TY - JOUR AU - Barez, Pierre-Yves AU - de Brogniez, Alix AU - Carpentier, Alexandre AU - Gazon, Hélène AU - Gillet, Nicolas AU - Gutiérrez, Gerónimo AU - Hamaidia, Malik AU - Jacques, Jean-Rock AU - Perike, Srikanth AU - Neelature Sriramareddy, Sathya AU - Renotte, Nathalie AU - Staumont, Bernard AU - Reichert, Michal AU - Trono, Karina AU - Willems, Luc DA - 2015/11/24 PY - 2015 AB - Different animal models have been proposed to investigate the mechanisms of Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)-induced pathogenesis: rats, transgenic and NOD-SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice, rabbits, squirrel monkeys, baboons and macaques. These systems indeed provide useful information but have intrinsic limitations such as lack of disease relevance, species specificity or inadequate immune response. Another strategy based on a comparative virology approach is to characterize a related pathogen and to speculate on possible shared mechanisms. In this perspective, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), another member of the deltaretrovirus genus, is evolutionary related to HTLV-1. BLV induces lymphoproliferative disorders in ruminants providing useful information on the mechanisms of viral persistence, genetic determinants of pathogenesis and potential novel therapies. DO - 10.3390/v7112929 SN - 1999-4915 SP - 6080–6088 T2 - Viruses TI - Recent Advances in BLV Research VL - 7 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scott, H Morgan AU - Sorensen, Ole AU - Wu, John T Y AU - Chow, Eva Y W AU - Manninen, Ken AU - VanLeeuwen, John A DA - 2006/10 PY - 2006 AB - A province-wide, cross-sectional seroprevalence and agroecological risk factor study of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Neospora caninum (NC), Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv) genotypes 1 and 2 (BVDv1 and BVDv2) infection in dairy cattle herds in Alberta was conducted. Among adults, the seroprevalence of MAP, NC, and BLV was 9.1%, 18.5%, and 26.9%, respectively. For MAP, based on a herd test cutpoint of 2 or more seropositive cows, 58.8% of herds were infected. Herd-level seroprevalence for NC and BLV was 98.7% and 86.7%, respectively, based on a herd-test cutpoint of 1 seropositive cow. Among unvaccinated dairy heifers, the seroprevalence for BVDv1 and BVDv2 infection was 28.4% and 8.9%, respectively, while herd-level infection was 53.4% and 19.7%. Seroprevalence for MAP varied moderately by agroecological region, whereas that for NC, BLV, and BVDv1 and BVDv2 did not. For MAP, aridity and soil pH (correlated features of the region) were also important. IS - 10 SN - 0008-5286 SP - 981-91 T2 - Cell TI - Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Neospora caninum, Bovine leukemia virus, and Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection among dairy cattle and herds in Alberta and agroecological risk factors associated with seropositivity VL - 47 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kakinuma, Seiichi AU - Maeda, Yousuke AU - Ohtsuka, Hiromichi AU - Konnai, Satoru AU - Oikawa, Masa-aki DA - 2014 PY - 2014 IS - 3 SP - 239-244 T2 - The Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine TI - Bovine Leukemia virus titer and leukocyte population associated with mastitis in peri- parturient dairy cows VL - 12 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Watanabe, Aiko AU - Murakami, Hironobu AU - Kakinuma, Seiichi AU - Murao, Koki AU - OhMae, Kaori AU - Isobe, Naoki AU - Akamatsu, Hirohisa AU - Seto, Takahiro AU - Hashimura, Shinji AU - Konda, Kunitoshi AU - Shinozuka, Yasunori AU - Kawai, Kazuhiro DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection on natural immunity in the bovine mammary gland and on the severity of clinical mastitis. We classified milk samples from clinical mastitic cows into BLV-positive (n=76) and BLV-negative (n=12). BLV-positive cows were further divided into cows with High BLV proviral load (H-PVL) (n=23) and Low BLV proviral load (L-PVL) (n=53). Severity of clinical mastitis was classified as MILD, MODERATE, or SEVERE. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the host factors and environmental factors with severity of clinical mastitis as the objective variable. BLV proviral load (PVL) and season at onset of mastitis showed significant correlation with the severity of clinical mastitis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed on natural immunity factors lactoferrin and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentration in milk, with PVL as the objective variable. Of these natural immunity factors, LAP concentration in milk showed significant correlation with PVL. The results of the present study suggested that PVL and season are associated with severity of clinical mastitis, and that the immune function in the mammary gland is decreased in cows with H-PVL compared to that in cows with L-PVL. DO - 10.1292/jvms.19-0285 IS - 10 SN - 13477439 SP - 1431-1437 T2 - The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science TI - Association between bovine leukemia virus proviral load and severity of clinical mastitis VL - 81 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Blagitz, M G AU - Souza, F N AU - Batista, C F AU - Azevedo, L. F.F. AU - Sanchez, E. M.R. AU - Diniz, S A AU - Silva, M X AU - Haddad, J P AU - Della Libera, A. M.M.P. DA - 2017 PY - 2017 AB - This study examined neutrophil and monocyte functions and the blood lymphocyte profile of naturally BLV-infected cows with or without persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The percentage of neutrophils and monocytes that phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus was lower in BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL. The relative percentage of CD44+ monocytes and neutrophils and CD11b expression by neutrophils was also lower in BLV-infected dairy cows with PL. A correlation between the percentage of CD11b+ neutrophils and that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found. Furthermore, the percentage of CD44+ monocytes was positively correlated with the percentage of monocytes that phagocytosed S. aureus and the same phenomenon was observed for neutrophils. In BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL, inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis was observed. Additionally, the percentage of neutrophils producing ROS was lower in BLV-infected cows with PL, in contrast to higher intensity of intracellular production of ROS by monocytes. The result from the lymphocyte immunophenotyping of BLV-infected cows with PL was an increase in B cells, mainly B CD5+ CD11b+, due to the apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for cattle, which can include the dysfunction of blood monocytes and neutrophils. DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.012 IS - August 2016 SN - 15322661 SP - 109-116 T2 - Research in Veterinary Science TI - Immunological implications of bovine leukemia virus infection VL - 114 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nekouei, Omid AU - VanLeeuwn, John AU - Stryhn, Henrik AU - Kelton, David AU - Keefe, Greg DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - The objective of this study was to determine the association between individual cow-level milk production and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection as measured by milk BLV-ELISA. Dairy Herd Improvement technicians collected milk samples from 10 cows from each of first, second, third, and 4+ parity cows in 105 Holstein herds with ≥120 milking cows. Milk samples were tested for the presence of anti-BLV antibodies by ELISA. Additional data regarding the cows and the herds were collected by farm survey and Dairy Herd Improvement records. A set of mixed-effect models using all cows and only 2+ parity cows were used to investigate the association between BLV ELISA-corrected optical density and 305-d mature equivalents of individual cows. The BLV milk positivity was associated with decreased 305-d mature-equivalent yields, especially among the older cows. Additionally, increasing milk ELISA-corrected optical density was associated with increasing loss of milk production at the cow level. In summary, our results provide evidence that BLV infection is associated with decreased milk production in Michigan dairy cows. DO - 10.3168/jds.2015-10089 IS - 3 SN - 00220302 SP - 2043-2052 T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine TI - Lifetime effects of infection with bovine leukemia virus on longevity and milk production of dairy cows VL - 99 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Benitez, Oscar J. AU - Norby, Bo AU - Bartlett, Paul C. AU - Maeroff, Jacqueline E. AU - Grooms, Daniel L. DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - Bovine leukosis is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Previous studies estimate that 38 % of cow-calf beef herds and 10.3 % of individual beef cows in the US are BLV seropositive. About 70 % of BLV infected animals are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, while less than 5% develop lymphosarcoma, the leading reason for carcass condemnation at the US slaughterhouses. Studies provide evidence that BLV infection leads to decreased immune function making animals more vulnerable to other diseases, which could shorten their productive lifespan and increase economic losses in the cattle industry. BLV seropositive dairy cows are reportedly more likely to be culled sooner compared with their uninfected herd mates. Beyond simple prevalence studies, little is known about the impact of BLV infection in beef cattle production or specifically on beef cow longevity. Our objective was to determine the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in beef cow-calf operations. Twenty-seven cow-calf herds from the Upper Midwest volunteered to participate in this study. Female beef cattle (n = 3146) were tested for serum BLV antibodies by ELISA. A subsample of 648 cows were also tested for BLV proviral load (PVL). Culling data was collected for the subsequent 24 months. Twenty-one herds (77.7 %) had at least one BLV-infected animal, and 29.2 % (930/3146) of tested animals were BLV seropositive. Of the BLV-positive cows, 33.7 % (318/943) were culled compared with 32.1 % (541/1682) of the seronegative cows. BLV status did not affect cows' longevity within herds (P = 0.062). However, cows with high BLV PVL had decreased survival within the herd compared with ELISA- negative cows (P = 0.01). Overall, infection with BLV did not impact beef cow longevity unless the disease had progressed to a point of high BLV PVL. DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105055 IS - June SN - 01675877 SP - 105055 T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine TI - Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on beef cow longevity VL - 181 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - CHAP AU - OIE DA - 2019 PY - 2019 T2 - OIE Terrestrial Manual TI - Enzootic Bovine Leukosis BT - OIE Terrestrial Manual ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Polat, Meripet AU - Takeshima, Shin-nosuke AU - Aida, Yoko DA - 2017/12/02 PY - 2017 DO - 10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4 IS - 1 SN - 1298501708764 SP - 209 T2 - Virology Journal TI - Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus VL - 14 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Maresca, C. AU - Costarelli, S. AU - Dettori, A. AU - Felici, A. AU - Iscaro, C. AU - Feliziani, F. DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is associated with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). BLV causes malignant lymphoma and lymphosarcoma; however, most BLV infections remain clinically silent in an aleukaemic state. EBL is a notifiable disease, and official control measures include screening or monitoring, precautions at borders, control of movement inside the country, and stamping out. The objective of this study was to evaluate EBL eradication and surveillance measures in Italy from 2005 to 2012. One-hundred twenty-three outbreaks were recorded (1 January 2006 to 31 December 2012) in the National Veterinary Information System (SIMAN) on 7 November 2013. Of these, 101 had occurred in southern Italy. An outbreak usually lasted for a few days, but sometimes lasted for weeks. Some areas were subjected to normal eradication measures, whereas others were subjected to additional eradication measures as a consequence of persisting EBL outbreaks. During the study period, we noted an overall annual decrease from 0.21% in 2005 to 0.08% in 2012 in the herd prevalence rate, from 0.06% in 2005 to 0.04% in 2012 in the herd incidence rate, and from 0.027% in 2005 to 0.015% in 2012 in the animal prevalence rate. Regions officially recognised as EBL-free areas were found to have their own surveillance plans. Differences in their surveillance plans include the type of sample (serum, milk, or both), age at which the animals must be tested (12 or 24 months), and test frequency of herds (annually or every 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 years). The eradication programme for EBL is difficult to implement in some Italian areas because of several factors such as incomplete herd registry, geographical location and socio-economic conditions of the region. DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.024 IS - 3-4 LA - eng SN - 1873-1716 (Electronic)\r0167-5877 (Linking) SP - 222-226 T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine TI - Enzootic bovine leukosis: report of eradication and surveillance measures in Italy over an 8-year period (2005-2012) VL - 119 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Acaite, J AU - Tamosiunas, V AU - Lukauskas, K AU - Milius, J AU - Pieskus, J DA - 2007/11/15 PY - 2007 AB - Before 1985 the situation regarding enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Lithuanian cattle was described only haphazardly. In 1986 serological investigations were initiated together with an eradication programme. The EBL bovine leukosis virus (BLV) situation was monitored by the Institute of Immunology Vilnius University, national and regional veterinary laboratories. Starting in 1986 all EBL-positive cattle were separated from negative cattle into BLV-infected and BLV-free herds. To create the latter, calves were fed pasteurized milk. The seroprevalence in 1990 was 7.29%, but it steadily declined to 0.32% in 2006. DO - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.05.010 IS - 1-2 SN - 0167-5877 SP - 83-9 T2 - Preventive veterinary medicine TI - The eradication experience of enzootic bovine leukosis from Lithuania. VL - 82 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nuotio, L. AU - Rusanen, H. AU - Sihvonen, L. AU - Neuvonen, E. DA - 2003/05 PY - 2003 AB - Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) was recognized among Finnish cattle in 1966. Administrative decisions specifying and refining official control measures were given in 1966, 1976, 1980, and 1993. The measures’ key principle always has been ‘test and slaughter’. The EBL/bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection situation was monitored at meat inspection, and hematologically between 1970 and 1977 and serologically between 1978 and 1989. Annual surveys including all dairy herds and samples from beef animals were conducted in 1990–2001. Bulk-tank milk samples represented the dairy herds in the surveys; the beef animals were sampled individually at slaughter. The maximum positive herd-level percentage in the surveys was 0.03%. EBL/BLV infection was evenly dispersed in the southern part of the country and nonexistent in the northern part. We conclude that herd-level prevalence of EBL/BLV infection never exceeded 5%. It nevertheless took 30 years to eradicate the disease and the infection. EBL was eradicated from mainland Finland in 1996 and from the island district of Ahvenanmaa in 1999. Annual monitoring of the EBL situation continues. DO - 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00057-6 IS - 1-2 SN - 01675877 SP - 43-49 T2 - Preventive Veterinary Medicine TI - Eradication of enzootic bovine leukosis from Finland VL - 59 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hayes, David DA - 1998 PY - 1998 IS - 4 SP - 8-11 T2 - Surveillance TI - Enzootic bovine leucosis eradication scheme VL - 25 ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Selim, Abdelfattah AU - Marawan, Marawan A. AU - Ali, Abdel-Fattah Fattah AU - Manaa, Eman AU - AbouelGhaut, Hassab Allah DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. It causes significant economic losses associated with losses due to slaughter and eradication of infected animal from infected area and other indirect economic losses such as restriction on importation of animals and semen from infected area. The main objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, and camels in Egypt using ELISA test. Serum samples were collected from 350 cattle, 100 buffaloes, and 100 camels during 2018. The seropositivity for BLV-specific antibody was 20.8%, 9%, and 0% in cattle, buffaloes, and camels, respectively. The result revealed significant association (p < 0.05) between age and seroprevalence of BLV infection in cattle > 4 years (24%) compared with those < 4 years (13%). We found no significant association between pregnancy and herd size and seroprevalence of BLV infection in this study (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the age, pregnancy state, and herd size had significant effect on seroprevalence of BLV infection in buffaloes. This study contributes that BLV is detected in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt and confirms that the camels has resistance against BLV infection. Hence, the control measures are very necessary to combat the transmission of the disease and reduce its economic impact. DO - 10.1007/s11250-019-02105-8 IS - 3 LA - eng SN - 1573-7438 SP - 1207-1210 T2 - Tropical Animal Health and Production TI - Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in cattle, buffalo, and camel in Egypt VL - 52 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Feliziani, Francesco AU - Martucciello, Alessandra AU - Iscaro, Carmen AU - Vecchio, Domenico AU - Petrini, Stefano AU - Grassi, Carlo AU - Bazzucchi, Moira AU - De Carlo, Esterina DA - 2017 PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.021 IS - July LA - eng SN - 15322661 SP - 450-454 T2 - Research in Veterinary Science TI - Bovine leukemia virus: Experimental infection in buffaloes and evaluation of diagnostic test reliability VL - 114 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lee, Laura C AU - Scarratt, William K AU - Buehring, Gertrude C AU - Saunders, Geoffrey K DA - 2012/03 PY - 2012 AB - A 13-month-old alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented for mandibular masses and weight loss. Histopathology of biopsy tissue was consistent with lymphoma. The alpaca was euthanized and necropsy revealed lymphoma masses in multiple organs. Immunohistochemistry for T- and B-cell typing was inconclusive. Serology and in-situ polymerase chain reaction hybridization were positive for bovine leukemia virus. IS - 3 SN - 0008-5286 SP - 283-6 T2 - The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne TI - Bovine leukemia virus infection in a juvenile alpaca with multicentric lymphoma. VL - 53 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Olson, C AU - Kettmann, R AU - Burny, A AU - Kaja, R DA - 1981/09 PY - 1981 AB - A goat given inoculations of sheep lymphocytes from cultures that produced bovine leukemia virus (BLV) died 8 years later with lymphosarcoma. The tumors were located in various lymph nodes, the mesentery, omentum, body wall, and retrobulbar tissues. The BLV had been cultured from lymphocytes during the first year after the goat's infection, and persisting BLV antibodies could be demonstrated when the animal was 7.5 years old. BLV provirus was identified by molecular hybridization in the DNA of the goat tumors at the above five locations. The tumors were similar to those found in lymphosarcoma of the adult bovine type (BLV associated). Normal goat liver, normal calf thymus, and calf-type lymphosarcoma (not BLV associated) served as negative controls. Our serologic, histologic, and molecular hybridization studies are evidence that the lymphosarcoma was induced BLV. IS - 3 SN - 0027-8874 SP - 671-5 T2 - Journal of the National Cancer Institute TI - Goat lymphosarcoma from bovine leukemia virus. VL - 67 ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nekoei, S. AU - Hafshejani, T. Taktaz AU - Doosti, A. AU - Khamesipour, F. DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus which infects and induces proliferation of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood circulation and in lymphoid organs primarily of cattle, leading to leukemia/lymphoma. This study was carried out to investigate the presence of BLV in cattle, sheep and camels from the Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary and Isfahan provinces in Iran. A total of 874 blood samples collected from cattle, sheep and camels were used in this study to detect BLV using a nested-PCR. The results from this study indicated that 17.2% (n=874) of all blood samples collected were positive for BLV. The percentages of blood samples positive for BLV from cattle, sheep and camels were 22.1 (n=657), 5.3 (n=95) and 0 (n=122) respectively. The results from this study showed that BLV infected cattle and sheep. Camels seemed to be resistant to BLV infection. This study contributes to the nationwide effort to obtain baseline information on the prevalence of BLV, which will assist in planning the control strategy for the disease in Iran. DO - 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0091 IS - 4 LA - eng SN - 15051773 SP - 703-707 T2 - Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences TI - Molecular detection of Bovine leukemia virus in peripheral blood of Iranian cattle, camel and sheep VL - 18 ID - ITEM-5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mammerickx, M. AU - Portetelle, D. AU - Burny, A. DA - 1981/05/13 PY - 1981 AB - Sheep and goats were inoculated with BLV positive blood from a cow donor and were observed over a long period (1969–1980). Comparison of the reactions of sheep and goats to experimental infection by BLV positive blood from a cow donor showed: 1. Both species were receptive to the virus; 2. Practically all BLV pos. sheep developed tumors before the age of 7 years whereas, in the same period, BLV pos. goats were resistant to this phenomenon; 3. Hematological disorders (leukemia and anemia) were observed in sheep only and were linked to the tumoral transformation. The sheep is the most suitable experimental animal for the study of the tumoral effect of BLV. Cross‐transmission experiments showed that BLV remains infectious for the cow, sheep, goat and pig, whatever the donor species (cow, sheep and goat). An interesting new finding is that BLV from cow, sheep or goat donors can pass to the pig and from this species back to sheep; the experiment with BLV pos. pig donors, however, failed in 2 cows and in 3 of 6 sheep. This observation may indicate that the infectious properties of the virus passed on by the pig are attenuated. We need an even longer period of observation to understand more fully the biological effects of the viruses passed on by the different animal species. Experimentelle Kreuzübertragungen des bovinen Leukose‐Virus (BLV) zwischen verschiedenen Spezies Nach Verabreichung von BLV pos. Blut eines Spenderrindes an Schafe und Ziegen, wurden diese während eines Zeitraumes von 11 Jahren (1969–1980) beobachtet. Der Vergleich von experimentell infizierten Schafen und Ziegen mit BLV pos. Blut eines Spenderrindes zeigte folgendes: 1. Beide Spezies waren für dieses Virus empfänglich. 2. Bei nahezu allen BLV pos.‐Schafen entwickelten sich Tumore vor einem Alter von 7 Jahren, während in dem gleichen Zeitraum BLV pos.‐Ziegen gegenüber einer Tumorentwicklung resistent waren. 3. Abweichungen des Blutbildes (Leukämie und Anämie), verbunden mit der Tumorbildung, wurden nur bei Schafen beobachtet. Für Untersuchungen des tumor‐auslösenden Effektes von BLV sind Schafe die am besten geeigneten Versuchstiere. Kreuzübertragungsversuche zeigten, daß BLV für Rind, Schaf, Ziege und Schwein infektiös blieb, unabhängig von der Spenderspezies (Rind, Schaf und Ziege). Ein interessantes neues Ergebnis ist die Möglichkeit einer Passage von BLV (Spender: Rind, Schaf oder Ziege) auf das Schwein und Rückpassage auf das Schaf. Jedoch mißlang das Experiment mit BLV pos. Spenders… DO - 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1981.tb01740.x IS - 1 SN - 14390450 SP - 69-81 T2 - Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B TI - Experimental Cross‐Transmissions of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) between Several Animal Species VL - 28 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Burny, A AU - Bruck, C AU - Cleuter, Y AU - Mammerickx, M AU - Marbaix, G AU - Portetelle, D AU - Willems, L DA - 1985 PY - 1985 IS - September SP - 4578-4583 T2 - Cancer Research TI - Bovine Leukemia Virus , a Versatile Agent with Various Pathogenic Effects in Various Animal Species VL - 45 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gillet, Nicolas AU - Florins, Arnaud AU - Boxus, Mathieu AU - Burteau, Catherine AU - Nigro, Annamaria AU - Vandermeers, Fabian AU - Balon, Hervé AU - Bouzar, Amel-Baya Baya AU - Defoiche, Julien AU - Burny, Arsène AU - Reichert, Michal AU - Kettmann, Richard AU - Willems, Luc DA - 2007/01/16 PY - 2007 AB - In 1871, the observation of yellowish nodules in the enlarged spleen of a cow was considered to be the first reported case of bovine leukemia. The etiological agent of this lymphoproliferative disease, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), belongs to the deltaretrovirus genus which also includes the related human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This review summarizes current knowledge of this viral system, which is important as a model for leukemogenesis. Recently, the BLV model has also cast light onto novel prospects for therapies of HTLV induced diseases, for which no satisfactory treatment exists so far. DO - 10.1186/1742-4690-4-18 IS - 1 LA - en SN - 1742-4690 SP - 18 T2 - Retrovirology TI - Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human. VL - 4 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Domenech, Ana AU - Goyache, Joaquin AU - Llames, Louie AU - Payá, Jesus AU - Suarez, Guillermo AU - Gomez-Lucía, Esperanza DA - 2000 PY - 2000 AB - The oncogenic retrovirus bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) primarily infects B cells. Most infected animals remain asymptomatic for long periods of time before an increase in circulating B cells or localized tumours can be observed. This long clinical latency period may be explained by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (M/M) becoming infected and acting as a reservoir for the virus, as shown for other retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus-1, feline immunodeficiency virus). M/M cells in different stages of differentiation (HL-60, THP-1, U-937, J774, BGM, PM2, primary macrophages of sheep and cows) were cultured with BLV produced by permanently infected donor cells (FLKBLV and BLV-bat(2)). Donor cells were inhibited from multiplying by either irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. In other experiments, supernatant from donor cells containing virus was used. In co-culture with the donor cells, the less differentiated monocytic cells showed severe cellular changes such as differentiation, vacuolization, cell lysis and membrane blebbing; apoptosis was a frequent phenomenon. Budding and extracellular viruses were also observed. The more differentiated macrophage cells, although they showed less signs of infection by microscopy, had a complete BLV protein profile, as seen by Western blotting; bands corresponding to p24CA (Gag) and its precursors were clearly seen. In addition, gp51SU was identified by syncytia formation assays. It is concluded that M/M cells may be infected by BLV, the consequences of the infection differing according to the type of cell. DO - 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-109 IS - 1 SN - 0022-1317 SP - 109-118 T2 - Journal of General Virology TI - In vitro infection of cells of the monocytic/macrophage lineage with bovine leukaemia virus VL - 81 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Iwan, Ewelina AU - Szczotka, Maria AU - Kuźmak, Jacek DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - The aim of the study was to develop an in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method for detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cell cultures. Samples from five BLV positive and five BLV negative cows were collected and dendritic cells (DCs) from blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node were cultured. Cultures prepared from healthy animals were infected with BLV. After two weeks, the cells were tested by nested PCR and IS-PCR for the presence of proviral DNA. As a positive control adherent cell line permanently infected with BLV was used. BLV was successfully detected by IS-PCR in DCs from naturally infected cattle and DCs infected in vitro. In control, non-infected DCs, the results of the reaction were negative. The results of provirus detection by IS-PCR were similar with these performed with nested PCR. Additionally, IS-PCR provides many advantages, like specific localisation of infection and smaller number of cells needed as template for PCR. DO - 10.2478/bvip-2014-0054 IS - 3 SN - 00424870 SP - 347-352 T2 - Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy TI - Application of in situ PCR for the detection of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in dendritic cell cultures VL - 58 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Inabe, Kazunori AU - Ikuta, Kazuyoshi AU - Aida, Yoko DA - 1998 PY - 1998 AB - A full-length molecular clone of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) pBLV-IF with two copies of a long terminal repeat (LTR) was constructed from a previously isolated, covalently closed, circular DNA clone, pB6490, that has one copy of the LTR and the pX region split at an EcoRI site. This molecular clone directed the synthesis of viral proteins and the induction of syncytia in transiently transfected cells. In addition, virus particles were released into the culture medium. Serial passages of transient transfectants also resulted in propagation of BLV. After transfection of five cell lines with linearized pBLV-IF and a neomycin-resistance gene, BLV-producing transfectants were established in cell lines COS-1 and 23CLN that did not form syncytia upon expression of BLV. In HeLa and FLK cells, BLV produced by a stable COS-1 transfectant was transmitted by both cell-free and cell-to- cell infection. Thus, pBLV-IF encoded an infectious provirus that successfully induced primary and secondary infections. This study indicates that the infectious molecular clone and the virus-producing transfectants could be useful for further examination of the biological properties of BLV. DO - 10.1006/viro.1998.9140 IS - 1 SN - 0042-6822 (Print)\r0042-6822 (Linking) SP - 53-64 T2 - Virology TI - Transmission and propagation in cell culture of virus produced by cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone of bovine leukemia virus VL - 245 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Camargos, M.F. F. AU - Rajão, D. S. AU - Leite, R.C. C. AU - Stancek, D. AU - Heinemann, M.B. B. AU - Reis, J.K.P. K.P. P AU - Raj?o, D.S. AU - Leite, R.C. C. AU - Stancek, D. AU - Heinemann, M.B. B. AU - Reis, J.K.P. K.P. P AU - Rajão, D. S. AU - Leite, R.C. C. AU - Stancek, D. AU - Heinemann, M.B. B. AU - Reis, J.K.P. K.P. P DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - This article reports the selection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) variants after continuous passage in cell lines or experimental animals. Two wild BLV strains isolated from 2 naturally infected Holstein dairy cows in Brazil (cow codes: 485 and 141) were used for the experimental infection of 1 sheep and FLK cells, and 1 rabbit and CC81 cells. Viral DNA was isolated several months after infection, and env gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the "passaged" variants were compared against the 2 original infecting wild strains. The sequences of the original infecting wild strains were not recovered after their replication in the cell lines or experimental animals. These results indicate that genetic variation occurred after BLV replication in vivo and in vitro, with new variants being selected. DO - 10.4238/2014.January.22.11 IS - 1 SN - 1676-5680 (Electronic) 1676-5680 (Linking) SP - 1717-1723 T2 - Genetics and Molecular Research TI - Genetic variation of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) after replication in cell culture and experimental animals VL - 13 ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Altaner, C AU - Altanerová, V AU - Bán, J AU - Niwa, O AU - Yokoro, K DA - 1989 PY - 1989 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) propagated in a cell clone of fetal lamb kidney origin was transmitted by cell contact to different mammalian cells including human cells. The transmission of the BLV genome was effectively achieved by cocultivation of mitomycin-C-killed, virus-producing cells of the cell clone with recipient cells. In particular, human cells of neural origin were highly susceptible to BLV infection, while some other cells were resistant. The transmission of the BVL genome from virus-nonproducing cells failed which suggests the existence of virus specific receptors on the cells. The donor cells contained three integrated BLV proviruses. In recipient cells only one provirus was found. The majority of cells contained both unintegrated and integrated BLV provirus. In the cells containing the transmitted BLV, the viral genome was expressed to its protein products. The results indirectly suggest that retroviruses with similar properties could cause various neural diseases in man. IS - 6 SN - 0028-2685 SP - 691-5 T2 - Neoplasma TI - Human cells of neural origin are permissive for bovine leukemia virus. VL - 36 ID - ITEM-5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tajima, S. AU - Takahashi, M. AU - Takeshima, S.