 8651683591327 DO - 10.3390/f11020125 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Li et al 2020.pdf N2 - Urban vegetation biomass is a key indicator of the carbon storage and sequestration capacity and ecological effect of an urban ecosystem. Rapid and effective monitoring and measurement of urban vegetation biomass provide not only an understanding of urban carbon circulation and energy flow but also a basis for assessing the ecological function of urban forest and ecology. In this study, field observations and Sentinel-2A image data were used to construct models for estimating urban vegetation biomass in the case study of the east Chinese city of Xuzhou. Results show that (1) Sentinel-2A data can be used for urban vegetation biomass estimation; (2) compared with the Boruta based multiple linear regression models, the stepwise regression models-also multiple linear regression models-achieve better estimations (RMSE = 7.99 t/hm2 for low vegetation, 45.66 t/hm2 for broadleaved forest, and 6.89 t/hm2 for coniferous forest); (3) the models for specific vegetation types are superior to the models for all-type vegetation; and (4) vegetation biomass is generally lowest in September and highest in January and December. Our study demonstrates the potential of the free Sentinel-2A images for urban ecosystem studies and provides useful insights on urban vegetation biomass estimation with such satellite remote sensing data. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The global distribution and environmental drivers of aboveground versus belowground plant biomass A1 - Ma, Haozhi A1 - Mo, Lidong A1 - Crowther, Thomas W. A1 - Maynard, Daniel S. A1 - van den Hoogen, Johan A1 - Stocker, Benjamin D. A1 - Terrer, César A1 - Zohner, Constantin M. Y1 - 2021/// PB - Springer US JF - Nature Ecology and Evolution VL - 5 IS - 8 SP - 1110 EP - 1122 DO - 10.1038/s41559-021-01485-1 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01485-1 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/ma2021.pdf N2 - A poor understanding of the fraction of global plant biomass occurring belowground as roots limits our understanding of present and future ecosystem function and carbon pools. Here we create a database of root-mass fractions (RMFs), an index of plant below- versus aboveground biomass distributions, and generate quantitative, spatially explicit global maps of RMFs in trees, shrubs and grasses. Our analyses reveal large gradients in RMFs both across and within vegetation types that can be attributed to resource availability. High RMFs occur in cold and dry ecosystems, while low RMFs dominate in warm and wet regions. Across all vegetation types, the directional effect of temperature on RMFs depends on water availability, suggesting feedbacks between heat, water and nutrient supply. By integrating our RMF maps with existing aboveground plant biomass information, we estimate that in forests, shrublands and grasslands, respectively, 22%, 47% and 67% of plant biomass exists belowground, with a total global belowground fraction of 24% (20–28%), that is, 113 (90–135) Gt carbon. By documenting the environmental correlates of root biomass allocation, our results can inform model projections of global vegetation dynamics under current and future climate scenarios. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - City "green" contributions: The role of urban greenspaces as reservoirs for biodiversity A1 - MacGregor-Fors, Ian A1 - Escobar, Federico A1 - Rueda-Hernández, Rafael A1 - Avendaño-Reyes, Sergio A1 - Baena, Martha Lucía A1 - Bandala, Víctor M. A1 - Chacón-Zapata, Santiago A1 - Guillén-Servent, Antonio A1 - González-García, Fernando A1 - Lorea-Hernández, Francisco A1 - de Oca, Enrique Montes A1 - Montoya, Leticia A1 - Pineda, Eduardo A1 - Ramírez-Restrepo, Lorena A1 - Rivera-García, Eduardo A1 - Utrera-Barrillas, Elsa Y1 - 2016/// KW - Assemblage KW - Greenspace management KW - Mexico KW - Multi-taxonomic analysis KW - Neotropics KW - Species-area relationships KW - Turnover rates KW - Urban ecology KW - Urban forests KW - Urbanization JF - Forests VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 14 DO - 10.3390/f7070146 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Macgregor 2016.pdf N2 - Urbanization poses important environmental, social, and ecological pressures, representing a major threat to biodiversity. However, urban areas are highly heterogeneous, with some greenspaces (e.g., urban forests, parks, private gardens) providing resources and a refuge for wildlife communities. In this study we surveyed 10 taxonomic groups to assess their species richness and composition in six greenspaces that differ in size, location, management, and human activities. Species richness differed among taxonomic groups, but not all differed statistically among the studied greenspaces (i.e., sac fungi, bats). Plants, basidiomycetous and sac fungi, and birds showed intermediate assemblage composition similarity (< 54%). The composition of assemblages of copro-necrophagous beetles, grasshoppers, amphibians, and bats was related to the specific traits of greenspaces, mainly size and location. The species richness contribution of each greenspace considering all studied taxonomic groups was highest in the largest greenspace that is located at the southeastern border of the city, while the lowest contribution was recorded in the smallest ones, all of them closer to the city's center. Our results shed some light on the way in which different taxonomic groups respond to an array of neotropical urban greenspaces, providing an important basis for future studies. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - How should we measure the DBH of multi-stemmed urban trees? A1 - Magarik, Yasha A.S. A1 - Roman, Lara A. A1 - Henning, Jason G. Y1 - 2020/// KW - Crown diameter KW - Diameter at breast height KW - Ecological monitoring KW - Street tree KW - Tree allometry KW - Urban forest PB - Elsevier JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 47 IS - June 2019 SP - 126481 EP - 126481 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126481 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126481 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Magarik et al 2020.pdf N2 - Foresters use diameter at breast height (DBH) to estimate timber volumes, quantify ecosystem services, and predict other biometrics that would be difficult to directly measure. But DBH has numerous problems, including a range of “breast heights” and challenges with applying this standard to divergent tree forms. Our study focuses on street trees that fork between 30 and 137 cm of height (hereafter “multi-stemmed trees”), which researchers have identified as particularly challenging in the ongoing development of urban allometric models, as well as consistency in measurements across space and time. Using a mixed methods approach, we surveyed 25 urban forestry practitioners in twelve cities in the northeastern United States (US) about the measurement and management of multi-stemmed street trees, and intensively measured 569 trees of three frequently planted and commonly multi-stemmed genera (Malus, Prunus, and Zelkova) in Philadelphia, PA, US. Specifically, we measured stem diameter at several distances above the ground: at the root collar, at 30 cm, just below the fork (which occurred between 30 and 137 cm), and at 137 cm (up to six stems following established protocols). Survey responses indicated that current mensuration practices are burdensome, that practitioners employ alternatives to the current protocols for measuring at 137 cm, and that small-statured, frequently multi-stemmed trees are an increasing proportion of street tree populations. Analysis of field data did not find substantial differences between methods of measurement with regard to predictive power for total height and average crown width. Alternatives to the current protocols for measuring at 137 cm have other advantages, including time required, ease of measurement, simplicity, and capacity to compare measurements between trees and over time. For trees that fork between 30 and 137 cm, we recommend taking a single diameter measurement at a lower height—either just below the fork or at 30 cm. Diameter measurements at 30 cm better serve researchers seeking to consistently measure radial growth over time, whereas diameter below the fork may suit practitioners who do not need fine resolution in trunk measurements. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia A1 - Makaremi, Nastaran A1 - Salleh, Elias A1 - Jaafar, Mohammad Zaky A1 - GhaffarianHoseini, Amir Hosein Y1 - 2012/// KW - Hot and humid climate KW - Human thermal Comfort KW - Outdoor spaces KW - PET PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Building and Environment VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 14 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.024 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.024 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/makaremi2012.pdf N2 - In recent years, the accelerated rate of urban growth in tropical cities highlights the critical necessity of creating more outdoor spaces for leisure and recreation activities of citizens. Nevertheless, the thermal conditions and the thermal sensation of users have not been fully explored in outdoor environments of hot and humid climate. This fact elucidates the need for considering human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces with such climates. Consequently, in this research, a quantitative field study was applied to investigate outdoor thermal comfort conditions in hot and humid tropical climate of Malaysia. Thermal conditions of outdoor spaces were evaluated based upon the measurement of major climatic parameters, while the thermal perception of subjects was captured simultaneously using a questionnaire survey. The study concentrated on the shaded outdoor spaces within the campus of Universiti Putra Malaysia whereas the focus was on the students of university including local and international individuals as the respondents of inquiry. Meanwhile, the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) thermal comfort index was utilized to assess the thermal comfort conditions of selected areas. Results from this study indicated besides the substantial role of environmental factors, thermal adaptation and psychological parameters strongly affect human thermal comfort level in outdoor spaces. Moreover, this study represents that there is a significant difference between the responses of the local and the international subjects regarding the climatic conditions. The final outcome of the study contributes toward creating comfortable outdoor spaces in hot and humid contexts to enhance the quality of outdoor life in cities. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal impacts of built and vegetated environments on local microclimates in an Urban University campus A1 - Mallen, Evan A1 - Bakin, Joshua A1 - Stone, Brian A1 - Sivakumar, Ramachandra A1 - Lanza, Kevin Y1 - 2020/// PB - Elsevier JF - Urban Climate VL - 32 IS - March SP - 100640 EP - 100640 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100640 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100640 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Mallen et al 2020.pdf N2 - Extreme urban temperatures pose a significant threat to human health, and are expected to worsen in a warming climate. While many heat island studies use land surface temperature to estimate exposure, air temperatures are more relevant to human health and comfort. The Tech Climate Network (TCN) was established to monitor 37 sites across the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology and surrounding neighborhoods in various built and vegetated environments. This study seeks to answer: What is the distribution and intensity of the urban heat island on campus, and what impacts do surface-level land cover and surrounding tree canopy have on average summer air temperatures? Using multiple regression models, we examine the relationship between land cover parameters and minimum, maximum, and average air temperatures in the summer of 2017. We found that vegetated sites had lower temperatures than predominantly impervious environments, with differences in maximum temperatures up to 3.77 °C. UHI intensities were significantly correlated with tree canopy and landscaping. By characterizing the thermal properties of built and natural environments in such a diverse campus as Georgia Tech, this method allows for the estimation of local air temperatures without deploying a dense network of sensors. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal comfort and cooling strategies in the Brazilian Amazon. An assessment of the concept of fuel poverty in tropical climates. A1 - Mazzone, Antonella Y1 - 2020/// KW - Brazilian amazon KW - Cooling energy KW - Fuel poverty KW - Thermal comfort KW - Tropical climate PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Energy Policy VL - 139 IS - July 2019 SP - 111256 EP - 111256 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111256 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111256 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Thermal comfort and cooling strategies in the Brazilian Amazon. An assessment of the concept of fuel poverty in tropical climates. - Maz.pdf N2 - Fuel poverty has increasingly been associated with thermal discomfort, health related issues and winter deaths in the Global North because it can force families to choose between food and a warmer environment. Juxtaposing the concept of fuel poverty in rural tropical areas of the Global South, it is likely that a similar pattern between fuel poverty and heat related illnesses can be found. A recent study shows that between 1.8 and 4.1 billion people, especially in India, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will need indoor cooling to avoid heat related health issues. This paper aims to address a blind spot in the literature on the links between fuel poverty, thermal comfort and cooling strategies in the Brazilian Amazon. This study draws from current definitions and indicators of fuel poverty in the Global North and juxtaposes it in the context of tropical areas to understand how fuel poverty affects human health, livelihood strategies and social justice in rural communities that live in hot climates. To do so, this paper uses qualitative methods and a conceptual framework to guide the analysis. I call the intersection between vernacular architecture and sustainable cooling practices ‘energy relief’. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban forest biomass estimates: Is it important to use allometric relationships developed specifically for urban trees? A1 - McHale, M. R. A1 - Burke, I. C. A1 - Lefsky, M. A. A1 - Peper, P. J. A1 - McPherson, E. G. Y1 - 2009/// KW - Allometric relationships KW - Biomass KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Urban forest KW - Volume equations JF - Urban Ecosystems VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 95 EP - 113 DO - 10.1007/s11252-009-0081-3 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/McHale et al 2009.pdf N2 - Many studies have analyzed the benefits, costs, and carbon storage capacity associated with urban trees. These studies have been limited by a lack of research on urban tree biomass, such that estimates of carbon storage in urban systems have relied upon allometric relationships developed in traditional forests. As urbanization increases globally, it is becoming important to more accurately evaluate carbon dynamics in these systems. Our goal was to understand the variability and range of potential error associated with using allometric relationships developed outside of urban environments. We compared biomass predictions from allometric relationships developed for urban trees in Fort Collins, Colorado to predictions from allometric equations from traditional forests, at both the individual species level and entire communities. A few of the equations from the literature predicted similar biomass to the urban-based predictions, but the range in variability for individual trees was over 300%. This variability declined at increasingly coarse scales, reaching as low as 60% for a street tree community containing 11 tree species and 10, 551 trees. When comparing biomass estimates between cities that implement various allometric relationships, we found that differences could be a function of variability rather than urban forest structure and function. Standardizing the methodology and implementing averaged equations across cities could be one potential solution to reducing variability; however, more accurate quantification of biomass and carbon storage in urban forests may depend on development of allometric relationships specifically for urban trees. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal comfort of various building layouts with a proposed discomfort index range for tropical climate A1 - Md Din, Mohd Fadhil A1 - Lee, Yee Yong A1 - Ponraj, Mohanadoss A1 - Ossen, Dilshan Remaz A1 - Iwao, Kenzo A1 - Chelliapan, Shreeshivadasan Y1 - 2014/// KW - Building layout KW - Discomfort index KW - Thermal comfort KW - Thermal sensation JF - Journal of Thermal Biology VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 6 EP - 15 DO - 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.01.004 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Mohd Fadhil DISCOMFORT INDEX.pdf N2 - Recent years have seen issues related to thermal comfort gaining more momentum in tropical countries. The thermal adaptation and thermal comfort index play a significant role in evaluating the outdoor thermal comfort. In this study, the aim is to capture the thermal sensation of respondents at outdoor environment through questionnaire survey and to determine the discomfort index (DI) to measure the thermal discomfort level. The results indicated that most respondents had thermally accepted the existing environment conditions although they felt slightly warm and hot. A strong correlation between thermal sensation and measured DI was also identified. As a result, a new discomfort index range had been proposed in association with local climate and thermal sensation of occupants to evaluate thermal comfort. The results had proved that the respondents can adapt to a wider range of thermal conditions. Validation of the questionnaire data at Putrajaya was done to prove that the thermal sensation in both Putrajaya and UTM was almost similar since they are located in the same tropical climate region. Hence, a quantitative field study on building layouts was done to facilitate the outdoor human discomfort level based on newly proposed discomfort index range. The results showed that slightly shaded building layouts of type- A and B exhibited higher temperature and discomfort index. The resultant adaptive thermal comfort theory was incorporated into the field studies as well. Finally, the study also showed that the DI values were highly dependent on ambient temperature and relative humidity but had fewer effects for solar radiation intensity. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Vegetation cover and plant-trait effects on outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical city A1 - Meili, Naika A1 - Acero, Juan Angel A1 - Peleg, Nadav A1 - Manoli, Gabriele A1 - Burlando, Paolo A1 - Fatichi, Simone Y1 - 2021/// KW - Ecosystem services KW - Heat mitigation in the tropics KW - Outdoor thermal comfort KW - UTCI KW - Urban ecohydrological model KW - Urban vegetation PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Building and Environment VL - 195 IS - February SP - 107733 EP - 107733 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107733 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107733 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Meili et al 2021.pdf N2 - An increase in urban vegetation is an often proposed mitigation strategy to reduce urban heat and improve outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). Vegetation can alter urban microclimate through changes in air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, and wind speed. In this study, we model how street tree and ground vegetation cover and their structural, optical, interception, and physiological traits control the diurnal cycle of OTC in different urban densities in a tropical city (Singapore). For this purpose, we perform a variance based sensitivity analysis of the urban ecohydrological model UT&C. Model performance is evaluated through a comparison with local microclimate measurements and OTC is assessed with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). We find a pronounced daily cycle of vegetation effects on UTCI. Tree cover fraction is more efficient in decreasing UTCI during daytime, while a higher vegetated ground fraction provides more cooling during night. Generally, increasing vegetation cover fractions do not deter OTC, except in certain urban densities during some periods of the day. An increase in tree and ground vegetation fractions provides a higher average UTCI reduction compared to a change in vegetation traits (0.9 – 2.9 °C vs. 0.7 – 1.1 °C during midday, 10 month average). The increase in humidity related to plant transpiration prevents further reduction of UTCI. However, the choice of vegetation traits enhancing tree transpiration can decrease UTCI during hot periods. These results can inform urban planners on the selection of vegetation amount and traits to achieve feasible OTC improvements in tropical cities. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tree effects on urban microclimate: Diurnal, seasonal, and climatic temperature differences explained by separating radiation, evapotranspiration, and roughness effects A1 - Meili, Naika A1 - Manoli, Gabriele A1 - Burlando, Paolo A1 - Carmeliet, Jan A1 - Chow, Winston T.L. A1 - Coutts, Andrew M. A1 - Roth, Matthias A1 - Velasco, Erik A1 - Vivoni, Enrique R. A1 - Fatichi, Simone Y1 - 2021/// KW - Ecohydrology KW - Evapotranspirative cooling KW - Land-Atmosphere interactions KW - Nature based solutions KW - Urban climate KW - Urban greenery PB - Elsevier GmbH JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 58 SP - 126970 EP - 126970 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126970 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126970 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Meili et al 2021b.pdf N2 - Increasing urban tree cover is an often proposed mitigation strategy against urban heat as trees are expected to cool cities through evapotranspiration and shade provision. However, trees also modify wind flow and urban aerodynamic roughness, which can potentially limit heat dissipation. Existing studies show a varying cooling potential of urban trees in different climates and times of the day. These differences are so far not systematically explained as partitioning the individual tree effects is challenging and impossible through observations alone. Here, we conduct numerical experiments removing and adding radiation, evapotranspiration, and aerodynamic roughness effects caused by urban trees using a mechanistic urban ecohydrological model. Simulations are presented for four cities in different climates (Phoenix, Singapore, Melbourne, Zurich) considering the seasonal and diurnal cycles of air and surface temperatures. Results show that evapotranspiration of well-watered trees alone can decrease local 2 m air temperature at maximum by 3.1– 5.8 °C in the four climates during summer. Further cooling is prevented by stomatal closure at peak temperatures as high vapour pressure deficits limit transpiration. While shading reduces surface temperatures, the interaction of a non-transpiring tree with radiation can increase 2 m air temperature by up to 1.6 – 2.1 °C in certain hours of the day at local scale, thus partially counteracting the evapotranspirative cooling effect. Furthermore, in the analysed scenarios, which do not account for tree wind blockage effects, trees lead to a decrease in urban roughness, which inhibits turbulent energy exchange and increases air temperature during daytime. At night, single tree effects are variable likely due to differences in atmospheric stability within the urban canyon. These results explain reported diurnal, seasonal and climatic differences in the cooling effects of urban trees, and can guide future field campaigns, planning strategies, and species selection aimed at improving local microclimate using urban greenery. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. A1 - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Y1 - 2005/// PB - Island Press CY - Washington, DC. SN - 1-59726-040-1 UR - https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/MEA 2005A.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Global risk of deadly heat A1 - Mora, Camilo A1 - Dousset, Bénédicte A1 - Caldwell, Iain R. A1 - Powell, Farrah E. A1 - Geronimo, Rollan C. A1 - Bielecki, Coral R. A1 - Counsell, Chelsie W.W. A1 - Dietrich, Bonnie S. A1 - Johnston, Emily T. A1 - Louis, Leo V. A1 - Lucas, Matthew P. A1 - Mckenzie, Marie M. A1 - Shea, Alessandra G. A1 - Tseng, Han A1 - Giambelluca, Thomas W. A1 - Leon, Lisa R. A1 - Hawkins, Ed A1 - Trauernicht, Clay Y1 - 2017/// JF - Nature Climate Change VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 501 EP - 506 DO - 10.1038/nclimate3322 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Mora et al 2017.pdf N2 - Climate change can increase the risk of conditions that exceed human thermoregulatory capacity. Although numerous studies report increased mortality associated with extreme heat events, quantifying the global risk of heat-related mortality remains challenging due to a lack of comparable data on heat-related deaths. Here we conducted a global analysis of documented lethal heat events to identify the climatic conditions associated with human death and then quantified the current and projected occurrence of such deadly climatic conditions worldwide. We reviewed papers published between 1980 and 2014, and found 783 cases of excess human mortality associated with heat from 164 cities in 36 countries. Based on the climatic conditions of those lethal heat events, we identified a global threshold beyond which daily mean surface air temperature and relative humidity become deadly. Around 30% of the world's population is currently exposed to climatic conditions exceeding this deadly threshold for at least 20 days a year. By 2100, this percentage is projected to increase to -1/448% under a scenario with drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and -1/474% under a scenario of growing emissions. An increasing threat to human life from excess heat now seems almost inevitable, but will be greatly aggravated if greenhouse gases are not considerably reduced. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability A1 - Mora, Camilo A1 - Frazier, Abby G. A1 - Longman, Ryan J. A1 - Dacks, Rachel S. A1 - Walton, Maya M. A1 - Tong, Eric J. A1 - Sanchez, Joseph J. A1 - Kaiser, Lauren R. A1 - Stender, Yuko O. A1 - Anderson, James M. A1 - Ambrosino, Christine M. A1 - Fernandez-Silva, Iria A1 - Giuseffi, Louise M. A1 - Giambelluca, Thomas W. Y1 - 2013/// PB - Nature Publishing Group JF - Nature VL - 502 IS - 7470 SP - 183 EP - 187 DO - 10.1038/nature12540 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12540 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability - Mora et al. - 2013.pdf N2 - Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical variability under alternative greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Using 1860 to 2005 as the historical period, this index has a global mean of 2069 (±18 years s.d.) for near-surface air temperature under an emissions stabilization scenario and 2047 (±14 years s.d.) under a 'business-as-usual' scenario. Unprecedented climates will occur earliest in the tropics and among low-income countries, highlighting the vulnerability of global biodiversity and the limited governmental capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change. Our findings shed light on the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions if climates potentially harmful to biodiversity and society are to be prevented. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Muestreo en poblaciones finitas: curso básico A1 - Morillas, Antonio Y1 - 2004/// KW - Población KW - estadístico KW - muestra JF - Muestreo en poblaciones finitas SP - 30 EP - 30 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Morillas 2007 Apuntes_Muestreo.pdf N2 - A lo largo del curso se ha estudiado como hacer inferencia acerca de la población partiendo de la información suministrada por la muestra. Pero casi nada se ha dicho aún sobre dos aspectos importantes del proceso de inferencia: ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for the identification and characterization of trees in urban areas. A1 - Mueed Choudhury, Md Abdul A1 - Costanzini, Sofia A1 - Despini, Francesca A1 - Rossi, Paolo A1 - Galli, Andrea A1 - Marcheggiani, Ernesto A1 - Teggi, Sergio Y1 - 2019/// JF - Journal of Physics: Conference Series VL - 1249 IS - 1 DO - 10.1088/1742-6596/1249/1/012008 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Muued et al 2019.pdf N2 - For the last few decades, there have been a lot of studies recognising the significant roles of the urban trees as a high-quality carbon sink. This work is a preliminary study about how remote sensing and photogrammetry could be useful tools to identify urban trees for the purpose of Carbon Storage (CS) computation in urban areas. Our first study area is a typical urban park located in Sassuolo, a municipality in the northern part of Italy in the so-called "Pianura Padana". We measured the tree Height (H) and the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), required for the calibration of the CS, based on the tree allometry during the field data collection along with the constructing a 3D model through the photogrammetric approach. A high-resolution WorldView (WV) 3 satellite image of the same area, was classified using an object-oriented approach to count the number of trees varied with different species. This preliminary study will enhance the possibilities of the application of these approaches in case of the larger urban areas to ascertain the accuracy of the tree CS calibration. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A temporal analysis of urban forest carbon storage using remote sensing A1 - Myeong, Soojeong A1 - Nowak, David J. A1 - Duggin, Michael J. Y1 - 2006/// KW - Carbon storage KW - NDVI KW - Urban environment KW - Urban forest JF - Remote Sensing of Environment VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 277 EP - 282 DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2005.12.001 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Myeong et al 2006.pdf N2 - Quantifying the carbon storage, distribution, and change of urban trees is vital to understanding the role of vegetation in the urban environment. At present, this is mostly achieved through ground study. This paper presents a method based on the satellite image time series, which can save time and money and greatly speed the process of urban forest carbon storage mapping, and possibly of regional forest mapping. Satellite imagery collected in different decades was used to develop a regression equation to predict the urban forest carbon storage from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) computed from a time sequence (1985-1999) of Landsat image data. This regression was developed from the 1999 field-based model estimates of carbon storage in Syracuse, NY. The total carbon storage estimates based on the NDVI data agree closely with the field-based model estimates. Changes in total carbon storage by trees in Syracuse were estimated using the image data from 1985, 1992, and 1999. Radiometric correction was accomplished by normalizing the imagery to the 1999 image data. After the radiometric image correction, the carbon storage by urban trees in Syracuse was estimated to be 146,800 tons, 149,430 tons, and 148,660 tons of carbon for 1985, 1992, and 1999, respectively. The results demonstrate the rapid and cost-effective capability of remote sensing-based quantitative change detection in monitoring the carbon storage change and the impact of urban forest management over wide areas. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Trends in Urban Forestry Research in Latin America & The Caribbean: A Systematic Literature Review and Synthesis A1 - Ordóñez, Camilo A1 - Devisscher, Tahia A1 - Dobbs, Cynnamon A1 - Aguilar, Luis Orozco A1 - Baptista, Mariana Dias A1 - Navarro, Nuria Mónica A1 - da Silva Filho, Demóstenes Ferreira A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. Y1 - 2020/// KW - Global South KW - green infrastructure KW - greenspace KW - nature-based solutions KW - urbanization PB - Elsevier JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 47 IS - May 2019 SP - 126544 EP - 126544 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126544 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126544 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Ordoñez barona et al 2020.pdf N2 - Research on urban forests has expanded in the last 30 years in the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Nonetheless, urban forestry has been explored to much less extent in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, despite being one of the most urbanized and biodiverse regions in the world. We address this gap by providing a baseline understanding of urban forest research in the region based on a systematic review of the academic literature. Of the 55,000 studies found, 195 were selected for review, and 182 were analysed and synthesized. These studies came from 13 countries and were published from 1970 to mid-2018 (inclusive) in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Almost half of the studies were based in Brazil, followed by Mexico and Chile. To comparatively assess article output by country, we accounted for country population and Brazil, Chile, Nicaragua, and Puerto Rico had higher than average per capita article output. Most articles were ecological studies (64%) that used field surveys (58%) to research urban vegetation diversity. Most ecological studies did not include any social or management considerations. Only a few studies focused on spatiotemporal dynamics (12%) or the direct opinions of stakeholders (9%). We observed a notable increase in article output from the region during the last decade. The units of analysis targeted by these studies mostly focused on single trees in public areas (streets and parks). Understanding urban forests regionally could be strengthened by scaling up research across multiple units of analysis and across regional cities, which could provide a better understanding of regional spatiotemporal dynamics. To respond to current global trends and nurture regional strengths, research could also focus on a wider range of ecosystem services provided by urban forests, and the relationship of urban forests with poverty, crime, climate vulnerability, biodiversity loss, and social equity. These findings can inform key stakeholders in the region managing urban forests and trees about research trends and gaps to be filled. This article shows that the region indeed has an important body of research in urban forestry that should be recognized in global assessments. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban Trees and People’s Yards Mitigate Extreme Heat in Western Adelaide FINAL SUMMARY REPORT A1 - Ossola, Alessandro A1 - Staas, Leigh A1 - Leishman, Michelle R Y1 - 2020/// SP - 1 EP - 25 UR - https://doi.org/10.25949/5df2ef1637124 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Ossola et al 2020.pdf N2 - Extreme heat in cities poses a significant threat to public health and urban livability. More frequent, prolonged and intense heatwaves are predicted under future climate change, posing unprecedented challenges for Australia’s urban systems. Urban green infrastructure, forests and nature-based solutions have been suggested as inexpensive and effective strategies for climate change adaptation in cities. Urban trees in particular can significantly decrease land surface temperature across entire suburbs and cities. However, little knowledge exists on the more localised cooling benefits that trees might provide, particularly where these are needed the most ˗ the residential landscapes where people live.This study assessed the effects of trees and other vegetation in people’s yards at reducing day time and night time heat during an extreme heatwave event in Western Adelaide. Despite covering about 20% of urban land, people’s yards contained more than 40% of the total tree cover and 30% of herbaceous (grass) cover. The number of private gardens, as well as the percentage of vegetation cover within these gardens, both contributed significantly in providing widespread cooling benefits across the Western Adelaide region with localised reductions in land surface temperatures of up to 5-6˚C compared to non-vegetated areas and land parcels. Vegetated cover overall provided the greatest day time cooling benefits further away from the coastline. Findings suggest that the vegetation in people’s yards is of utmost importance for decreasing urban land surface temperature during extreme heat. Ambitious canopy cover targets (e.g., doubling of the current canopy cover from 13.5% to 27%) will require significant greening interventions across both the public and private realms. Private spaces offer significant untapped opportunities for urban greening and cooling, particularly in suburbs with lower vegetation cover. Where possible, urban development and densification must be carefully planned and performed to ensure that vegetation is retained and possibly expanded over time. ER - TY - CHAP T1 - La atmósfera , el tiempo y el clima parte 2 A1 - Pabón, José A1 - Zea, Jorge A1 - León, Gloria A1 - Hurtado, Gonzalo A1 - Gonzáles, Olga Cecilia A1 - Montealegre, José ED - Pablo Leyva Y1 - 2004/// PB - IDEAM JF - El Medio Ambiente en Colombia SP - 92 EP - 113 CY - Bogotá, D.C. UR - http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/000001/cap3-ii.pdf L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/La atmósfera , el tiempo y el clima parte 2 - Pabón et al. - 2004.pdf N2 - E l clima es un factor importante del ambiente global, interviene en todos sus procesos y a la vez es afectado por la variedad de interacciones entre las diversas esferas del ecosistema planetario ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: Ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions A1 - Pataki, Diane E. A1 - Carreiro, Margaret M. A1 - Cherrier, Jennifer A1 - Grulke, Nancy E. A1 - Jennings, Viniece A1 - Pincetl, Stephanie A1 - Pouyat, Richard V. A1 - Whitlow, Thomas H. A1 - Zipperer, Wayne C. Y1 - 2011/// JF - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 36 DO - 10.1890/090220 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Pataki et al 2011.pdf N2 - Urban green space is purported to offset greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, remove air and water pollutants, cool local climate, and improve public health. To use these services, municipalities have focused efforts on designing and implementing ecosystem-services-based "green infrastructure" in urban environments. In some cases the environmental benefits of this infrastructure have been well documented, but they are often unclear, unquantified, and/or outweighed by potential costs. Quantifying biogeochemical processes in urban green infrastructure can improve our understanding of urban ecosystem services and disservices (negative or unintended consequences) resulting from designed urban green spaces. Here we propose a framework to integrate biogeochemical processes into designing, implementing, and evaluating the net effectiveness of green infrastructure, and provide examples for GHG mitigation, stormwater runoff mitigation, and improvements in air quality and health. © The Ecological Society of America. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Biophysical effects on temperature and precipitation due to land cover change A1 - Perugini, Lucia A1 - Caporaso, Luca A1 - Marconi, Sergio A1 - Cescatti, Alessandro A1 - Quesada, Benjamin A1 - De Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie A1 - House, Johanna I. A1 - Arneth, Almut Y1 - 2017/// KW - biophysical impacts KW - climate change KW - climate policies KW - deforestation KW - land cover change JF - Environmental Research Letters VL - 12 IS - 5 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b3f L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Perugini et al 2017.pdf N2 - Anthropogenic land cover changes (LCC) affect regional and global climate through biophysical variations of the surface energy budget mediated by albedo, evapotranspiration, and roughness. This change in surface energy budget may exacerbate or counteract biogeochemical greenhouse gas effects of LCC, with a large body of emerging assessments being produced, sometimes apparently contradictory. We reviewed the existing scientific literature with the objective to provide an overview of the state-of-the-knowledge of the biophysical LCC climate effects, in support of the assessment of mitigation/adaptation land policies. Out of the published studies that were analyzed, 28 papers fulfilled the eligibility criteria, providing surface air temperature and/or precipitation change with respect to LCC regionally and/or globally. We provide a synthesis of the signal, magnitude and uncertainty of temperature and precipitation changes in response to LCC biophysical effects by climate region (boreal/temperate/tropical) and by key land cover transitions. Model results indicate that a modification of biophysical processes at the land surface has a strong regional climate effect, and non-negligible global impact on temperature. Simulations experiments of large-scale (i.e. complete) regional deforestation lead to a mean reduction in precipitation in all regions, while air surface temperature increases in the tropics and decreases in boreal regions. The net global climate effects of regional deforestation are less certain. There is an overall consensus in the model experiments that the average global biophysical climate response to complete global deforestation is atmospheric cooling and drying. Observed estimates of temperature change following deforestation indicate a smaller effect than model-based regional estimates in boreal regions, comparable results in the tropics, and contrasting results in temperate regions. Regional/local biophysical effects following LCC are important for local climate, water cycle, ecosystems, their productivity and biodiversity, and thus important to consider in the formulation of adaptation policy. However before considering the inclusion of biophysical climate effects of LCC under the UNFCCC, science has to provide robust tools and methods for estimation of both country and global level effects. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Estimación de las reservas potenciales de carbono almacenadas en la bioma- sa aérea en bosques naturales de Colombia[Estimation of potential carbon stocks stored in aboveground biomass in natural forests in Colombia] A1 - Phillips, J.F A1 - Duque, A.J.0 A1 - Cabrera, K.R A1 - Yepes, A.P A1 - Navarrete, D.A A1 - García, M.C A1 - Álvarez, E A1 - Cabrera, E A1 - Cárdenas, D A1 - Galindo, G A1 - Ordóñez, M.F A1 - Rodríguez, M.L A1 - Vargas, D.M Y1 - 2011/// KW - -2.286 + 2.471*Ln(DAP) JF - Ideam SP - 32 EP - 32 SN - 9789588067339 UR - http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=11521 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/IDEAM 2011a Biomasa.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Atmospheric, radiative, and hydrologic effects of future land use and land cover changes: A global and multimodel climate picture A1 - Quesada, Benjamin A1 - Arneth, Almut A1 - De Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie Y1 - 2017/// JF - Journal of Geophysical Research VL - 122 IS - 10 SP - 5113 EP - 5131 DO - 10.1002/2016JD025448 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Quesada et al 2017.pdf N2 - Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) modulate land surface energy, heat, moisture, and momentum fluxes. Using simulations performed with and without LULCC for five earth system models, averaged over the 2071-2100 period, we quantify the biophysical effects in response to a future realistic LULCC scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5) on 15 climate variables (i.e., atmospheric, radiative, wind, hydrologic variables, and heat fluxes). We find that climate models are able to simulate some robust and strong climate perturbations in response to LULCC. In tropical regions with substantial LULCC, significantly higher skin temperatures, less precipitation and soil moisture, less evaporation and clouds, more incoming radiation and stronger winds, more anticyclonic conditions and subsidence, are simulated in response to future LULCC. In midlatitude and high latitude, LULCC result in autumn cooling and higher tropospheric pressures, while East Asia is drier, warmer, with higher sensible heat flux and lower evaporation. The tropical wind strengthening and weakening of the hydrological cycle are comparable in magnitude to their future regional changes induced by greenhouse gases under RCP8.5, which make LULCC an indispensable forcing to take into account in future climatic assessments. Finally, our study reveals significant indirect atmospheric processes triggered by LULCC, implying substantial changes in incoming radiation, which dominate climatic responses over the direct effects, particularly in boreal regions. Plain Language Summary Trees affect climate not only by modulating greenhouse gases sequestration but also by regulating the exchange of energy, heat, water, and momentum with the atmosphere. However, few studies quantified, in a consistent way, all the latter perturbations for a realistic deforestation scenario or with several models. Analyzing five earth system models, for a common future business-as-usual land use and land cover changes (LULCC) scenario, we show that significant atmospheric, radiative, and hydrologic changes are robustly simulated. Among others, the weakened hydrological cycle and the wind strengthening due to tropical deforestation are comparable in magnitude to the projected changes induced by greenhouse gases. Our investigation also reveals significant indirect atmospheric processes triggered by LULCC, implying substantial changes in incoming radiation, which dominate climatic responses over the direct effects (albedo, evapotranspiration, or roughness changes), particularly in boreal regions. In consequence, LULCC are a critical forcing that needs to be taken into account for future climatic assessments. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis A1 - Rahman, Mohammad A. A1 - Stratopoulos, Laura M.F. A1 - Moser-Reischl, Astrid A1 - Zölch, Teresa A1 - Häberle, Karl Heinz A1 - Rötzer, Thomas A1 - Pretzsch, Hans A1 - Pauleit, Stephan Y1 - 2020/// KW - Cooling potentials KW - Leaf area index KW - Microclimate KW - Planting design KW - Species characteristics KW - Tree growth JF - Building and Environment VL - 170 IS - September 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106606 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Rahman et al 2020.pdf N2 - A more detailed understanding of the micro-climatic thermal benefits of different urban tree species and the retrospective species characteristics is necessary to guide management decisions. In this review, we focused specifically on empirical data collected at ground level for below-canopy surface temperature (ST) and transpiration cooling (AT), using a meta-analysis method. Tree canopy density was clearly identified as the most influential driver of different mechanisms of cooling benefits. Secondly, climate of the cities where the trees were grown showed significant impacts on cooling potentials: trees grown in Oceanic and Continental climates showed a higher cooling potential compared to trees grown in Mediterranean climate for AT and sub-tropical climate for ST. Thirdly, tree growth in size and ground surface cover showed significant impact. ST decreases almost linearly with the increase of canopy density; however, the rate is significantly lower over transpiring grass surfaces. Transpiration of trees planted over grass was ten times higher (4.15 g m−2 min−1) compared to a tree planted in paved cut-out pits (0.44 g m−2 min−1). Moreover, diffuse porous wood anatomy and trees originating from temperate and resource-rich forests showed better cooling potentials. Among the leaf traits, dark green leaves, < 0.15 mm of thickness showed higher AT and ST benefit. The review pointed out the lack of standardized study protocols in determining tree cooling benefits and empirical data, particularly at tropical and sub-tropical climate. Finally, the study suggested some recommendations for plantings that optimize the cooling benefits from urban greenspaces. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Does "greening" of neotropical cities considerably mitigate carbon dioxide emissions? The case of Medellin, Colombia A1 - Reynolds, Carley C. A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Clerici, Nicola A1 - Zea-Camaño, Jorge Y1 - 2017/// KW - Carbon offsets KW - Clean development mechanism KW - Climate change mitigation KW - Ecosystem services KW - Nature-based solutions KW - Street trees KW - Urban forest JF - Sustainability (Switzerland) VL - 9 IS - 5 DO - 10.3390/su9050785 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Reynolds et al 2017.pdf N2 - Cities throughout the world are advocating highly promoted tree plantings as a climate change mitigation measure. Assessing the carbon offsets associated with urban trees relative to other climate change policies is vital for sustainable development, planning, and solving environmental and socio-economic problems, but is difficult in developing countries. We estimated and assessed carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, sequestration, and emission offsets by public trees in the Medellin Metropolitan Area, Colombia, as a viable Nature-Based Solution for the Neotropics. While previous studies have discussed nature-based solutions and explored urban tree carbon dynamics in high income countries, few have been conducted in tropical cities in low-middle income countries, particularly within South America. We used a public tree inventory for the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley and an available urban forest functional model, i-Tree Streets, calibrated for Colombia's context. We found that CO2 offsets from public trees were not as effective as cable cars or landfills. However, if available planting spaces are considered, carbon offsets become more competitive with cable cars and other air quality and socio-economic co-benefits are also provided. The use of carbon estimation models and the development of relevant carbon accounting protocols in Neotropical cities are also discussed. Our nature-based solution approach can be used to better guide management of urban forests to mitigate climate change and carbon offset accounting in tropical cities lacking available information. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Differential air temperature cooling performance of urban vegetation types in the tropics A1 - Richards, D. R. A1 - Fung, T. K. A1 - Belcher, R. N. A1 - Edwards, P. J. Y1 - 2020/// KW - Ecosystem service KW - Thermal conditions KW - Urban heat island KW - iButton JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 50 IS - June 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126651 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Richards et al 2020.pdf N2 - The tendency for cities to be warmer than surrounding rural areas, known as the urban heat island effect, has become a matter of increasing concern, particularly in regions with a hot, humid climate. While urban vegetation may reduce air temperatures, the magnitude of this cooling effect varies between different types of vegetation. In this study we compared the cooling effect of five vegetation types that are commonly encountered in the tropical city of Singapore: grass, shrub, managed trees, managed trees over shrub, and secondary forest. Ambient air temperatures were monitored over 18 months at 88 locations, and analysed in relation to characteristics of the surrounding vegetation. Generalised additive modelling revealed significant temperature reductions associated with increasing cover of managed trees, managed trees over shrubs below, and secondary forest vegetation, with the latter vegetation type having the greatest effect. We conclude that vegetation can significantly ameliorate temperatures in cities with a hot, humid climate, but not all types of vegetation are equally effective. By demonstrating the cooling benefits of secondary forest in densely-populated urban areas, public education and engagement campaigns could help overcome negative perceptions of such vegetation. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Human thermal comfort conditions and urban planning in hot-humid climates—The case of Cuba A1 - Rodríguez, José Abel A1 - Coch, Helena A1 - De la Paz, Guillermo A1 - Chaos, Mabel A1 - Matzarakis, Andreas Y1 - 2016/// KW - Cuba KW - Hot-humid climate KW - Human thermal conditions KW - Physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) KW - RayMan KW - Urban thermal bioclimate JF - International Journal of Biometeorology VL - 60 IS - 8 SP - 1151 EP - 1164 DO - 10.1007/s00484-015-1109-4 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Rodriguez et al 2016.pdf N2 - Climate regional characteristics, urban environmental conditions, and outdoors thermal comfort requirements of residents are important for urban planning. Basic studies of urban microclimate can provide information and useful resources to predict and improve thermal conditions in hot-humid climatic regions. The paper analyzes the thermal bioclimate and its influence as urban design factor in Cuba, using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). Simulations of wind speed variations and shade conditions were performed to quantify changes in thermal bioclimate due to possible modifications in urban morphology. Climate data from Havana, Camagüey, and Santiago of Cuba for the period 2001 to 2012 were used to calculate PET with the RayMan model. The results show that changes in meteorological parameters influence the urban microclimate, and consequently modify the thermal conditions in outdoors spaces. Shade is the predominant strategy to improve urban microclimate with more significant benefits in terms of PET higher than 30 °C. For climatic regions such as the analyzed ones, human thermal comfort can be improved by a wind speed modification for thresholds of PET above 30 °C, and by a wind speed decreases in conditions below 26 °C. The improvement of human thermal conditions is crucial for urban sustainability. On this regards, our study is a contribution for urban designers, due to the possibility of taking advantage of results for improving microclimatic conditions based on urban forms. The results may enable urban planners to create spaces that people prefer to visit, and also are usable in the reconfiguration of cities. ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Informe Observatorio Regional ODS Región Orinoquia A1 - Rozo, D A1 - Moreno, N A1 - Alvarado, A A1 - Lugo, D A1 - Rincón, C Y1 - 2021/// KW - Colombia KW - Instituciones Sólidas KW - Justicia KW - ODS 16 KW - Paz KW - Región Orinoquia SP - 41 EP - 41 UR - https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstream/handle/1992/52861/Informe Orinoquia 2021-2.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Informe Orinoquia 2021-2.pdf N2 - The purpose of this report is to evaluate the fulfillment of SDG 16 (Peace, justice, and solid institutions) in the Orinoquia region, based on the following local indicators: Violence and Crime, Solid Institutions and Social Stability. For this, it will present a brief context of the Orinoquia region. Subsequently, it will analyze the data from the Orinoquia region on the indicators of the homicide rate (16.1), the unconvicted inmates, and the population that feel safe walking alone at night and that of Civil and Criminal Justice (16.8) to measure the violence and crime index. Later, it will study the regional indicators on freedom of the press and open government, in order to understand the indicators, based on solid institutions. Finally, to understand the indicator on social stability in the Orinoquia region, it will analyze the local indicators on Property rights and Perception of corruption. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Distribución de la infraestructura verde y su capacidad de regulación térmica en Bogotá, Colombia A1 - Rubiano Calderón, Kristian David Y1 - 2019/// KW - ambiental KW - cobertura arbórea KW - ecosistémicos urbanos KW - inequidad KW - isla de calor KW - parques urbanos KW - servicios KW - vegetación de diferencia normalizada KW - índice de JF - Colombia forestal VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 83 EP - 100 DO - 10.14483/2256201x.14304 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Distribución de la infraestructura verde y su capacidad de regulación térmica en Bogotá, Colombia - Rubiano Calderón - 2019.pdf N2 - Las ciudades presentan características ambientales particulares que dan lugar a fenómenos como las islas de calor. Aunque las coberturas vegetales son fundamentales en la mitigación de estas condiciones adversas, se ha observado que su distribución no es equitativa. Analizar esta distribución y la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos es importante para la planificación de las ciudades. Por tal razón, se analizó la distribución de la capacidad de regulación térmica de las coberturas vegetales públicas de la ciudad de Bogotá, usando la cobertura arbórea y el verdor como variables proxy, mediante análisis geoestadístico y metodologías propias de los sistemas de información geográfica y la teledetección. El verdor de los parques aumentó con su tamaño y estrato socioeconómico, la cobertura arbórea incrementó en los estratos más altos. Se identificaron coldspots y hotspots de estas variables y del potencial de regulación térmica en los sectores con estratos más bajos y más altos respectivamente. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Impacts of individual tree species on carbon dynamics in a moist tropical forest environment Published by : Wiley on behalf of the Ecological Society of America Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/25680358 REFERENCES Linked references are available A1 - Russell, Ann E A1 - Raich, James W A1 - Arrieta, Ricardo Bedoya A1 - Valverde-, Oscar A1 - González, Eugenio A1 - Russell, Ann E A1 - Raich, James W A1 - Arrieta, Ricardo Bedoya A1 - Valverde-barrantes, Oscar Y1 - 2010/// JF - Ecological Applications VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 1087 EP - 1100 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Russell et al 2010.