-n. AU - Konnai, S. AU - Yin, S. A. AU - Watarai, S. AU - Tanaka, Y. AU - Onuma, M. AU - Okada, K. AU - Aida, Y. DA - 2003 PY - 2003 AB - In a previous study, we identified an interesting mutant form of the Tax protein of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), designated D247G. This mutant protein strongly transactivated the long terminal repeat of BLV and was also able to transactivate the cellular proto-oncogene c-fos. This finding suggested that BLV that encode the mutant protein might propagate and induce lymphoma more efficiently than wild-type BLV. To characterize the effects of the strong transactivation activity of the mutant Tax protein, we constructed an infectious molecular clone of BLV that encoded D247G and examined the replication and propagation of the virus in vitro and in vivo. Cultured cells were transfected with the wild-type and mutant BLV, and then levels of viral proteins and particles and the propagation of viruses were compared. As expected, in vitro, mutant BLV produced more viral proteins and particles and was transmitted very effectively. We injected the wild-type and mutant BLV into sheep, which are easily infected with BLV, and monitored the proportion of BLV-positive cells in the blood and the expression of BLV RNA for 28 weeks. By contrast to the results of our analyses in vitro, we found no significant difference in the viral load or the expression of viral RNA between sheep inoculated with wild-type or mutant BLV. Our observations indicate that the mutant D247G Tax protein does not enhance the expansion of BLV and that there might be a dominant mechanism for regulation of the expression of BLV in vivo. DO - 10.1128/JVI.77.3.1894-1903.2003 IS - 3 SN - 0022-538X (Print)\r0022-538X (Linking) SP - 1894-1903 T2 - Journal of Virology TI - A Mutant Form of the Tax Protein of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), with Enhanced Transactivation Activity, Increases Expression and Propagation of BLV In Vitro but Not In Vivo VL - 77 ID - ITEM-6 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Suzuki, Takako AU - Ikeda, Hidetoshi AU - Mase, Masaji DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis, which results in significant economic losses on many affected farms. BLV infects a wide range of animals as well as cell lines derived from various mammalian species and organs; however, studies show that only some cell lines support sustained production of viral progeny. The differences between cells that produce viral progeny and those that do not are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the steps of BLV replication that are associated with the capacity of a cell to support a productive infection. Eleven cell lines derived from various species were categorized into two groups, those that produce BLV progeny and those that do not, and the efficiency of viral attachment was compared. In addition, viral entry and reverse transcription were compared for two BLV-producing cell lines and three non-producing cell lines. BLV attached to and entered all of the tested cells. However, synthesis of viral DNA was inhibited in all three non-virus-producing cell lines, suggesting that BLV production was blocked either prior to or at the stage of reverse transcription. These results increase our understanding of the BLV life cycle and should enable better control over the spread of BLV. DO - 10.1007/s00705-018-3887-6 IS - 0123456789 SN - 0123456789 SP - 2415-2422 T2 - Archives of virology TI - Restricted viral cDNA synthesis in cell lines that fail to support productive infection by bovine leukemia virus. VL - 163 ID - ITEM-7 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Suzuki, Takako AU - Matsubara, Yutaka AU - Kitani, Hiroshi AU - Ikeda, Hidetoshi DA - 2003/05/01 PY - 2003 AB - A candidate gene of the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) receptor (BLVR) was cloned previously and predicted to encode a transmembrane protein. Subsequent cloning of related genes from other organisms indicated that the candidate gene is related, but unique, to a gene family of the delta subunit of the adaptor protein (AP) complex 3, AP-3. Therefore, bovine cDNAs (boAP3delta) that are highly homologous to the candidate gene were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences suggested that the boAP3delta cDNA encodes the delta subunit of boAP3 without transmembrane domains. Part of the AP3delta cDNA isolated from the lymph node, spleen and MDBK cells, from which the BLVR candidate cDNA was derived, has almost the same nucleotide sequences as the boAP3delta cDNA. A boAP3delta protein tagged with green fluorescent protein was localized in the cytoplasm and incorporated into AP-3 in bovine cells. Unlike the previous report about the candidate gene, the boAP3delta gene introduced into murine NIH 3T3 cells did not increase the susceptibility of the cells to BLV infection. Many small insertions and deletions of nucleotides could generate the predicted transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the BLVR protein from the prototypic boAP3delta gene. DO - 10.1099/vir.0.18763-0 IS - Pt 5 LA - eng SN - 0022-1317 SP - 1309-1316 T2 - The Journal of General Virology TI - Evaluation of the delta subunit of bovine adaptor protein complex 3 as a receptor for bovine leukaemia virus VL - 84 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bai, Lanlan AU - Sato, Hirotaka AU - Kubo, Yoshinao AU - Wada, Satoshi AU - Aida, Yoko DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle, which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. BLV has spread worldwide and causes a serious problem for the cattle industry. The cellular receptor specifically binds with viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), and this attachment mediates cell fusion to lead virus entry. BLV Env reportedly binds to cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1)/solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1), but whether the CAT1/SLC7A1 is an actual receptor for BLV remains unknown. Here, we showed that CAT1 functioned as an infection receptor, interacting with BLV particles. Cells expressing undetectable CAT1 levels were resistant to BLV infection but became highly susceptible upon CAT1 overexpression. CAT1 exhibited specific binding to BLV particles on the cell surface and colocalized with the Env in endomembrane compartments and membrane. Knockdown of CAT1 in permissive cells significantly reduced binding to BLV particles and BLV infection. Expression of CAT1 from various species demonstrated no species specificity for BLV infection, implicating CAT1 as a functional BLV receptor responsible for its broad host range. These findings provide insights for BLV infection and for developing new strategies for treating BLV and preventing its spread.-Bai, L., Sato, H., Kubo, Y., Wada, S., Aida, Y. CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection. DO - 10.1096/fj.201901528R IS - 20 SN - 1530-6860 SP - fj201901528R T2 - FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology TI - CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection. ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mesa, Giovanna AU - Ulloa, Juan Carlos AU - Uribe, Ana Maria AU - Gutierrez, María Fernanda AU - Giovanna, Mesa AU - Carlos, Ulloa Juan AU - María, Uribe Ana AU - Gutierrez, María Fernanda DA - 2013 PY - 2013 AB - Background: Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is known by infections in bovine cattle and produce, in 30% of infected animals, persistent lymphocytosis significantly impacts the beef industry. It has been proposed that this virus could be transmitted to humans and be present in cases of breast cancer. Aim: to determine the presence of 380 bp of gag gene segment of BLV in paraffin-embedded breast tissue. Study Design: Control-case study. Methodology: 106 tissue samples were collected. 53 were cancer positive samples and 53 were negative samples for this pathology. After dewaxing tissues, DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was done in order to verify BLV gene segment, presence and origin. Results: 43 samples were positive (40.5%) for BLV segment. In the case group this segment was found in 35.8% of the samples and in the control group, BLV presented in 45.2% of the samples. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed BLV presence and had shown a high homology between amplified gene sequences obtained from human breast tissues and those coming from bovine cattle with leukosis reported by GenBank. Conclusion: The presence of BLV genes in humans and its location in breast tissue can be confirmed, however, it should be clarified as a possible promoter of malignancy processes on this tissue. DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmm.2013.31013 IS - 01 SN - 2165-3372 SP - 84-90 T2 - Open Journal of Medical Microbiology TI - Bovine Leukemia Virus Gene Segment Detected in Human Breast Tissue VL - 3 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buehring, Gertrude Case AU - Shen, Hua Min AU - Jensen, Hanne M AU - Choi, K Yeon AU - Sun, Dejun AU - Nuovo, Gerard DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. A previous finding of antibodies against BLV in humans led us to examine the possibility of human infection with BLV. We focused on breast tissue because, in cattle, BLV DNA and protein have been found to be more abundant in mammary epithelium than in lymphocytes. In human breast tissue specimens, we identified BLV DNA by using nested liquid-phase PCR and DNA sequencing. Variations from the bovine reference sequence were infrequent and limited to base substitutions. In situ PCR and immunohistochemical testing localized BLV to the secretory epithelium of the breast. Our finding of BLV in human tissues indicates a risk for the acquisition and proliferation of this virus in humans. Further research is needed to determine whether BLV may play a direct role in human disease. DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2005.131298 IS - 5 LA - eng SN - 1080-6059 SP - 772 - 782 T2 - Emerging infectious diseases TI - Bovine Leukemia Virus DNA in Human Breast Tissue VL - 20 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Khalilian, Mohaddeseh AU - Hosseini, Seyed Masoud AU - Madadgar, Omid DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world particularly among Iranian women. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an enzootic, exogenous, and oncogenic retrovirus that causes B-cell leukosis in 1–5% of infected cattle. The current study aimed at evaluating the correlation between BLV infection and breast cancer in an Iranian population. Materials and techniques: A total of 400 samples including 200 breast cancer-suspected tissue samples and 200 blood samples of women without breast cancer, were collected from July 2017 to October 2018 from women referred to two general hospitals in Qom Province, Iran. The nested PCR technique was performed to determine the presence of tax and gag gene of BLV in the collected samples. Results: Out of 200 breast cancer-suspected tissue samples, 172 samples were malignant in terms of pathology. Other samples were reported as non-malignant and non-tumor. Based on nested PCR technique, tax and gag genes of BLV were detected in 30% and 8% of breast cancer-suspected tissue samples, respectively. The frequency of BLV in blood samples collected from women without breast cancer was 16.5% (33/200). Conclusion: It seems that human breast cancer and BLV infection in cattle could be associated using nested PCR technique. DO - 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103566 IS - May SN - 10961208 SP - 103566 T2 - Microbial Pathogenesis TI - Bovine leukemia virus detected in the breast tissue and blood of Iranian women VL - 135 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ochoa Cruz, A. AU - Uribe, A. AU - Gutiérrez, M. DA - 2006/10/07 PY - 2006 AB - El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es un retrovirus oncogénico que pertenece a la familia Retroviridae y es conocido por su distribución mundial. Fue aislado por primera vez en 1969 asociado a la leucosis enzoótica bovina (LEB) que es una de las neoplasias más comunes en ganado. Algunos investigadores han propuesto que este virus está asociado con el cáncer de seno en el hombre, lo cual supondría un comportamiento zoonótico, donde el BLV, puede infectar también al humano. Para demostrar esta hipótesis, se seleccionaron 56 casos diagnosticados con carcinoma canicular en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, en el año 2004. Los tejidos fijados en formol e incluidos en parafina fueron procesados mediante la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa, con el fin de detectar la glicoproteína viral gp51 en el citoplasma de las células tumorales. Los resultados mostraron un 7% demuestras positivas, indicando que el virus estuvo presente en humanos y además confirmando estudios in vitro que reportan la susceptibilidad de células humanas a la infección con BLV. Estos resultados nos permiten sugerir la presencia de BLV como provirus activo que es capaz de producir las proteínas que luego usará su progenie al salir de la célula. De manera simultánea se evaluaron variables como el sitio de procedencia y de nacimiento, antecedentes propios y familiares de la presencia de cáncer y ocupación de los pacientes, con relación a la presencia del virus pero no se encontró relación estadística entre ellos. CY - Bogota, Colombia DO - 10.11144/univ. sci..v11i2.4968 IS - 2 LA - es SN - 2027-1352 SP - 31-40 T2 - Universitas Scientiarum TI - Estudio del potencial zoonótico del Virus de la Leucosis Bovina y su presencia en casos de cáncer de seno VL - 11 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buehring, Gertrude Case AU - Philpott, Sean M AU - Choi, K Yeon DA - 2003/12 PY - 2003 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus that commonly infects cattle and causes B cell leukosis in 1-5% of infected cattle. BLV-infected cells are present in marketed beef and dairy products. In the decade after the discovery of BLV in 1969, studies using agar gel immunodiffusion and complement fixation assays failed to find antibodies to BLV in human sera. This led to the prevailing opinion that exposure of humans to BLV and/or the potential for infection are not significant and therefore the virus is not a public health hazard. We reexamined this issue using more sensitive immunological techniques available today. Using immunoblotting to test the sera of 257 humans for antibodies of four isotypes (IgG1, IgM, IgA, and IgG4) to the BLV capsid antigen (p24), we detected at least one antibody isotype reactive with BLV in 74% of the human sera tested. The specificity of the reactivity was strongly suggested by competition studies and by ruling out cross-reacting antibodies to other chronic human viruses. Our results suggest that antibodies reactive with the BLV capsid antigen may serve as a biomarker for exposure to BLV and this exposure may be widespread. The results do not necessarily mean that humans are actually infected with BLV; the antibodies could be a response to heat-denatured BLV antigens consumed in food. They do, however, suggest that further studies in this area could be important. DO - 10.1089/088922203771881202 IS - 12 SN - 0889-2229 SP - 1105-13 T2 - AIDS research and human retroviruses TI - Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus. VL - 19 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Burridge, M. J. DA - 1981 PY - 1981 AB - Many workers have investigated the possibility that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) might be transmissible to man. The epidemiological studies were designed to examine for associations between human leukemia and a rural environment, cattle farming, veterinary activities, or bovine leukosis. The serological studies were used to test serum samples from human cancer patients and from persons with potential occupational exposure to BLV, among others, for evidence of BLV antibodies. All these studies are critically reviewed. It is concluded that there is no epidemiological or serological evidence from human studies to indicate that BLV can infect man. DO - 10.1007/BF02214976 IS - 1 SN - 01657380 SP - 117-126 T2 - Veterinary Research Communications TI - The zoonotic potential of bovine leukemia virus VL - 5 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lendez, Pamela A. AU - Martinez-Cuesta, Lucia AU - Nieto Farias, Maria Victoria AU - Shen, HuaMIn AU - Dolcini, Guilermina L. AU - Buehring, Gertrude Case AU - Ceriani, María Carolina DA - 2018 PY - 2018 DO - 10.30699/acadpub.mci.4.16 IS - 4 SP - 16-24 T2 - Multidisciplinary Cancer Investigation TI - Bovine leukemia virus presence in breast tissue of Argentinian women. Its association with cell proliferation and prognosis markers. VL - 2 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buehring, Gertrude Case AU - Shen, Hua Min AU - Jensen, Hanne M AU - Jin, Diana L AU - Hudes, Mark AU - Block, Gladys DA - 2015/01/02 PY - 2015 AB - BACKGROUND: Age, reproductive history, hormones, genetics, and lifestyle are known risk factors for breast cancer, but the agents that initiate cellular changes from normal to malignant are not understood. We previously detected bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common oncogenic virus of cattle, in the breast epithelium of humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of BLV DNA in human mammary epithelium is associated with breast cancer. METHODS: This was a case-control study of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast tissues from 239 donors, received 2002-2008 from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Case definition as breast cancer versus normal (women with no history of breast cancer) was established through medical records and examination of tissues by an anatomical pathologist. Breast exposure to BLV was determined by in situ-PCR detection of a biomarker, BLV DNA, localized within mammary epithelium. RESULTS: The frequency of BLV DNA in mammary epithelium from women with breast cancer (59%) was significantly higher than in normal controls (29%) (multiply- adjusted odds ratio = 3.07, confidence interval = 1.66-5.69, p = .0004, attributable risk = 37%). In women with premalignant breast changes the frequency of BLV DNA was intermediate (38%) between that of women with breast cancer and normal controls (p for trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Among the specimens in this study, the presence of amplified BLV DNA was significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio magnitude was comparable to those of well-established breast cancer risk factors related to reproductive history, hormones, and lifestyle and was exceeded only by risk factors related to genetics (familial breast cancer), high dose ionizing radiation, and age. These findings have the potential for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0134304 IS - 9 LA - eng SN - 1932-6203 SP - e0134304 T2 - PloS one TI - Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. VL - 10 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schwingel, Daniela AU - Andreolla, Ana P. AU - Erpen, Luana M. S. AU - Frandoloso, Rafael AU - Kreutz, Luiz C. DA - 2019 PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-39834-7 IS - 1 SN - 2045-2322 SP - 2949 T2 - Scientific Reports TI - Bovine leukemia virus DNA associated with breast cancer in women from South Brazil VL - 9 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Delarmelina, Emília AU - Buzelin, Marcelo Araújo AU - de Souza, Breno Samuel AU - Souto, Francielli Martins AU - Bicalho, Juliana Marques AU - Falcão Câmara, Rebeca Jéssica AU - Resende, Cláudia Fideles AU - Bueno, Bruna Lopes AU - Victor, Raphael Mattoso AU - Florentino Galinari, Grazielle Cossenzo AU - Nunes, Cristiana Buzelin AU - Leite, Rômulo Cerqueira AU - Costa, Érica Azevedo AU - dos Reis, Jenner Karlisson Pimenta DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes lymphoma in cattle worldwide and has also been associated with breast cancer in humans. The mechanism of BLV infection in humans and its implication as a primary cause of cancer in women are not known yet. BLV infection in humans may be caused by the consumption of milk and milk-products or meat from infected animals. Breast cancer incidence rates in Brazil are high, corresponding to 29.5% a year of cancer cases among women. In 2020, an estimated 66,280 new cases of breast cancer are expected, whereas in 2018 breast cancer has led to 17,572 deaths, the highest incidence and lethality among cancers in women in this country that year. BLV infection occurrence ranges from 60 to 95% in dairy herds. In addition, there are some regions, such as the Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil, where the population traditionally consume unpasteurized dairy products. Taken together, this study aimed to verify if there is a higher association between breast cancer and the presence of BLV genome in breast tissue samples within this population that consumes raw milk from animals with high rates of BLV infection. A molecular study of two BLV genes was carried out in 88 breast parenchyma samples, between tumors and controls. The amplified fragment was subjected to BLV proviral sequencing and its identity was confirmed using GenBank. BLV proviral genes were amplified from tumor breast parenchyma samples and healthy tissue control samples from women, revealing a 95.9% (47/49) and 59% (23/39) positivity, respectively. Our results show the highest correlation of BLV and human breast cancer found in the world to date within the population of Minas Gerais, Brazil. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0239745 IS - 10 October SN - 1111111111 SP - 1-12 T2 - PLoS ONE TI - High positivity values for bovine leukemia virus in human breast cancer cases from Minas Gerais, Brazil VL - 15 ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baltzell, Kimberly A. AU - Shen, Hua Min AU - Krishnamurty, Savitri AU - Sison, Jennette D. AU - Nuovo, Gerard J. AU - Buehring, Gertrude C. DA - 2017 PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/cncr.31169 SN - 0008543X T2 - Cancer TI - Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer but not coinfection with human papillomavirus: Case-control study of women in Texas ID - ITEM-5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buehring, Gertrude C AU - Shen, Huamin AU - Schwartz, Daniel A AU - Lawson, James S DA - 2017 PY - 2017 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common virus of cattle globally, was believed for decades not to infect humans. More recent techniques (in situ PCR and DNA sequencing) enabled detection of BLV in human breast tissue, and determination of its significant association with breast cancer in a US population. Using similar techniques to study 96 Australian women, we report here detection of retrotranscribed BLV DNA in breast tissue of 40/50(80%) of women with breast cancer versus 19/46(41%) of women with no history of breast cancer, indicating an age-adjusted odds ratio and confidence interval of 4.72(1.71-13.05). These results corroborate the findings of the previous study of US women with an even higher odds ratio for the Australian population. For 48 of the subjects, paired breast tissue samples, removed 3-10 years apart in two unrelated procedures, were available. For 23/31 (74%) of these, in which the first specimen was diagnosed as nonmalignant (benign or premalignant) and the second as malignant, BLV was already present in benign breast tissue years 3-10 years before the malignancy was diagnosed. This is consistent with the supposition of a causative temporal relationship between BLV infection and subsequent development of cancer. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0179367 IS - 6 SN - 1111111111 SP - e0179367 T2 - PLoS ONE TI - Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer in Australian women and identified before breast cancer development. VL - 12 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buehring, Gertrude C AU - Sans, Hannah M DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - This article is a literature review of research that explored the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in humans with breast cancer. It summarizes and evaluates these publications. This review does not provide absolute proof that BLV is a cause of breast cancer, but, based on well-respected epidemiologic criteria for causation, it does suggest that BLV infection could be a breast cancer risk factor. Any expansion of the current understanding of breast cancer risk factors may increase possibilities to implement primary prevention strategies. The environmental role that BLV-infected cattle may play as a reservoir for infectious BLV offers possibilities for reducing or eliminating potential transmission of BLV from cattle to humans, and/or eliminating the reservoir. DO - 10.3390/ijerph17010209 IS - 1 SN - 16604601 T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health TI - Breast cancer gone viral? Review of possible role of bovine leukemia virus in breast cancer, and related opportunities for cancer prevention VL - 17 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gyles, Carlton DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - BACKGROUND: Age, reproductive history, hormones, genetics, and lifestyle are known risk factors for breast cancer, but the agents that initiate cellular changes from normal to malignant are not understood. We previously detected bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common oncogenic virus of cattle, in the breast epithelium of humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of BLV DNA in human mammary epithelium is associated with breast cancer.\n\nMETHODS: This was a case-control study of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast tissues from 239 donors, received 2002-2008 from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Case definition as breast cancer versus normal (women with no history of breast cancer) was established through medical records and examination of tissues by an anatomical pathologist. Breast exposure to BLV was determined by in situ-PCR detection of a biomarker, BLV DNA, localized within mammary epithelium.\n\nRESULTS: The frequency of BLV DNA in mammary epithelium from women with breast cancer (59%) was significantly higher than in normal controls (29%) (multiply- adjusted odds ratio = 3.07, confidence interval = 1.66-5.69, p = .0004, attributable risk = 37%). In women with premalignant breast changes the frequency of BLV DNA was intermediate (38%) between that of women with breast cancer and normal controls (p for trend < .001).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Among the specimens in this study, the presence of amplified BLV DNA was significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio magnitude was comparable to those of well-established breast cancer risk factors related to reproductive history, hormones, and lifestyle and was exceeded only by risk factors related to genetics (familial breast cancer), high dose ionizing radiation, and age. These findings have the potential for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0134304 IS - 2 SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic)\r1932-6203 (Linking) SP - 115-6 T2 - The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne TI - Should we be more concerned about bovine leukemia virus? VL - 57 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cuesta, Lucia Martinez AU - Lendez, Pamela Anahi AU - Victoria, Maria AU - Farias, Nieto AU - Guillermina, & AU - Dolcini, Laura AU - Ceriani, Maria Carolina DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - The incidence of breast cancer is continuously increasing worldwide, as influenced by many factors that act synergistically. In the last decade there was an increasing interest in the possible viral etiology of human breast cancer. Since then, many viruses have been associated with this disease (murine mammary tumor virus, MMTV; Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and human papillomavirus, HPV). Recently, BLV has been identified in human breast cancers giving rise to the hypothesis that it could be one of the causative agents of this condition. BLV is a retrovirus distributed worldwide that affects cattle, causing lymphosarcoma in a small proportion of infected animals. Because of its similarity with human retroviruses like HTLV and HIV, BLV was assumed to also be involved in tumor emergence. Based on this assumption, studies were focused on the possible role of BLV in human breast cancer development. We present a compilation of the current knowledge on the subject and some prospective analysis that is required to fully end this controversy. DO - 10.1007/s10911-018-9397-z SN - 15737039 T2 - Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia TI - Can Bovine Leukemia Virus Be Related to Human Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Robinson, L.A. AU - Jaing, C.J. AU - Pierce Campbell, C. AU - Magliocco, A. AU - Xiong, Y. AU - Magliocco, G. AU - Thissen, J.B. AU - Antonia, S. DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - © 2016 Cancer Research UK.Background:Although ∼20% of human cancers are caused by microorganisms, only suspicion exists for a microbial cause of lung cancer. Potential infectious agents were investigated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and non-neoplastic lung.Methods:Seventy NSCLC tumours (33 squamous cell carcinomas, 17 adenocarcinomas, 10 adenocarcinomas with lepidic spread, and 10 oligometastases) and 10 non-neoplastic lung specimens were evaluated for molecular evidence of microorganisms. Tissues were subjected to the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array, an oncovirus panel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping. Associations were examined between microbial prevalence, clinical characteristics, and p16 and EGFR expression.Results:Retroviral DNA was observed in 85% squamous cell carcinomas, 47% adenocarcinomas, and 10% adenocarcinomas with lepidic spread. Human papillomavirus DNA was found in 69% of squamous cell carcinomas with 30% containing high-risk HPV types. No significant viral DNA was detected in non-neoplastic lung. Patients with tumours containing viral DNA experienced improved long-term survival compared with patients with viral DNA-negative tumours.Conclusions:Most squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas contained retroviral DNA and one-third of squamous cell carcinomas contained high-risk HPV DNA. Viral DNA was absent in non-neoplastic lung. Trial results encourage further study of the viral contribution to lung carcinogenesis. DO - 10.1038/bjc.2016.213 IS - 4 SN - 15321827 00070920 SP - 497-504 T2 - British Journal of Cancer TI - Molecular evidence of viral DNA in non-small cell lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung VL - 115 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kim, Youngchul AU - Pierce, Christine M AU - Robinson, Lary A DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - BACKGROUND In our recent study, most non-small-lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor specimens harbored viral DNA but it was absent in non-neoplastic lung. However, their targets and roles in the tumor cells remain poorly understood. We analyzed gene expression microarrays to identify genes and pathways differentially altered between virus-infected and uninfected NSCLC tumors. METHODS Gene expression microarrays of 30 primary and 9 metastatic NSCLC patients were preprocessed through a series of quality control analyses. Linear Models for Microarray Analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were used to assess differential expression. RESULTS Various genes and gene sets had significantly altered expressions between virus-infected and uninfected NSCLC tumors. Notably, 22 genes on the viral carcinogenesis pathway were significantly overexpressed in virus-infected primary tumors, along with three oncogenic gene sets. A total of 12 genes, as well as seven oncogenic and 133 immunologic gene sets, were differentially altered in squamous cell carcinomas, depending on the virus. In adenocarcinoma, 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, but no oncogenic and immunogenic gene sets were significantly altered. In bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, several genes were highly overexpressed in virus-infected specimens, but not statistically significant. Only five of 69 DEGs (7.2%) from metastatic tumor analysis overlapped with 1527 DEGs from the primary tumor analysis, indicating differences in host cellular targets and the viral impact between primary and metastatic NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS The differentially expressed genes and gene sets were distinctive among infected viral types, histological subtypes, and metastatic disease status of NSCLC. These results support the hypothesis that tumor viruses play a role in NSCLC by regulating host genes in tumor cells during NSCLC differentiation and progression. DO - 10.1186/s12885-018-4748-0 IS - 1 SN - 1471-2407 SP - 843 T2 - BMC cancer TI - Impact of viral presence in tumor on gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer. VL - 18 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wang, L.-F AU - Crameri, G DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. They are caused by all types of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses and prions. Although they have been recognised for many centuries, their impact on public health has increased in the last few decades due to a combination of the success in reducing the spread of human infectious diseases through vaccination and effective therapies and the emergence of novel zoonotic diseases. It is being increasingly recognised that a One Health approach at the human–animal– ecosystem interface is needed for effective investigation, prevention and control of any emerging zoonotic disease. Here, the authors will review the drivers for emergence, highlight some of the high-impact emerging zoonotic diseases of the last two decades and provide examples of novel One Health approaches for disease investigation, prevention and control. Although this review focuses on emerging zoonotic viral diseases, the authors consider that the discussions presented in this paper will be equally applicable to emerging zoonotic diseases of other pathogen types. DO - 10.20506/rst.33.2.2311 IS - 2 SN - 02531933 (ISSN) SP - 569-581 T2 - Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz TI - Emerging zoonotic viral diseases VL - 33 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - World Health Organization DA - 2020 PY - 2020 TI - The top 10 causes of death ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - World Health Organization DA - 2019 PY - 2019 CY - Geneva TI - World health statistics overview 2019: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - American Cancer Society DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - BACKGROUND: Patients' non-adherence to medical treatment remains a persistent problem. Many interventions to improve patient adherence are unsuccessful and sound theoretical foundations are lacking. Innovations in theory and practice are badly needed. A new and promising way could be to review the existing reviews of adherence to interventions and identify the underlying theories for effective interventions. That is the aim of our study. METHODS: The study is a review of 38 systematic reviews of the effectiveness of adherence interventions published between 1990 and 2005. Electronic literature searches were conducted in Medline, Psychinfo, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The scope of the study is patient adherence to medical treatment in the cure and care sector. RESULTS: Significant differences in the effectiveness of adherence interventions were found in 23 of the 38 systematic reviews. Effective interventions were found in each of four theoretical approaches to adherence interventions: technical, behavioural, educational and multi-faceted or complex interventions. Technical solutions, such as a simplification of the regimen, were often found to be effective, although that does not count for every therapeutic regimen.Overall, our results show that, firstly, there are effective adherence interventions without an explicit theoretical explanation of the operating mechanisms, for example technical solutions. Secondly, there are effective adherence interventions, which clearly stem from the behavioural theories, for example incentives and reminders. Thirdly, there are other theoretical models that seem plausible for explaining non-adherence, but not very effective in improving adherence behaviour. Fourthly, effective components within promising theories could not be identified because of the complexity of many adherence interventions and the lack of studies that explicitly compare theoretical components. CONCLUSION: There is a scarcity of comparative studies explicitly contrasting theoretical models or their components. The relative weight of these theories and the effective components in the interventions designed to improve adherence, need to be assessed in future studies. CY - Atlanta T2 - American Cancer Society TI - Cancer Facts & Figures 2020 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bray, Freddie AU - Ferlay, Jacques AU - Soerjomataram, Isabelle AU - Siegel, Rebecca L. AU - Torre, Lindsey A. AU - Jemal, Ahmedin DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society. DO - 10.3322/caac.21492 IS - 6 SN - 1542-4863 SP - 394-424 T2 - CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians TI - Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries VL - 68 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carioli, Greta AU - Malvezzi, Matteo AU - Rodriguez, Teresa AU - Bertuccio, Paola AU - Negri, Eva AU - La Vecchia, Carlo DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Objectives We considered trends in breast cancer mortality for 12 American and 8 Australasian countries during 1970–2014, and predicted rates for 2020. Materials and methods We obtained official death certification data for breast cancer and population figures from the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization and United Nations databases. We derived age-standardized rates (world standard population), and predictions for 2020 using joinpoint regression. Results Breast cancer mortality trends were favourable in North America and Oceania, and a further 10% reduction in their overall rates is predicted for 2020, to reach values of 11–12/100,000 women, i.e. about 50% lower than their top rates in the later 1980's. Hong Kong, Japan and Korea did not show appreciable trends, but their rates remained below 10/100,000. Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Brazil also had stable rates, below or around 10/100,000. Breast cancer mortality was higher in Argentina, Cuba and Venezuela, and only Argentina showed some favourable trends over recent years, and predictions to 2020 around 16/100,000. Trends and predictions were less favourable in Israel, New Zealand, and the Philippines than in most other countries with predicted rates in 2020 between 13 and 16/100,000. Conclusion In several high-income countries, the fall in breast cancer mortality, due to improved treatment and diagnosis, has been the major success in the management of any common cancer over the last three decades. There are, however, persistent disparities in the global decline in breast cancer, which call for urgent management improvements in several areas of the world, particularly in middle-income countries. DO - 10.1016/j.breast.2017.12.004 IS - 2018 SN - 15323080 SP - 163-169 T2 - Breast TI - Trends and predictions to 2020 in breast cancer mortality: Americas and Australasia VL - 37 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Di Sibio, Alejandro AU - Abriata, Graciela AU - Forman, David DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - © 2016 International Agency for Research on CancerRationale and objective The burden of breast cancer has increased worldwide. Breast cancer mortality has been increasing in Central and South America (CSA) in the last few decades. We describe the current burden of breast cancer in CSA and review the current status of disease control. Methods We obtained regional- and national-level incidence data from 48 population-based cancer registries in 13 countries and cancer deaths from the WHO mortality database for 18 countries. We estimated world population age-standardized incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 person-years for 2003–2007 and the estimated annual percentage change to describe time trends. Results In the most recent 5-year period, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay had the highest incidence rates (67.7–71.9) and Bolivia and El Salvador had the lowest (7.9–12.7). For most countries, mortality rates were ≤12.3, except in Uruguay, Argentina and Cuba (14.9-20.5). Age-specific rates increased after the age of 40–50 years and reached a maximum after age 65 years (mean age at diagnosis 56–62 years). Most countries have developed national screening guidelines; however, there is limited capacity for screening. Conclusion The geographic variation of breast cancer rates may be explained by differences in the prevalence of reproductive patterns, lifestyle factors, early detection, and healthcare access. Extending early-detection programs is challenging because of inequalities in healthcare access and coverage, limited funding, and inadequate infrastructure, and thus it may not be feasible. Given the current status of breast cancer in CSA, data generated by population-based cancer registries is urgently needed for effective planning for cancer control. DO - 10.1016/j.canep.2016.08.010 SN - 1877-7821 SP - S110-S120 T2 - Cancer Epidemiology TI - Female breast cancer in Central and South America VL - 44 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Martinez Gomez, Victor Manuel AU - Martines, Julio C. AU - Jimenez Herrera, Maria Paula DA - 2020 PY - 2020 CY - Bogota - Colombia TI - Protocolo de Vigilancia en Salud Pública: Cáncer de Mama y Cuello Uterino ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - American Cancer Society DA - 2021 PY - 2021 CY - Atlanta TI - American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2021 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wu, Song AU - Zhu, Wei AU - Thompson, Patricia AU - Hannun, Yusuf A. DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Discriminating the contribution of unmodifiable random intrinsic DNA replication errors (‘bad luck’) to cancer development from those of other factors is critical for understanding cancer in humans and for directing public resources aimed at reducing the burden of cancer. Here, we review and highlight the evidence that demonstrates cancer causation is multifactorial, and provide several important examples where modification of risk factors has achieved cancer prevention. Furthermore, we stress the need and opportunities to advance understanding of cancer aetiology through integration of interaction effects between risk factors when estimating the contribution of individual and joint factors to cancer burden in a population. We posit that non-intrinsic factors drive most cancer risk, and stress the need for cancer prevention. DO - 10.1038/s41467-018-05467-z IS - 1 SN - 4146701805 T2 - Nature Communications TI - Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors VL - 9 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Smith, A. J. AU - Smith, L. A. DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Cancer has been recognized for thousands of years. Egyptians believed that cancer occurred at the will of the gods. Hippocrates believed human disease resulted from an imbalance of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile with cancer being caused by excess black bile. The lymph theory of cancer replaced the humoral theory and the blastema theory replaced the lymph theory. Rudolph Virchow was the first to recognize that cancer cells like all cells came from other cells and believed chronic irritation caused cancer. At the same time there was a belief that trauma caused cancer, though it never evolved after many experiments inducing trauma. The birth of virology occurred in 1892 when Dimitri Ivanofsky demonstrated that diseased tobacco plants remained infective after filtering their sap through a filter that trapped bacteria. Martinus Beijerinck would call the tiny infective agent a virus and both Dimitri Ivanofsky and Marinus Beijerinck would become the fathers of virology. Not to long thereafter, Payton Rous founded the field of tumor virology in 1911 with his discovery of a transmittable sarcoma of chickens by what would come to be called Rous sarcoma virus or RSV for short. The first identified human tumor virus was the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), named after Tony Epstein and Yvonne Barr who visualized the virus particles in Burkitt's lymphoma cells by electron microscopy in 1965. Since that time, many viruses have been associated with carcinogenesis including the most studied, human papilloma virus associated with cervical carcinoma, many other anogenital carcinomas, and oropharyngeal carcinoma. The World Health Organization currently estimates that approximately 22% of worldwide cancers are attributable to infectious etiologies, of which viral etiologies is estimated at 15–20%. The field of tumor virology/viral carcinogenesis has not only identified viruses as etiologic agents of human cancers, but has also given molecular insights to all human cancers including the oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation. DO - 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.007 ET - 1 SN - 9780128093283 T2 - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science TI - Viral Carcinogenesis VL - 144 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bogolyubova, V. A. DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Abstract: Numerous studies on the nature of neoplastic growth have demonstrated that oncogenic viruses may be one of the factors causing cancer. According to various estimates, 10–20% of all human cancers are caused by viruses. For example, the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus were implicated in initiating tumors. At the same time, the long period between viral infection and the manifestation of cancer significantly complicates the search for a causal relationship between the presence of a virus in the human organism and the malignant transformation. For this reason, the role of certain viruses in the initiation of neoplastic processes in humans remains an unresolved issue. DO - 10.1134/S0026893319050030 IS - 5 SN - 0026893319050 SP - 767-775 T2 - Molecular Biology TI - Human Oncogenic Viruses: Old Facts and New Hypotheses VL - 53 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Morales-Sánchez, Abigail AU - Fuentes-Pananá, Ezequiel DA - 2014/10/23 PY - 2014 AB - The first human tumor virus was discovered in the middle of the last century by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in African pediatric patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. To date, seven viruses -EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV1- have been consistently linked to different types of human cancer, and infections are estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer cases worldwide. Viral oncogenic mechanisms generally include: generation of genomic instability, increase in the rate of cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, alterations in DNA repair mechanisms and cell polarity changes, which often coexist with evasion mechanisms of the antiviral immune response. Viral agents also indirectly contribute to the development of cancer mainly through immunosuppression or chronic inflammation, but also through chronic antigenic stimulation. There is also evidence that viruses can modulate the malignant properties of an established tumor. In the present work, causation criteria for viruses and cancer will be described, as well as the viral agents that comply with these criteria in human tumors, their epidemiological and biological characteristics, the molecular mechanisms by which they induce cellular transformation and their associated cancers. DO - 10.3390/v6104047 IS - 10 SN - 1999-4915 SP - 4047-4079 T2 - Viruses TI - Human Viruses and Cancer VL - 6 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lawson, James S. AU - Glenn, Wendy K. DA - 2021 PY - 2021 AB - Abstract: We have considered viruses and their contribution to breast cancer. Mouse mammary tumour virus: The prevalence of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) is 15-fold higher in human breast cancer than in normal and benign human breast tissue controls. Saliva is the most plausible means of transmission. MMTV has been identified in dogs, cats, monkeys, mice and rats. The causal mechanisms include insertional oncogenesis and mutations in the protective enzyme ABOBEC3B. Human papilloma virus: The prevalence of high risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) is frequently six fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. Women who develop HPV associated cervical cancer are at higher than normal risk of developing HPV associated breast cancer. Koilocytes have been identified in breast cancers which is an indication of HPV oncogenicity. The causal mechanisms of HPVs in breast cancer appear to differ from cervical cancer. Sexual activity is the most common form of HPV transmission. HPVs are probably transmitted from the cervix to the breast by circulating extra cellular vesicles. Epstein Barr virus: The prevalence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is five fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. EBV is mostly transmitted from person to person via saliva. EBV infection predisposes breast epithelial cells to malignant transformation through activation of HER2/HER3 signalling cascades. EBV EBNA genes contribute to tumour growth and metastasis and have the ability to affect the mesenchymal transition of cells. Bovine leukemia virus: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects beef and dairy cattle and leads to various cancers. The prevalence of BLV is double in human breast cancers compared to controls. Breast cancer is more prevalent in red meat eating and cow’s milk consuming populations. BLV may be transmitted to humans from cattle by the consumption of red meat and cow’s milk. Conclusion: The evidence that MMTV, high risk HPVs and EBVs have causal roles in human breast cancer is compelling. The evidence with respect to BLV is more limited but it is likely to also have a causal role in human breast cancer. DO - 10.1186/s13027-021-00366-3 IS - 1 SN - 17509378 SP - 1-11 T2 - Infectious Agents and Cancer TI - Catching viral breast cancer VL - 16 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - De Paoli, Paolo AU - Carbone, Antonino DA - 2013/10/01 PY - 2013 AB - Viral infections are important risk factors for tumor development in humans. Selected types of cancers, either lymphomas or carcinomas, for which there is sufficient evidence in humans of a causal association with specific viruses, have been identified. Experimental and clinical data on the possible association of other tumor types and carcinogenic viruses are presently controversial. In this article, we review the current evidence on the relationship between breast, colorectal and lung cancers and carcinogenic viruses. The majority of the publications reviewed do not provide definitive evidence that the viruses studied are associated with breast, colon and lung cancers. However, since this association may be clinically relevant for some tumor subtypes (i.e., lung cancer and papillomaviruses), there is an urgent need for further investigation on this topic. Using innovative laboratory techniques for viral detection on well-defined tumor types, National and International networks against cancer should encourage and organize concerted research programs on viruses and solid cancer association. DO - 10.1002/ijc.27995 IS - 7 SN - 1097-0215 SP - 1517-29 T2 - International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer TI - Carcinogenic viruses and solid cancers without sufficient evidence of causal association. VL - 133 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - RPRT AU - American Cancer Society DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - Radiation therapy plays an integral role in the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer. In appropriately selected patients, radiotherapy not only prevents local recurrences by eliminating residual disease but also results in improved survival. However, not all patients have the same risk of harboring residual locoregional disease, resulting in considerable controversy regarding the role of radiotherapy in individual scenarios. Evidence from clinical trials and observational data analyses can help identify which patients with breast cancer are most likely to achieve a net benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy, both after lumpectomy and mastectomy. Additionally, evidence is emerging now about novel approaches in breast radiotherapy that may reduce burden or toxicity in ways that can optimize the therapeutic ratio, including hypofractionated whole breast radiation, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI), intensity-modulated radiation (IMRT), and cardiac avoidance techniques. The objective of this chapter is to review both established and emerging evidence regarding these important issues in an effort to clarify the rationale for increasingly complex and individualized decisions regarding breast radiotherapy. CY - Atlanta TI - Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2019-2020 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zhang, Rong AU - Jiang, Jingting AU - Sun, Weihong AU - Zhang, Jilei AU - Huang, Ke AU - Gu, Xuewen AU - Yang, Yi AU - Xu, Xiulong AU - Shi, Yufang AU - Wang, Chengming DA - 2016/10/10 PY - 2016 DO - 10.1186/s13058-016-0763-8 IS - 1 SN - 1465-542X SP - 101 T2 - Breast Cancer Research TI - Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients VL - 18 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gillet, Nicolas A. AU - Willems, Luc DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Controversy exists regarding the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and breast cancer. PCR-based experimental evidence indicates that BLV DNA is present in breast tissue and that as many as 37% of cancer cases may be attributable to viral exposure. Since this association might have major consequences for human health, we evaluated 51 whole genomes of breast cancer samples for the presence of BLV DNA. Among 32 billion sequencing reads retrieved from the NCBI database of genotype and phenotype, none mapped on different strains of the BLV genome. Controls for sequence divergence and proviral loads further validated the approach. This unbiased analysis thus excludes a clonal insertion of BLV in breast tumor cells and strongly argues against an association between BLV and breast cancer. DO - 10.1186/s12977-016-0308-3 IS - 1 SN - 1742-4690 SP - 75 T2 - Retrovirology TI - Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA VL - 13 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kundi, Michael DA - 2006 PY - 2006 AB - There is an ongoing debate regarding how and when an agent's or determinant's impact can be interpreted as causation with respect to some target disease. The so-called criteria of causation, originating from the seminal work of Sir Austin Bradford Hill and Mervyn Susser, are often schematically applied disregarding the fact that they were meant neither as criteria nor as a checklist for attributing to a hazard the potential of disease causation. Furthermore, there is a tendency to misinterpret the lack of evidence for causation as evidence for lack of a causal relation. There are no criteria in the strict sense for the assessment of evidence concerning an agent's or determinant's propensity to cause a disease, nor are there criteria to dismiss the notion of causation. Rather, there is a discursive process of conjecture and refutation. In this commentary, I propose a dialogue approach for the assessment of an agent or determinant. Starting from epidemiologic evidence, four issues need to be addressed: temporal relation, association, environmental equivalence, and population