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review A1 - Seneviratne, Sonia I. A1 - Corti, Thierry A1 - Davin, Edouard L. A1 - Hirschi, Martin A1 - Jaeger, Eric B. A1 - Lehner, Irene A1 - Orlowsky, Boris A1 - Teuling, Adriaan J. Y1 - 2010/// KW - Atmosphere KW - Boundary interactions KW - Climate change KW - Climatic controls KW - Land cover KW - Soil-water balance PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Earth-Science Reviews VL - 99 IS - 3-4 SP - 125 EP - 161 DO - 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/seneviratne2010.pdf N2 - Soil moisture is a key variable of the climate system. It constrains plant transpiration and photosynthesis in several regions of the world, with consequent impacts on the water, energy and biogeochemical cycles. Moreover it is a storage component for precipitation and radiation anomalies, inducing persistence in the climate system. Finally, it is involved in a number of feedbacks at the local, regional and global scales, and plays a major role in climate-change projections. In this review, we provide a synthesis of past research on the role of soil moisture for the climate system, based both on modelling and observational studies. We focus on soil moisture-temperature and soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks, and their possible modifications with climate change. We also highlight further impacts of soil moisture on climate, and the state of research regarding the validation of the relevant processes.There are promises for major advances in this research field in coming years thanks to the development of new validation datasets and multi-model initiatives. However, the availability of ground observations continues to be critical in limiting progress and should therefore strongly be fostered at the international level. Exchanges across disciplines will also be essential for bridging current knowledge gaps in this field. This is of key importance given the manifold impacts of soil moisture on climate, and their relevance for climate-change projections. A better understanding and quantification of the relevant processes would significantly help to reduce uncertainties in future-climate scenarios, in particular with regard to changes in climate variability and extreme events, as well as ecosystem and agricultural impacts. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The inequity of distribution of urban forest and ecosystem services in Cali, Colombia A1 - Shiraishi, Kinya Y1 - 2022/// KW - Emerging country KW - Inequity of urban forest KW - Number of parks KW - Park area per capita KW - Public participation KW - Stratification KW - Tree canopy cover KW - Urban forest planning PB - Elsevier GmbH JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 67 IS - December 2021 SP - 127446 EP - 127446 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127446 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127446 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Shiraishi 2022.pdf N2 - Little is known about urban forest planning, management and its benefits in emerging countries. The uneven distribution of tree canopy cover and parks in urban area is related to environmental justice, especially with disadvantaged socio-economic and marginated communities. However, the inequity of urban forest in many cities of emerging countries where often found irregular and unregulated land use patterns and social and socio-economic inequities, is hardly highlighted. This study explores the inequity of distribution of tree canopy cover and public park in Cali, Colombia. Utilizing the traditional socio-economic indices, the stratification, linear regression analysis is conducted to describe relationship between total tree canopy cover, tree canopy cover of various land use types, number of parks and park area per capita. The result demonstrates that lower income communities have lower tree canopy cover, fewer parks and smaller park area than higher income communities. This paper discusses importance of accounting for urban forests and ecosystem service in city planning efforts and better strategies of reducing inequity in emerging countries. Addressing the inequity of urban forest could be a better strategy to create resilient, sustainable, safe and livable cities in emerging countries. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of LiDAR point density and landscape context on estimates of urban forest biomass A1 - Singh, Kunwar K. A1 - Chen, Gang A1 - McCarter, James B. A1 - Meentemeyer, Ross K. Y1 - 2015/// KW - Biomass KW - Canopy stratification KW - Development density KW - Large-area assessment KW - LiDAR KW - Multiple linear regression KW - Point density PB - International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS) JF - ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing VL - 101 SP - 310 EP - 322 DO - 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.021 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.021 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Singh et al 2015.pdf N2 - Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data is being increasingly used as an effective alternative to conventional optical remote sensing to accurately estimate aboveground forest biomass ranging from individual tree to stand levels. Recent advancements in LiDAR technology have resulted in higher point densities and improved data accuracies accompanied by challenges for procuring and processing voluminous LiDAR data for large-area assessments. Reducing point density lowers data acquisition costs and overcomes computational challenges for large-area forest assessments. However, how does lower point density impact the accuracy of biomass estimation in forests containing a great level of anthropogenic disturbance? We evaluate the effects of LiDAR point density on the biomass estimation of remnant forests in the rapidly urbanizing region of Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. We used multiple linear regression to establish a statistical relationship between field-measured biomass and predictor variables derived from LiDAR data with varying densities. We compared the estimation accuracies between a general Urban Forest type and three Forest Type models (evergreen, deciduous, and mixed) and quantified the degree to which landscape context influenced biomass estimation. The explained biomass variance of the Urban Forest model, using adjusted R2, was consistent across the reduced point densities, with the highest difference of 11.5% between the 100% and 1% point densities. The combined estimates of Forest Type biomass models outperformed the Urban Forest models at the representative point densities (100% and 40%). The Urban Forest biomass model with development density of 125m radius produced the highest adjusted R2 (0.83 and 0.82 at 100% and 40% LiDAR point densities, respectively) and the lowest RMSE values, highlighting a distance impact of development on biomass estimation. Our evaluation suggests that reducing LiDAR point density is a viable solution to regional-scale forest assessment without compromising the accuracy of biomass estimates, and these estimates can be further improved using development density. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Package ‘propagate’ A1 - Spiess, Andrej Nikolai Y1 - 2018/// IS - 11 SP - 44 EP - 44 UR - https://cran.r-projehttps//www.rdocumentation.org/packages/propagate/versions/1.0-6 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/propagate.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Transpiration and cooling potential of tropical urban trees from different native habitats A1 - Tan, Puay Yok A1 - Wong, Nyuk Hien A1 - Tan, Chun Liang A1 - Jusuf, Steve Kardinal A1 - Schmiele, Kathrin A1 - Chiam, Zhi Quan Y1 - 2020/// KW - Sap-flow KW - Stomatal conductance KW - Transpiration KW - Urban cooling KW - VPD KW - Wood density PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Science of the Total Environment VL - 705 SP - 135764 EP - 135764 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135764 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135764 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tan et al. - 2020 - Transpiration and cooling potential of tropical urban trees from different native habitats.pdf N2 - Urban trees are widely promoted as a solution to cool the urban environment because of shading and evaporative cooling provided by tree canopies. The extent to which the cooling benefits are realized is dependent not just on the genetically determined traits of trees, but also by their interactions with the atmospheric and edaphic conditions in urban areas, for which there is currently a paucity of information. We conducted a field experiment to compare whole-tree transpiration (Et) of tropical urban species from seasonally dry forest (SDF) (Tabebuia rosea, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Delonix regia, Caesalpinia ferrea, Dalbergia sissoo, Samanea saman) and aseasonal evergreen forest (AEF) (Peltophorum pterocarpum, Sindora wallichii). We examined the dependence of Et on atmospheric conditions (solar radiation (Rn) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)), as well as on soil moisture level (θv). Daily Et differences between species were large but not statistically significant overall: 2000–3200 g m−2 (leaf area) under sunny conditions and 980–2000 g m−2 under cloudy conditions. The led to a daily latent heat flux (LE) of 770 W m−2 between the species with the highest (2136 W m−2) and lowest (1369 W m−2) daily Et. SDF species had higher daily Et than AEF species, but the difference was only significant under cloudy condition. Rn had a slightly stronger role in influencing transpiration compared to VPD, and species responses to drought stress differed marginally between the two groups. We assessed if two plant functional traits, wood density (ρw) and leaf stomatal conductance (gs), could be used to predict Et. Only gs was shown to be moderately correlated with Et, but more studies are needed to assess this given the limited number of species used in the study. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban forests valuation and environmental disposition: The case of Puerto Rico A1 - Tavárez, Héctor A1 - Elbakidze, Levan Y1 - 2021/// KW - Contingent valuation KW - Ecosystem services KW - Puerto Rico KW - Urban forest KW - Willingness to pay JF - Forest Policy and Economics VL - 131 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102572 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Tavárez & Elbakidzeb 2021.pdf N2 - Contingent valuation is used to examine the influence of environmental engagement and beliefs on willingness to pay (WTP) for urban forest preservation. We survey surrounding residents of two urban forest sites in Puerto Rico with distinct environmental experiences and beliefs about ecosystem services. We find that WTP for preserving the urban forest where the surrounding residents are involved in forest management is $118/year. On the other hand, WTP for preserving a larger urban forest where surrounding residents are not engaged in management is $81/year. In addition to the respondents' characteristics and environmental engagement, WTP also depends on the beliefs about urban forest ecosystem services. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves A1 - Teuling, Adriaan J. A1 - Seneviratne, Sonia I. A1 - Stöckli, Reto A1 - Reichstein, Markus A1 - Moors, Eddy A1 - Ciais, Philippe A1 - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan A1 - Van Den Hurk, Bart A1 - Ammann, Christof A1 - Bernhofer, Christian A1 - Dellwik, Ebba A1 - Gianelle, Damiano A1 - Gielen, Bert A1 - Grünwald, Thomas A1 - Klumpp, Katja A1 - Montagnani, Leonardo A1 - Moureaux, Christine A1 - Sottocornola, Matteo A1 - Wohlfahrt, Georg Y1 - 2010/// PB - Nature Publishing Group JF - Nature Geoscience VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 722 EP - 727 DO - 10.1038/ngeo950 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo950 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Teuling et al 2010.pdf N2 - Recent European heatwaves have raised interest in the impact of land cover conditions on temperature extremes. At present, it is believed that such extremes are enhanced by stronger surface heating of the atmosphere, when soil moisture content is below average. However, the impact of land cover on the exchange of water and energy and the interaction of this exchange with the soil water balance during heatwaves is largely unknown. Here we analyse observations from an extensive network of flux towers in Europe that reveal a difference between the temporal responses of forest and grassland ecosystems during heatwaves. We find that initially, surface heating is twice as high over forest than over grassland. Over grass, heating is suppressed by increased evaporation in response to increased solar radiation and temperature. Ultimately, however, this process accelerates soil moisture depletion and induces a critical shift in the regional climate system that leads to increased heating. We propose that this mechanism may explain the extreme temperatures in August 2003. We conclude that the conservative water use of forest contributes to increased temperatures in the short term, but mitigates the impact of the most extreme heat and/or long-lasting events. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Discomfort Index A1 - Thom, E. C. Y1 - 1959/// JF - Weatherwise VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 57 EP - 61 DO - 10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Thom 1959.pdf N2 - AbstractDownload full textRelated\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n var addthis_config = {\r\n ui_cobrand: "Taylor & Francis Online",\r\n services_compact: "citeulike,netvibes,twitter,technorati,delicious,linkedin,facebook,stumbleupon,digg,google,more",\r\n pubid: "ra-4dff56cd6bb1830b"\r\n };\r\n\r\n Share on twitter\r\n Share on facebook\r\n Share on email\r\n More Sharing Services\r\n \r\n var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":true,"ui_click":true};\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Add to shortlist\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Link\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Permalink\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Download Citation\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Recommend to:\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n A friend ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tree biomass, wood waste yield, and carbon storage changes in an urban forest A1 - Timilsina, Nilesh A1 - Staudhammer, Christina L. A1 - Escobedo, Francisco J. A1 - Lawrence, Alicia Y1 - 2014/// KW - Allometric equations KW - Bioenergy KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Ecosystem services and goods KW - Green wood waste PB - Elsevier B.V. JF - Landscape and Urban Planning VL - 127 SP - 18 EP - 27 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.003 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.003 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Timilsina et al 2014.pdf N2 - Urban tree biomass studies are important for estimating urban wood waste yield, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem goods provided by urban forests. This study quantified urban tree wood waste yield and temporal changes in carbon storage for different land uses using data from permanent monitoring plots and locally developed urban tree and regional allometric biomass equations. Drivers influencing wood waste yields and carbon (C) sequestration were analyzed as was accuracy of available urban tree C storage models. We estimated annual urban tree stem and crown biomass removals at 2. Mega grams (Mg) per hectare, equivalent to approximately 5% of the annual requirements of a 100. MegaWatt bioenergy plant. Urban tree C storage changes, or annual C sequestration, was 29,280. Mg which is equivalent to 5% of all anthropogenic local C emissions in 2008 and twice as much as estimated by an available carbon sequestration model. Greater amounts of wood waste were generated in forests and commercial/institutional areas than residential areas, but differences were not significant and amount removed was only significantly related to the amount of impervious surfaces and maintained grass. Available urban tree C storage models can have errors of 40%. Results can be used to estimate the potential annual supply of city-wide urban wood waste from management, maintenance, land clearing activities, and post-hurricane tree debris removal. Wood waste can be a sustainable urban forest ecosystem service and good; but tradeoffs such as esthetics, soil quality and community preferences should be accounted for as well. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Urbanization and development: emerging futures. World cities report 2016 A1 - UN-Habitat Y1 - 2016/// KW - () JF - International Journal IS - 8 SP - 901 EP - 908 SN - 9789211333954 DO - 10.1016/S0264-2751(03)00010-6 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/WCR-2016-Full-Report.pdf N2 - Montre (en Inde) que l'impact positif de l'urbanisation sur les performances économiques est plus fort avec le temps (le niveau de développement). ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Revision of World Urbanization Prospects A1 - United Nations Y1 - 2018/// JF - Demographic Research VL - 12 SP - 197 EP - 236 SN - 9789211483192 UR - https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/UN 2018.pdf N2 - Department of Economic & Social Affairs ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Flexible Imputation of Missing Data A1 - van Buuren, Stef Y1 - 2018/// PB - CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 JF - Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. ET - Second Edi SN - 9781119130536 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/IDEAM/Buuren, Stef van - Flexible imputation of missing data-Chapman & Hall_CRC (2018).pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R A1 - van Buuren, Stef A1 - Groothuis-Oudshoorn, Karin Y1 - 2011/// KW - Chained equations KW - Fully conditional specification KW - Gibbs sampler KW - MICE KW - Multiple imputation KW - Passive imputation KW - Predictor selection KW - R JF - Journal of Statistical Software VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 67 DO - 10.18637/jss.v045.i03 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/mice.pdf N2 - The R package mice imputes incomplete multivariate data by chained equations. The software mice 1.0 appeared in the year 2000 as an S-PLUS library, and in 2001 as an R package. mice 1.0 introduced predictor selection, passive imputation and automatic pooling. This article documents mice 2.9, which extends the functionality of mice 1.0 in several ways. In mice 2.9, the analysis of imputed data is made completely general, whereas the range of models under which pooling works is substantially extended. mice 2.9 adds new functionality for imputing multilevel data, automatic predictor selection, data handling, post-processing imputed values, specialized pooling routines, model selection tools, and diagnostic graphs. Imputation of categorical data is improved in order to bypass problems caused by perfect prediction. Special attention is paid to transformations, sum scores, indices and interactions using passive imputation, and to the proper setup of the predictor matrix. mice 2.9 can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network. This article provides a hands-on, stepwise approach to solve applied incomplete data problems. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Allometric relationships for urban trees in Great Britain A1 - Vaz Monteiro, Madalena A1 - Doick, Kieron J. A1 - Handley, Phillip Y1 - 2016/// KW - Allometry KW - Crown width KW - Diameter at breast height KW - Ecosystem services assessment KW - Tree height KW - Urban trees PB - Elsevier GmbH. JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 19 SP - 223 EP - 236 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.009 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.009 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Vaz Monteiro, Doick, Handley - 2016 - Allometric relationships for urban trees in Great Britain.pdf N2 - Tree allometry describes the relationship between tree biometric variables, such as tree diameter (at breast height, DBH), height and crown width and helps urban foresters to assess many of the economic and ecological benefits provided by trees of different size. However, there is little knowledge on how the relationships established between those variables change between trees from different urban areas or species, especially within Great Britain (GB). This study aims to evaluate the variation in the allometric relationships of seven tree species growing in eight GB urban areas, and to understand if the use of generic curves representing relationships of trees growing across all locations is adequate. The variation between locations was highly significant; nevertheless, mean relationships of young trees growing in different locations were still accurately represented by a common species curve. Species with a similar stature also showed significant differences in their mean allometric relationships, reducing the level of accuracy when estimating mean relationships with multiple-species curves. Findings also suggest that crown width could be correctly predicted from DBH measurements. This knowledge can be used in citizen science based surveys, where the measurement of crown width is required but often challenging. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Carbon storage estimation of tropical urban trees by an improved allometric model for aboveground biomass based on terrestrial laser scanning A1 - Velasco, Erik A1 - Chen, Kian Wee Y1 - 2019/// KW - Aboveground biomass KW - Allometric modelling KW - Terrestrial laser scanning KW - Urban carbon sequestration KW - Urban trees PB - Elsevier JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening VL - 44 IS - June SP - 126387 EP - 126387 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126387 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126387 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Carbon storage estimation of tropical urban trees by an improved allometric model for aboveground biomass based on terrestrial laser sca.pdf N2 - Current estimations of the carbon stored by urban trees are usually based on allometric models developed for natural forests. However, urban trees grow in different conditions, and their architecture might differ, thus models developed specially for urban trees are needed. With the aim of improving estimations of carbon storage and sequestration in tropical cities, we developed a model for Singapore's urban trees based on three-dimensional data acquired on standing trees using a terrestrial LiDAR. This model relates the aboveground biomass (AGB) with the trunk diameter, wood specific density and total height of the tree. Its performance was compared to the performance of selected models for tropical forests and urban trees. As expected, being locally derived, our model reduced the bias of both individual and plot level estimates. The AGB estimates compared to those retrieved from the LiDAR showed a deviation of < 3% at plot level and 36–57% at individual scale. We applied this model to trees of a neighbourhood, where our team has investigated the role of urban vegetation in offseting anthropogenic emissions, as an example of how it could assist Singapore's efforts to verify climate change mitigation measures. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The influence of relative humidity on adaptive thermal comfort A1 - Vellei, Marika A1 - Herrera, Manuel A1 - Fosas, Daniel A1 - Natarajan, Sukumar Y1 - 2017/// KW - Adaptive thermal comfort KW - Logistic regressions KW - Naturally-conditioned buildings KW - Relative humidity KW - Tree-based methods PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Building and Environment VL - 124 SP - 171 EP - 185 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.005 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.005 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Vellei et al 2017.pdf N2 - Buildings generate nearly 30% of global carbon emissions, primarily due to the need to heat or cool them to meet acceptable indoor temperatures. In the last 20 years, the empirically derived adaptive model of thermal comfort has emerged as a powerful alternative to fixed set-point driven design. However, current adaptive standards offer a simple linear relationship between the outdoor temperature and the indoor comfort temperature, assumed to sufficiently explain the effect of all other variables, e.g. relative humidity (RH) and air velocity. The lack of a signal for RH is particularly surprising given its well-known impact on comfort. Attempts in the literature to either explain the lack of such a signal or demonstrate its existence, remain scattered, unsubstantiated and localised. In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, that a humidity signal exists in adaptive thermal comfort using global data to form two separate lines of evidence: a meta-analysis of summary data from 63 field studies and detailed field data from 39 naturally ventilated buildings over 8 climate types. We implicate method selection in previous work as the likely cause of failure to detect this signal, by demonstrating that our chosen method has a 56% lower error rate. We derive a new designer-friendly RH-inclusive adaptive model that significantly extends the range of acceptable indoor conditions for designing low-energy naturally-conditioned buildings all over the world. This is demonstrated through parametric simulations in 13 global locations, which reveal that the current model overestimates overheating by 30% compared to the new one. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services: The case of urban parks A1 - Vieira, Joana A1 - Matos, Paula A1 - Mexia, Teresa A1 - Silva, Patrícia A1 - Lopes, Nuno A1 - Freitas, Catarina A1 - Correia, Otília A1 - Santos-Reis, Margarida A1 - Branquinho, Cristina A1 - Pinho, Pedro Y1 - 2018/// KW - Air pollution KW - Cities KW - Environmental management KW - Lichen traits KW - Urban heat island effect PB - Elsevier Inc. JF - Environmental Research VL - 160 IS - December 2016 SP - 306 EP - 313 DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.006 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.006 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services The case of urban parks - Vieira.pdf N2 - The growing human population concentrated in urban areas lead to the increase of road traffic and artificial areas, consequently enhancing air pollution and urban heat island effects, among others. These environmental changes affect citizen's health, causing a high number of premature deaths, with considerable social and economic costs. Nature-based solutions are essential to ameliorate those impacts in urban areas. While the mere presence of urban green spaces is pointed as an overarching solution, the relative importance of specific vegetation structure, composition and management to improve the ecosystem services of air purification and climate regulation are overlooked. This avoids the establishment of optimized planning and management procedures for urban green spaces with high spatial resolution and detail. Our aim was to understand the relative contribution of vegetation structure, composition and management for the provision of ecosystem services of air purification and climate regulation in urban green spaces, in particular the case of urban parks. This work was done in a large urban park with different types of vegetation surrounded by urban areas. As indicators of microclimatic effects and of air pollution levels we selected different metrics: lichen diversity and pollutants accumulation in lichens. Among lichen diversity, functional traits related to nutrient and water requirements were used as surrogates of the capacity of vegetation to filter air pollution and to regulate climate, and provide air purification and climate regulation ecosystem services, respectively. This was also obtained with very high spatial resolution which allows detailed spatial planning for optimization of ecosystem services. We found that vegetation type characterized by a more complex structure (trees, shrubs and herbaceous layers) and by the absence of management (pruning, irrigation and fertilization) had a higher capacity to provide the ecosystems services of air purification and climate regulation. By contrast, lawns, which have a less complex structure and are highly managed, were associated to a lower capacity to provide these services. Tree plantations showed an intermediate effect between the other two types of vegetation. Thus, vegetation structure, composition and management are important to optimize green spaces capacity to purify air and regulate climate. Taking this into account green spaces can be managed at high spatial resolutions to optimize these ecosystem services in urban areas and contribute to improve human well-being. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate of Colombia: Afield study in Barranquilla A1 - Villadiego, Kattia A1 - Velay-Dabat, Marc André Y1 - 2014/// KW - Local climate zones KW - Thermal comfort KW - Thermal sensation KW - Tropical climate KW - Urban planning JF - Building and Environment VL - 75 SP - 142 EP - 152 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.017 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate of Colombia Afield study in Barranquilla - Villadiego, Velay-Dabat - 2014.pdf N2 - We carried out a thermal comfort survey in a hot and humid climate in Barranquilla, Colombia. Measures of climatic conditions and parallel thermal sensation questionnaires were used in order to increase knowledge about thermal sensation in tropical climates. We used the ASHRAE sensorial scale of seven symmetrical points to evaluate sensation; we also asked about agreement preference. The survey was focused on pedestrians in five different zones of Barranquilla established through the Local Climate Zone System. Results show a high tolerance to high temperature and relative humidity. The mean thermal sensation votes for the whole sample was 0=neutral; people felt satisfied but they preferred cooler temperatures. Thus, expectation and memory are other factors that influence perception. Also, the survey reveals that climate conditions are not enough to explain thermal sensation. Overall, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed are the most influential parameters on thermal sensation. The results of the study contribute to knowledge about thermal comfort in tropical climates and encourage planners to include climate considerations into urban planning in order to improve the quality of thermal ambiance. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Simulating the impact of urban surface evapotranspiration on the urban heat island effect using the modified RS-PM model: A case study of Xuzhou, China A1 - Wang, Yuchen A1 - Zhang, Yu A1 - Ding, Nan A1 - Qin, Kai A1 - Yang, Xiaoyan Y1 - 2020/// KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Landsat 8 KW - RS-PM model KW - Thermal comfort KW - Urban heat island JF - Remote Sensing VL - 12 IS - 3 DO - 10.3390/rs12030578 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Simulating the impact of urban surface evapotranspiration on the urban heat island effect using the modified RS-PM model A case study of.pdf N2 - As an important energy absorption process in the Earth's surface energy balance, evapotranspiration (ET) from vegetation and bare soil plays an important role in regulating the environmental temperatures. However, little research has been done to explore the cooling effect of ET on the urban heat island (UHI) due to the lack of appropriate remote-sensing-based estimation models for complex urban surface. Here, we apply the modified remote sensing Penman-Monteith (RS-PM) model (also known as the urban RS-PM model), which has provided a new regional ET estimation method with the better accuracy for the urban complex underlying surface. Focusing on the city of Xuzhou in China, ET and land surface temperature (LST) were inversed by using 10 Landsat 8 images during 2014-2018. The impact of ET on LST was then analyzed and quantified through statistical and spatial analyses. The results indicate that: (1) The alleviating effect of ET on the UHI was stronger during the warmest months of the year (May-October) but not during the colder months (November-March); (2) ET had the most significant alleviating effect on the UHI effect in those regions with the highest ET intensities; and (3) in regions with high ET intensities and their surrounding areas (within a radius of 150 m), variation in ET was a key factor for UHI regulation; a 10W m-2 increase in ET equated to 0.56 K decrease in LST. These findings provide a new perspective for the improvement of urban thermal comfort, which can be applied to urban management, planning, and natural design. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Developing general equations for urban tree biomass estimation with high-resolution satellite imagery A1 - Wu, Jindong Y1 - 2019/// KW - Allometric equations;WordView-2 KW - Dry weight KW - Ecosystem services KW - NDVI KW - Urban trees JF - Sustainability (Switzerland) VL - 11 IS - 16 DO - 10.3390/su11164347 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Wu 2019.pdf N2 - Urban trees provide various important ecological services, the quantification of which is vital to sustainable urban development and requires accurate estimation of tree biomass. A limited number of allometric biomass equations, however, have been developed for urban species due to the prohibitive cost. Remote sensing has provided cost-effective means for estimating urban forest biomass, although the propagation of error in the estimation process is not well understood. This study aimed to offer a baseline assessment of the feasibility of estimating urban tree biomass with remote sensing-based general equations applicable to broad taxonomic groups by conducting a large urban tree inventory on a university campus. The biomasses of 191 trees of seven species from the inventory, separated into two categories (i.e., evergreen and deciduous), were calculated exclusively with urban-based species-specific allometric equations. WorldView-2 satellite imagery data were acquired to retrieve normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at the location, crown, and stand levels. The results indicated that biomass correlated with NDVI in varying forms and degrees. The general equations at the crown level yielded the most accurate biomass estimates, while the location-level estimates were the least accurate. Crown-level spectral responses provided adequate information for delivering spatially explicit biomass estimation. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore A1 - Yang, Wei A1 - Wong, Nyuk Hien A1 - Jusuf, Steve Kardinal Y1 - 2013/// KW - Acceptable operative temperature range KW - Correlation analysis KW - Outdoor urban spaces KW - Thermal adaptation KW - Thermal comfort PB - Elsevier Ltd JF - Building and Environment VL - 59 SP - 426 EP - 435 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.09.008 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.09.008 L1 - file:///C:/Users/Diana/OneDrive - Universidad del rosario/Ms/Literature/Temperature Regulation/Yang 2013.pdf N2 - A thermal comfort study has been carried out in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore. The field study was carried out from August 2010 to May 2011. There were 2059 respondents from 13 different outdoor spaces participated in this study and 2036 effective questionnaire responses were collected. Thermal comfort perceptions and preferences were analyzed in this study. The neutral operative temperature occurred at 28.7 °C and preferred temperature was found to be 26.5 °C. Thermal acceptability analysis shows the acceptable operative temperature range was 26.3-31.7 °C in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore. Correlation analysis indicates that sun sensation/solar radiation has the most significant influence on human thermal sensation in outdoor spaces. This study also explores the impact of thermal adaptation on human thermal sensation in outdoor spaces, which could be useful for future researchers. Comparative analysis shows that people may expect a higher temperature in outdoor conditions than in semi-outdoor or indoor conditions in Singapore, suggesting that people in outdoor conditions could be more tolerant with the heat stress than people in indoor conditions in tropical climate. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. ER -