equivalence. If there are no valid counterarguments, a factor is attributed the potential of disease causation. More often than not, there will be insufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies. In these cases, other evidence can be used instead that increases or decreases confidence in a factor being causally related to a disease. Even though every verdict of causation is provisional, action must not be postponed until better evidence is available if our present knowledge appears to demand immediate measures for health protection. DO - 10.1289/ehp.8297 IS - 7 SN - 0091-6765 SP - 969-974 T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives TI - Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence VL - 114 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bradford-Hill, Austin DA - 1965 PY - 1965 AB - Amongst the objects of this newly-founded Section of Occupational Medicine are firstly 'to provide a means, not readily afforded elsewhere, whereby physicians and surgeons with a special knowledge of the relationship between sickness and injury and conditions of work may discuss their prob-lems, not only with each other, but also with colleagues in other fields, by holding joint meet-ings with other Sections of the Society'; and, secondly, 'to make available information about the physical, chemical and psychological hazards of occupation, and in particular about those that are rare or not easily recognized'. At this first meeting of the Section and before, with however laudable intentions, we set about instructing our colleagues in other fields, it will be proper to consider a problem fundamental to our own. How in the first place do we detect these relationships between sickness, injury and conditions of work? How do we determine what are physical, chemical and psychological hazards of occupation, and in particular those that are rare and not easily recognized? There are, of course, instances in which we can reasonably answer these questions from the general body of medical knowledge. A particular, and perhaps extreme, physical environment can-not fail to be harmful; a particular chemical is known to be toxic to man and therefore suspect on the factory floor. Sometimes, alternatively, we may be able to consider what might a par--ticular environment do to man, and then see whether such consequences are indeed to be found. But more often than not we have no such guidance, no such means of proceeding; more often than not we are dependent upon our observation and enumeration of defined events for which we then seek antecedents. In other words we see that the event B is associated with the environmental feature A, that, to take a specific example, some form of respiratory illness is associated with a dust in the environment. In what circumstances can we pass from this DO - DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.005 SN - 0035-9157 (Print)\r0035-9157 (Linking) SP - 295-300 T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine TI - The Enviroment and Disease: Association or Causation? VL - 58 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Plowright, Raina K. AU - Parrish, Colin R. AU - McCallum, Hamish AU - Hudson, Peter J. AU - Ko, Albert I. AU - Graham, Andrea L. AU - Lloyd-Smith, James O. DA - 2017 PY - 2017 AB - Zoonotic spillover, which is the transmission of a pathogen from a vertebrate animal to a human, presents a global public health burden but is a poorly understood phenomenon. Zoonotic spillover requires several factors to align, including the ecological, epidemiological and behavioural determinants of pathogen exposure, and the within-human factors that affect susceptibility to infection. In this Opinion article, we propose a synthetic framework for animal-to-human transmission that integrates the relevant mechanisms. This framework reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Understanding how these barriers are functionally and quantitatively linked, and how they interact in space and time, will substantially improve our ability to predict or prevent spillover events. This work provides a foundation for transdisciplinary investigation of spillover and synthetic theory on zoonotic transmission. DO - 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45 IS - 8 SN - 17401534 SP - 502-510 T2 - Nature Reviews Microbiology TI - Pathways to zoonotic spillover VL - 15 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kreuder Johnson, Christine AU - Hitchens, Peta L. AU - Smiley Evans, Tierra AU - Goldstein, Tracey AU - Thomas, Kate AU - Clements, Andrew AU - Joly, Damien O. AU - Wolfe, Nathan D. AU - Daszak, Peter AU - Karesh, William B. AU - Mazet, Jonna K. DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Most human infectious diseases, especially recently emerging pathogens, originate from animals, and ongoing disease transmission from animals to people presents a significant global health burden. Recognition of the epidemiologic circumstances involved in zoonotic spillover, amplification, and spread of diseases is essential for prioritizing surveillance and predicting future disease emergence risk. We examine the animal hosts and transmission mechanisms involved in spillover of zoonotic viruses to date, and discover that viruses with high host plasticity (i.e. taxonomically and ecologically diverse host range) were more likely to amplify viral spillover by secondary human-to-human transmission and have broader geographic spread. Viruses transmitted to humans during practices that facilitate mixing of diverse animal species had significantly higher host plasticity. Our findings suggest that animal-to-human spillover of new viruses that are capable of infecting diverse host species signal emerging disease events with higher pandemic potential in that these viruses are more likely to amplify by human-to-human transmission with spread on a global scale. DO - 10.1038/srep14830 SN - 20452322 SP - 1-8 T2 - Scientific Reports TI - Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity VL - 5 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Benavides, Bibiana Benavides AU - Quevedo, Darío Alejandro Cedeño AU - de La Cruz, María Fernanda Serrano DA - 2013 PY - 2013 AB - Introduction. Enzootic bovine leukosis is a highly infectious disease caused by a deltaretrovirus of the retroviridae family, which affects bovines of all ages and that generates a high economic impact on the dairy herds. This is caused by the high costs of symptomatic treatments, premature deaths and replacement of ill animals, the reduction of the milk production and the restrictions of importation and exportation imposed by some countries. Objective. To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV ) in its two different forms of disease presentations (persistent lymphocytosis and lymphosarcoma) and the factors associated with the seropositivity of the virus in dairy herds from Pasto, (Nariño, Colombia). Materials and methods. The study included six specialized dairy herds from Pasto, Colombia. A total of 242 blood samples were taken from 24 months of age or older cows and were analyzed using the indirect ELISA test to determine the seropositivity. The management practices were evaluated in each herd and an analysis binary logistic regression was used to find associations with seropositivity. Results. A seroprevalence of 19.8% was determined. Out of 48 positive animals, 13 had a total count over 10000 leukocytes/mm3, and 6 of these (12.5%) developed persistent lymphocytosis (PL) according to their age. No cases of lymphosarcoma or malignant lymphoma were found in the study. Concerning the management practices, the replacement of animals in different herds or in livestock fairs is associated to farms with a higher prevalence. Conclusions. Surveillance programs for dairy herds should include diagnostic tests for BLV . Only a small number of animals show consistent changes with lymphocytic or clinical disease. In addition, early diagnosis allows efficient control programs in the replacement of animals and it also prevents the spread of the virus in dairy herds. IS - 1 SN - 17944449 SP - 18-23 T2 - Revista Lasallista de Investigacion TI - Epidemiological study of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cows in six herds in the municipality of Pasto, Nariño VL - 10 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ortiz-Ortega, Diego AU - Sanchez, Alfredo AU - Tobón, Julio AU - Chaparro, Yanira AU - Cortes, Sandra AU - Gutierrez, Maria Fernanda DA - 2016/06/05 PY - 2016 AB - An epidemiological study was conducted to establish the prevalence of the Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in Colombia and to describe risk and protecting factors associated with this infection disease. The study was performed with an observational descriptive cross-sectional process in twelve Colombian regions, by collecting blood samples from 8150 bovines in 390 cattle farms between February and September 2014. The seroprevalence obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests was 42.7% in animals and 67.7% in farms. The highest seroprevalence was found in Villavicencio with 91% in animals. The infection with blood parasites and another virus was attributed to be among the main risk factors associated to BLV. The use of individual needles during veterinary procedures was found to be the main source of protection against the virus. Climate data and ecological groups were recorded at sampling sites in order to elaborate geo-referencing maps by using analyzes of viral distribution around the country. Results obtained showed that there is a probability of an increase on the incidence of this pathology as well as a predictive issue associated with places and climate variables. It was found that developing epidemiological analyzes aiming to report and monitor the presence of this disease and its risk factors is the only alternative to generate prevention and control strategies. Key words: Ecological groups, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Colombia, enzootic bovine leucosis. DO - 10.5897/JVMAH2016.0457 IS - May LA - english, English SN - 2141-2529 SP - 35-43 T2 - Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health TI - Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine leukemia virus in Colombia VL - 8 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Úsuga-Monroy, C AU - Echeverri, J AU - López-Herrera, H. DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Lechería. Leucosis bovina enzoótica. Prevalencia molecular. PCR anidada. resUMen El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) posee un genoma RNA de cadena sencilla, pertenece a la familia Retroviridae y presenta ocho genotipos diferentes. Los linfocitos B son la célula blanco del BLV, lo cual tiene un impacto negativo sobre el sistema inmune de los bovinos ya que los hace más susceptibles a otras enfermedades de origen infeccioso además las vacas lecheras presentan una menor producción respecto al hato (2,5 a 5 %). Esta enfermedad se transmite a través del consumo de leche y principalmente de forma iatrogénica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue diagnosticar BLV por medio de la técnica PCR anidada, para lo cual se tomaron 500 muestras de sangre de vacas Holstein pertenecientes a varios hatos ubica-dos en los principales municipios con carácter lechero en el departamento de Antioquía, durante los meses de febrero a junio de 2013. Se realizó una PCR anidada para detectar el provirus amplificando una región del gen env viral. Se obtuvo un fragmento de 444 pb y se comprobó la identidad de la secuencia a través de la aplicación BLAST ®. La prevalencia para el departamento de Antioquía fue del 44 % (219/500). Uno de los productos de PCR fue secuenciado y clasificado como genotipo 1; se encontró un 99 % de identidad con la secuencia FJ808575.1. Se evaluaron tres subregiones lecheras Oriente, Norte y Valle de Aburra. La presencia del virus fue de 70 %, 45 %, 31 % respectivamente. La prevalencia mo-lecular de BLV varió entre 16 y 88 % por municipio. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre el lugar de origen de la muestra y la presencia del virus. Se ha confirmado la presencia BLV en gran parte de las unidades lecheras evaluadas en una de las regiones lecheras más importantes en el departamento de Antioquía. inforMación Cronología del artículo. Molecular diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus in a population of Holstein cows, Colombia sUMMarY The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has a single-stranded RNA genome; it belongs to the Retroviridae family and has eight different genotypes. B lymphocytes are the target cell of BLV, which has a negative impact on the immune system of cattle, making them more suscep-tible to other diseases of infectious origin; infected dairy cows also have lower production over herd (2.5 to 5 %). The disease is transmitted through consumption of milk and mostly iatrogenic. The aim of this study was to make the diagnosis of… IS - 248 SN - 18854494 SP - 383-388 T2 - Archivos de Zootecnia TI - Diagnóstico molecular del virus de leucosis bovina en una población de vacas Holstein, Colombia VL - 64 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario DA - 2021 PY - 2021 Y2 - 2021/06/19 T2 - ICA - MinAgricultura TI - Enfermedades Animales - Control oficial UR - https://www.ica.gov.co/getdoc/58fda97c-49f5-493e-891f-ce74546c62da/enfermedades-animales.aspx ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Díaz, Olga AU - Mendoza, Eliana AU - Linares, Carolina AU - Gasca, Héctor AU - Cortés, Miller AU - Rodríguez, David AU - Méndez, Viviana AU - Vela, Jenny AU - Medina, Andrea AU - Bejarano, Andrés AU - Rojas, Zulma AU - Gonzalez, Pedro DA - 2019 PY - 2019 CY - Bogota, Colombia T2 - Ministerio de Agricultura TI - Sanidad Animal (2016). Subgerencia de Protección Animal. Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Reperant, Leslie A. AU - Cornaglia, Giuseppe AU - Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. DA - 2013 PY - 2013 AB - This article reports the findings of research into the student experience of assessment in school/college and higher education, and the impact of transition upon student perceptions of feedback quality. It involved a qualitative study of 23 staff and 145 students in six schools/colleges and three English universities across three disciplines. Results show that students experience a radically different culture of feedback in schools/colleges and higher education, with the former providing extensive formative feedback and guidance, while the latter focuses upon independent learning judged summatively. Students perceived quality feedback as part of a dialogic guidance process rather than a summative event. A model is proposed, the Dialogic Feedback Cycle, to describe student experiences at school/college, and suggestions are made as to how it can be used as a tool to scaffold the development of independent learning throughout the first year of university study.\nThis article reports the findings of research into the student experience of assessment in school/college and higher education, and the impact of transition upon student perceptions of feedback quality. It involved a qualitative study of 23 staff and 145 students in six schools/colleges and three English universities across three disciplines. Results show that students experience a radically different culture of feedback in schools/colleges and higher education, with the former providing extensive formative feedback and guidance, while the latter focuses upon independent learning judged summatively. Students perceived quality feedback as part of a dialogic guidance process rather than a summative event. A model is proposed, the Dialogic Feedback Cycle, to describe student experiences at school/college, and suggestions are made as to how it can be used as a tool to scaffold the development of independent learning throughout the first year of university study. DO - 10.1007/82 IS - October SN - 0260-2938 SP - 49 - 80 T2 - One Health Outlook TI - The Importance of Understanding the Human–Animal Interface: From Early Hominins to Global Citizens VL - 37 BT - One Health Outlook ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Editorial_Board/WHO DA - 2019 PY - 2019 CY - Lyon - France ET - Fifth SN - 9789283245001 TI - WHO Classification of Tumours: Breast Tumours A2 - Editorial-Board, WHO Classification of Tumours ED - Editorial-Board, WHO Classification of Tumours ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Murray, Melissa DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Percutaneous imaging-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) is a less invasive and less expensive alternative to surgical biopsy for the evaluation of breast lesions. After a CNB the radiologist determine if there is concordance between the pathology, imaging, and clinical findings. Patient management after CNB diagnosis of high-risk breast lesion varies. Surgical excision is warranted for lesions yielding a CNB diagnosis of ADH; however controversy exists regarding the need for surgical excision after CNB diagnosis of radial scar, papillary lesion, atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Repeat CNB or surgical excision is warranted if histologic findings and imaging findings are discordant. DO - 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000234 IS - 4 SN - 0000000000000 SP - 727-732 T2 - Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology TI - Pathologic High-risk Lesions, Diagnosis and Management VL - 59 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lawson, James S. AU - Glenn, Wendy K. DA - 2017 PY - 2017 DO - 10.1186/s13027-017-0165-2 IS - 1 SN - 1750-9378 SP - 55 T2 - Infectious Agents and Cancer TI - Multiple oncogenic viruses are present in human breast tissues before development of virus associated breast cancer VL - 12 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sung, Hyuna AU - Ferlay, Jacques AU - Siegel, Rebecca L. AU - Laversanne, Mathieu AU - Soerjomataram, Isabelle AU - Jemal, Ahmedin AU - Bray, Freddie DA - 2021 PY - 2021 AB - This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control. DO - 10.3322/caac.21660 IS - 3 SN - 0007-9235 SP - 209-249 T2 - CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians TI - Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries VL - 71 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tergas, Ana I. AU - Wright, Jason D. DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in women. Although treatments have improved, prevention and early detection can have the greatest effect on reducing the burden of cancer in women, with an estimated 40% of cancers being potentially avoidable. Cancers related to smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition account for the largest share of this estimate. This review examines strategies for reducing the burden of cancer in average-risk women. Specifically, we examine primary prevention strategies - those aimed at reducing the risk of developing cancer - as well as secondary prevention strategies - measures aimed at the early detection of disease. Annual well-women examinations are endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as opportunities to counsel patients on preventive care or to refer to other specialists for recommended services. DO - 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003304 IS - 1 SN - 0000000000 SP - 30-43 T2 - Obstetrics and Gynecology TI - Cancer Prevention Strategies for Women VL - 134 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Momenimovahed, Zohre AU - Salehiniya, Hamid DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Aim: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the most important causes of death among them. This review aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer and to identify the risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Materials and methods: A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without any time restrictions. The search keywords included the following terms: breast cancer, risk factors, incidence, and mortality and a combination of these terms. Studies published in English that referred to various aspects of breast cancer including epidemiology and risk factors were included in the study. Overall, 142 articles published in English were included in the study. Results: Based on the published studies, the incidence rate of breast cancer varies greatly with race and ethnicity and is higher in developed countries. Results of this study show that mortality rate of breast cancer is higher in less developed regions. The findings of this study demonstrated that various risk factors including demographic, reproductive, hormonal, hereditary, breast related, and lifestyle contribute to the incidence of breast cancer. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer is rising, so design and implementation of screening programs and the control of risk factors seem essential. DO - 10.2147/BCTT.S176070 SN - 11791314 SP - 151-164 T2 - Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy TI - Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world VL - 11 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Schneider, A. Patrick AU - Zainer, Christine M. AU - Kubat, Christopher Kevin AU - Mullen, Nancy K. AU - Windisch, Amberly K. DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - Breast cancer, affecting one in eight American women, is a modern epidemic. The increasing frequency of breast cancer is widely recognized. However, the wealth of compelling epidemiological data on its prevention is generally not available, and as a consequence, is largely unknown to the public. The purpose of this report is to review the epidemiological evidence of preventable causes of breast cancer. DO - 10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000027 IS - 3 SN - 0000000027 T2 - Linacre Quarterly TI - The breast cancer epidemic: 10 facts VL - 81 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lawson, James S AU - Salmons, Brian AU - Glenn, Wendy K DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Background Although the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence. The evidence MMTV and human breast cancer-the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer-the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer-the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer-the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal. Conclusion The influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer. DO - 10.3389/fonc.2018.00001 IS - January SN - 2234-943X T2 - Frontiers in Oncology TI - Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) VL - 8 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Joshi, Deepti AU - Buehring, Gertrude Case DA - 2012/08 PY - 2012 AB - The three viruses most studied as possible causes of human breast cancer are mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences (MMTV-LS), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and oncogenic (high risk) types of human papilloma virus (HPV). The first step in fulfilling traditional criteria for inferring that a cancer is caused by a virus is to demonstrate the virus in the affected tissue. Molecular techniques, compared to host antibody assessment and immunohistochemistry, are the most definitive in establishing viral presence. Results of 85 original molecular research investigations to detect one or more of the three viruses have been extremely divergent with no consensus reached. We evaluated the methodology of these studies for the following: type of molecular assay, DNA/RNA quality control, positive and negative assay controls, type of fixation, genome targets, methods for preventing and detecting molecular contamination, pathology of specimens processed, sample size, and proportion of specimens positive for the viral genome region targeted. Only seven of the studies convincingly demonstrated the presence of an oncogenic virus biomarker (EBV: 4/30 studies (13%); HPV 3/29 studies (10%), whereas 25 convincingly demonstrated absence of the virus studied (MMTV-LS: 4/25 (16%); EBV: 15/30 (50%); 6/29 (21%). The remainder of the studies suffered shortcomings, which, in our opinion, prevented a definitive conclusion. Only one of the studies compared frequency of the virus in breast tissue of breast cancer patients versus appropriate normal control subjects with no history of breast cancer. None of the studies were designed as epidemiologic studies to determine if the presence of the virus was significantly associated with breast cancer. Based on our evaluation, the data in the publications reviewed here remain preliminary, and do not justify a conclusion that MMTV-LS, HPV, or EBV are causally associated with breast cancer. However, they form a valuable basis for redirecting future studies. DO - 10.1007/s10549-011-1921-4 IS - 1 SN - 1573-7217 SP - 1-15 T2 - Breast cancer research and treatment TI - Are viruses associated with human breast cancer? Scrutinizing the molecular evidence. VL - 135 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Burrell, Christopher J. AU - Howard, Colin R. AU - Murphy, Frederick A. DA - 2017 PY - 2017 AB - It is now accepted that as many as one-fifth of all human cancers may result from virus infection. Viral oncology owes much to the observations over 100 years ago that viruses may cause tumors in animals. Over 50 years later, detailed epidemiological and molecular studies have confirmed some retroviruses, hepadnaviruses, herpesviruses, and papillomaviruses as major causes of human cancers. The mechanisms of viral oncogenesis are complex, differing from virus to virus. As noted elsewhere, considerable advances have been made in developing vaccines against several viruses oncogenic for humans, notably some papilloma and hepatitis B viruses. DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-375156-0.00009-6 SN - 9780123751560 SP - 121-134 T2 - Fenner and White's Medical Virology TI - Mechanisms of Viral Oncogenesis ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chang, Yuan AU - Moore, Patrick S AU - Weiss, Robin A DA - 2017 PY - 2017 AB - One contribution of 14 to a theme issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'. YC, 0000-0003-1125-4041; PSM, 0000-0002-8132-858X; RAW, 0000-0003-3008-7218 Seven kinds of virus collectively comprise an important cause of cancer, par-ticularly in less developed countries and for people with damaged immune systems. Discovered over the past 54 years, most of these viruses are common infections of humankind for which malignancy is a rare conse-quence. Various cofactors affect the complex interaction between virus and host and the likelihood of cancer emerging. Although individual human tumour viruses exert their malignant effects in different ways, there are common features that illuminate mechanisms of oncogenesis more generally, whether or not there is a viral aetiology. This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'. DO - 10.1098/rstb.2016.0264 IS - 1732 SN - 0962-8436 SP - 20160264 T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences TI - Human oncogenic viruses: nature and discovery VL - 372 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gaglia, Marta M. AU - Munger, Karl DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Background and Aims—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional risk factors predict 75-80% of an individual's risk of incident CVD. However, the role of early life experiences in future disease risk is gaining attention. The Barker hypothesis proposes fetal origins of adult disease, with consistent evidence demonstrating the deleterious consequences of birth weight outside the normal range. In this study, we investigate the role of birth weight in CVD risk prediction. Methods and Results—The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) represents a large national cohort of post-menopausal women with 63 815 participants included in this analysis. Univariable proportional hazards regression analyses evaluated the association of 4 self-reported birth weight categories against 3 CVD outcome definitions, which included indicators of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, carotid artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. The role of birth weight was also evaluated for prediction of CVD events in the presence of traditional risk factors using 3 existing CVD risk prediction equations: one body mass index (BMI)-based and two laboratory-based models. Low birth weight (LBW) (< 6 lbs.) was significantly associated with all CVD outcome definitions in univariable analyses (HR=1.086, p=0.009). LBW was a significant covariate in the BMI-based model (HR=1.128, p<0.0001) but not in the lipid-based models. Conclusion—LBW (<6 lbs.) is independently associated with CVD outcomes in the WHI cohort. This finding supports the role of the prenatal and postnatal environment in contributing to the development of adult chronic disease. DO - 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.09.003.More SN - 18796265 SP - 49-59 T2 - Current opinion in virology TI - More than just oncogenes: mechanisms of tumorigenesis by human viruses VL - 32 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McArthur, Donna Behler DA - 2019/06 PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.006 IS - 2 SN - 00296465 SP - 297-311 T2 - Nursing Clinics of North America TI - Emerging Infectious Diseases VL - 54 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) DA - 2018 PY - 2018 T2 - National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) TI - One Health Basics | CDC ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ellwanger, Joel Henrique AU - Veiga, da Ana Beatriz Gorini AU - Kaminski, Valéria de Lima AU - Valverde-Villegas, Jacqueline María AU - Freitas, de Abner Willian Quintino AU - Chies, José Artur Bogo DA - 2021 PY - 2021 AB - The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caught the attention of the global community and rekindled the debate about our ability to prevent and manage outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Many alternatives are suggested to address these urgent issues. Some of them are quite interesting, but with little practical application in the short or medium term. To realistically control infectious diseases, human, animal, and environmental factors need to be considered together, based on the One Health perspective. In this article, we highlight the most effective initiatives for the control and prevention of infectious diseases: vaccination; environmental sanitation; vector control; social programs that encourage a reduction in the population growth; control of urbanization; safe sex stimulation; testing; treatment of sexually and vertically transmitted infections; promotion of personal hygiene practices; food safety and proper nutrition; reduction of the human contact with wildlife and livestock; reduction of social inequalities; infectious disease surveillance; and biodiversity preservation. Subsequently, this article highlights the impacts of human genetics on susceptibility to infections and disease progression, using the SARS-CoV-2 infection as a study model. Finally, actions focused on mitigation of outbreaks and epidemics and the importance of conservation of ecosystems and translational ecology as public health strategies are also discussed. DO - 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2020-0256 IS - 1 Suppl 1 LA - eng SN - 1415-4757 (Print) SP - e20200256 T2 - Genetics and molecular biology TI - Control and prevention of infectious diseases from a One Health perspective. VL - 44 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Watkins, Kevin DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Purpose of Review This review highlights some of the recent concerning emerging infectious diseases, a number of them specifically that the World Health Organization has categorized as priorities for research. Recent Findings Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases account for significant losses in not only human life, but also financially. There are a number of contributing factors, most commonly surrounding human behavior, that lead to disease emergence. Zoonoses are the most common type of infection, specifically from viral pathogens. The most recent emerging diseases in the USA are Emergomyces canadensis, the Heartland virus, and the Bourbon virus. Summary In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. These pathogens are very concerning with a high risk for potential epidemic, ultimately causing both significant mortality and financial costs. Research should be focused on monitoring, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. DO - 10.1007/s40138-018-0162-9 IS - 3 SN - 2167-4884 SP - 86-93 T2 - Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports TI - Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review VL - 6 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - GEN AU - World Health Organization DA - 2020 PY - 2020 Y2 - 2021/11/06 T2 - WHO TI - WHO | Zoonoses UR - https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Teshome, Haregua AU - Abegaz-Addis, Shimeles DA - 2019 PY - 2019 AB - Zoonoses are “those diseases and infection which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man”. The transmission may occur through direct contact with the animal, through vector (such as fleas or tick), or through food or water contamination. Zoonotic diseases cause mortality and morbidity in people, while also imposing significant economic losses in the livestock sector. Zoonosis constitutes a diverse group of viral, bacterial, rickettsia, fungal, parasitic and prion disease with a variety of animal reservoirs, including wildlife, livestock, pet animals and birds. The basic principles of zoonoses prevention control and eradication involves reservoir neutralization, reducing contact potential and increasing host resistance. Reservoir neutralization involves preventing spread of infection by removing the infected individual from the reservoir or by manipulation the environment where the reservoir resides. The removal of infected individual can be accomplished by means of a test and slaughter, and mass therapy. DO - 10.34297/ajbsr.2019.03.000660 IS - 2 SP - 188-197 T2 - American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research TI - Review on Principles of Zoonoses Prevention, Control and Eradication VL - 3 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Neff, Ellen P. DA - 2021 PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41684-021-00725-y IS - 3 SN - 15484475 SP - 55-58 T2 - Lab Animal TI - Keeping an eye on the human-animal interface VL - 50 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hopkins, S G AU - DiGiacomo, R F DA - 1997/03 PY - 1997 AB - Many potential routes of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission are reviewed in this article. Vertical transmission, in utero, or through colostrum and milk, accounts for a relatively small proportion of infections. Iatrogenic horizontal transmission, through procedures permitting the transfer of blood between cattle, has been shown to be a major route of transmission in most settings. Contact transmission stems from a mixture of natural sources of blood, exudates, and tissues that enter the body through mucosal surfaces or broken skin. Careful analysis of management procedures and environmental conditions present in individual dairy and beef herds affords the greatest opportunity to develop effective BLV prevention programs. IS - 1 SN - 0749-0720 SP - 107-28 T2 - The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice TI - Natural transmission of bovine leukemia virus in dairy and beef cattle. VL - 13 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Meas, Sothy AU - Usui, Tatsufumi AU - Ohashi, Kazuhiko AU - Sugimoto, Chihiro AU - Onuma, Misao DA - 2002 PY - 2002 AB - Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was investigated in five dairy cattle herds in Hokkaido, where 36.1 and 17.0% of cattle were BLV and BIV seropositive, respectively, and 9.9% of dams were co-infected with both BIV and BLV. Twenty six cases of offspring born from dams infected with only BLV (17 cases) or with both BIV and BLV (9 cases) were examined for the presence of BLV and BIV before and after colostrum feeding by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and syncytium assay. After birth, all calves were separated immediately from their dams. The offspring born from BLV-positive dams were BLV-negative before colostrum feeding, suggesting that no transplacental transmission had occurred. Thereafter, these offspring were fed colostrum or milk from their dams, but still remained BLV-negative. The other offspring born from BLV-positive dams were fed with BLV-negative colostrum, or with pasteurized BLV-positive colostrum. All these calves remained negative for BLV infection, suggesting that in utero transmission of BLV is negligible. In the case of offspring born from dams co-infected with BLV and BIV, calves were BIV-positive before colostrum feeding at 1 day after the birth, indicating in utero transmission of BIV. After colostrum feeding from their dams, newborn calves became BLV-positive. In addition, one calf was BLV-positive even before colostrum feeding. These results suggest that BIV can be transmitted to offspring in utero, and that BLV can be transmitted through colostrum or milk if dams are infected with both BIV and BLV. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. DO - 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00458-8 IS - 3 SN - 0378-1135 (Print)\r0378-1135 (Linking) SP - 275-282 T2 - Veterinary Microbiology TI - Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle herds VL - 84 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Amedee, Angela Martin AU - Lacour, N. AU - Ratterree, M. DA - 2003 PY - 2003 AB - To decipher the mechanisms involved in oral transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) through breast-feeding, we have developed an animal model using SIV-infected lactating rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and their infants. Five of eight macaque infants became infected during a 10-month study course after SIV inoculation of lactating dams. In a second study, three of four chronically infected female macaques transmitted virus to their infants through breast-feeding within 4 months of birth. Transmission of virus to infants did not correlate with viral loads in either milk or plasma. Infants were infected with homogeneous virus populations, while milk samples near the time of transmission were more diverse. These studies suggest that specific viral phenotypes are selectively transmitted through breast-feeding. DO - 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00024.x IS - 4-5 SN - 0047-2565 (Print)\r0047-2565 (Linking) SP - 187-193 T2 - Journal of Medical Primatology TI - Mother-to-infant transmission of SIV via breast-feeding in rhesus macaques VL - 32 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Prameela, K K DA - 2012 PY - 2012 AB - Breastmilk protects the infant from many diseases and many short- term and long- term benefits accrue. At the same time it is also known that breastfeeding acts as a vehicle for some infective agents. It is now accepted that breastmilk transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus- 1 (HIV-1) is an important mode of paediatric infection . Despite this fact, many researchers have observed that corresponding to the volume of milk consumed by the infant, maternal transmission via breastmilk is still comparatively low. Some have noted the long latency period of breastmilk HIV transmission with evidence of numerous anti-HIV factors in breastmilk. Although there are accepted standard guidelines on infant feeding in mothers who are HIV positive in many countries, it maybe equally important to realize gaps in our knowledge of mother- to -child HIV transmission. From an evolutionary perspective, the role of the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and of breastmilk , in contributing to and possibly in influencing HIV-1 transmission is intriguing. The presence of HIV-1 or of other viruses in maternal milk seem to be a requisite to spur immunological defenses to optimize necessary protection to the infant. This article reviews some aspects of the science of HIV transmission through breastmilk and reflects the concept -based understanding of current policies on HIV and breastfeeding. At the same time, it highlights uncertainties in this field and the urgency for future research in this direction. Accepting current notions of breastmilk HIV transmission, greater deliberation by research may throw more light on why breastfeeding with its abundant advantages is fraught with the hazards of transmission of a deadly disease. IS - 6 SN - 0300-5283 SP - 644-51 T2 - The Medical journal of Malaysia TI - HIV transmission through breastmilk: the science behind the understanding of current trends and future research. VL - 67 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lairmore, Michael D. AU - Haines, Robyn AU - Anupam, Rajaneesh DA - 2012 PY - 2012 AB - Human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects approximately 15-20 million people worldwide, with endemic areas in Japan, the Caribbean, and Africa. The virus is spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells most often from mother to child through breast milk or via blood transfusion. After prolonged latency periods, approximately 3-5% of HTLV-1 infected individuals will develop either adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, or other lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The genome of this complex retrovirus contains typical gag, pol, and env genes, but also unique nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo such as p30, p12, p13 and the antisense-encoded HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ). While progress has been made in knowledge of viral determinants of cell transformation and host immune responses, host and viral determinants of HTLV-1 transmission and spread during the early phases of infection are unclear. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the early events of HTLV-1 infection. This review will focus on studies that test HTLV-1 determinants in context to full-length infectious clones of the virus providing insights into the mechanisms of transmission and spread of HTLV-1. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. DO - 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.007 IS - 4 SN - 1879-6265 SP - 474-481 T2 - Current Opinion in Virology TI - Mechanisms of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission and disease VL - 2 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Khuroo, Mohammad S. AU - Khuroo, Mehnaaz S. AU - Khuroo, Naira S. DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an RNA virus of the Hepeviridae family, has marked heterogeneity. While all five HEV genotypes can cause human infections, genotypes HEV-1 and -2 infect humans alone, genotypes HEV-3 and -4 primarily infect pigs, boars and deer, and genotype HEV-7 primarily infects dromedaries. The global distribution of HEV has distinct epidemiological patterns based on ecology and socioeconomic factors. In resource-poor countries, disease presents as large-scale waterborne epidemics, and few epidemics have spread through person-to-person contact; however, endemic diseases within these countries can potentially spread through person-to-person contact or fecally contaminated water and foods. Vertical transmission of HEV from infected mother to fetus causes high fetal and perinatal mortality. Other means of transmission, such as zoonotic transmission, can fluctuate depending upon the region and strain of the virus. For instance, zoonotic transmission can sometimes play an insignificant role in human infections, such as in India, where human and pig HEV infections are unrelated. However, recently China and Southeast Asia have experienced a zoonotic spread of HEV-4 from pigs to humans and this has become the dominant mode of transmission of hepatitis E in eastern China. Zoonotic HEV infections in humans occur by eating undercooked pig flesh, raw liver, and sausages; through vocational contact; or via pig slurry, which leads to environmental contamination of agricultural products and seafood. Lastly, blood transfusion-associated HEV infections occur in many countries and screening of donors for HEV RNA is currently under serious consideration. To summarize, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause epidemic and endemic diseases in resource poor countries, primarily spreading through contaminated drinking water. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 on the other hand, cause autochthonous infections in developed, and many developing countries, by means of a unique zoonotic food-borne transmission. DO - 10.3390/v8090253 IS - 9 SN - 19994915 T2 - Viruses TI - Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus in developing countries VL - 8 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Di Bartolo, Ilaria AU - Angeloni, Giorgia AU - Ponterio, Eleonora AU - Ostanello, Fabio AU - Ruggeri, Franco Maria DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Hepatitis E infection is regarded as an emerging public-health concern. The disease is normally self-limiting (mortality rate 1%), but chronic infections have recently been observed in transplanted patients. The etiological agent HEV is a small RNA virus infecting both humans and animals. In humans, the disease may be food-borne and pig is a main reservoir for zoonotic strains. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of HEV and swine fecal cross-contamination in pork liver sausages sold at a grocery store in Italy. HEV genome detection was performed by RT-qPCR, using harmonized protocols that included a process control (murine norovirus) and an internal amplification control. Swine fecal cross-contamination was assessed by determination of the ubiquitous porcine adenovirus.Overall, HEV genome belonging to genotype 3 was detected in both raw (10 out of 45 slices, 250. mg each, 22.2%) and dry (1 of 23 slices, 4.3%) liver sausages, but infectivity of the virus was not demonstrated. This pilot study fosters more investigations on HEV presence in pork-derived food, to assess the possible risk for the consumers. DO - 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.005 SN - 18793460 SP - 29-33 T2 - International Journal of Food Microbiology TI - Detection of hepatitis E virus in pork liver sausages VL - 193 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McNeill, Shalene AU - Van Elswyk, Mary E DA - 2012/11 PY - 2012 AB - The influence of data and recommendations from developed countries on nutrition guidance has overshadowed recognition of the key micronutrients and protein contributed by red meat to the global food supply. Relative to the energy it contributes, the impact of red meat on the nutritional quality of the human diet via its contribution of protein and key micronutrients is under-appreciated. The current discussion will review red meat nutrient composition and global consumption rates and discuss the evidence underpinning current dietary recommendations. The beneficial role of red meat in reducing risk factors associated with noncommunicable disease in developed countries and improving the nutritional status of developing nations will also be reviewed. DO - 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.03.014 IS - 3 SN - 1873-4138 SP - 166-73 T2 - Meat science TI - Red meat in global nutrition. VL - 92 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) DA - 2019 PY - 2019 Y2 - 2019/04/08 T2 - FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean TI - Livestock production in Latin America and the Caribbean UR - http://www.fao.org/americas/prioridades/produccion-pecuaria/en/ ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Williams, Gary AU - Anderson, David DA - 2020 PY - 2020 IS - 4 SP - 1-11 T2 - Choices TI - The Latin American Livestock Industry: Growth and Challenges VL - 34 ID - ITEM-3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rodríguez, Diego Ignacio AU - Anríquez, Gustavo AU - Riveros, José Luis DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - The main hurdle to achieving food security in Latin America and the Caribbean is the inability of many poor families to access the foods necessary for a healthy diet, in a context in which food prices and family incomes are fundamental determinants. Animal husbandry plays a key role in the food security of the region, providing products rich in high-quality proteins and micronutrients and is vital for millions of households that depend on livestock for their livelihoods to generate income and have access to basic services. Furthermore, the production and trade of livestock products contributes to the stabilization of the food supply, acting as a buffer during economic crises and disasters both at the individual and community levels. Small farm agriculture is especially important in this scenario, given that most of the production of foods of animal origin depends on this sector and that the majority of the 47 million people who suffer from hunger in our continent live in rural areas. In this complex scenario, a good understanding of the interrelations between food security and the livestock sector, both at the national and household level, is fundamental for the design and implementation of policies that strengthen family livestock production as an essential pillar in regional food security. DO - 10.4067/S0718-16202016000100001 IS - 1 SN - 07181620 SP - 5-15 T2 - Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria TI - Food security and livestock: The case of Latin America and the Caribbean VL - 43 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brooks, Daniel R AU - Hoberg, Eric P AU - Boeger, Walter A AU - Trivellone, Valeria DA - 2021/02 PY - 2021 AB - Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) increasingly threaten global food security and public health. Despite technological breakthroughs, we are losing the battle with (re)emerging diseases as treatment costs and production losses rise. A horizon scan of diseases of crops, livestock, seafood and food-borne illness suggests these costs are unsustainable. The paradigm of coevolution between pathogens and particular hosts teaches that emerging diseases occur only when pathogens evolve specific capacities that allow them to move to new hosts. EIDs ought to be rare and unpredictable, so crisis response is the best we can do. Alternatively, the Stockholm Paradigm suggests that the world is full of susceptible but unexposed hosts that pathogens could infect, given the opportunity. Global climate change, globalized trade and travel, urbanization and land-use changes (often associated with biodiversity loss) increase those opportunities, making EID frequent. We can, however, anticipate their arrival in new locations and their behaviour once they have arrived. We can 'find them before they find us', mitigating their impacts. The DAMA (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) protocol alters the current reactive stance and embodies proactive solutions to anticipate and mitigate the impacts of EID, extending human and material resources and buying time for development of new vaccinations, medications and control measures. CY - Germany DO - 10.1111/tbed.14009 LA - eng SN - 1865-1682 (Electronic) T2 - Transboundary and emerging diseases TI - Emerging infectious disease: An underappreciated area of strategic concern for food security. ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shettigara, P. T. AU - Samagh, B. S. AU - Lobinowich, E. M. DA - 1986 PY - 1986 AB - Demands for bovine leukemia virus test negative breeding cattle and for semen from bovine leukemia virus test negative bulls by several countries have encouraged the eradication of bovine leukemia virus infection from selected herds in Canada. This project was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of the agar gel immunodiffusion test, standardized to detect anti-bovine leukemia virus glycoprotein antibodies, for eradication of bovine leukemia virus from commercial dairy herds. Of nine participating herds, the prevalence rate of bovine leukemia virus infection was low (less than 10%) in three, medium (11-30%) in four and high (greater than 30%) in two. The herds were tested by the agar gel immunodiffusion test, reactors were removed and the herds were then retested at regular intervals. The results indicate that it is possible to eliminate bovine leukemia virus infection from the herds after two to three cycles of agar gel immunodiffusion tests and prompt removal of the reactors. IS - 2 SN - 08309000 SP - 221-226 T2 - Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire TI - Eradication of bovine leukemia virus infection in commercial dairy herds using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. VL - 50 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sánchez, Cecilia A. AU - Venkatachalam‐Vaz, Joy AU - Drake, John M. DA - 2021 PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/zph.12846 IS - February SN - 1863-1959 SP - 1-15 T2 - Zoonoses and Public Health TI - Spillover of zoonotic pathogens: A review of reviews ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - FAO Regional Office - LATAM DA - 2021 PY - 2021 Y2 - 2021/06/01 T2 - FAO TI - Livestock production in Latin America and the Caribbean | FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UR - http://www.fao.org/americas/priorities/produccion-pecuaria/en/ ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Oosting, S. J. AU - Udo, H. M.J. AU - Viets, T. C. DA - 2014 PY - 2014 AB - Because of an increasing demand for animal-source foods, an increasing desire to reduce poverty and an increasing need to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production, tropical farming systems with livestock must increase their productivity. An important share of the global human and livestock populations are found within smallholder mixed-crop-livestock systems, which should, therefore, contribute significantly towards this increase in livestock production. The present paper argues that increased livestock production in smallholder mixed-crop-livestock systems faces many constraints at the level of the farm and the value chain. The present paper aims to describe and explain the impact of increased production from the farm and farmers' perspective, in order to understand the constraints for increased livestock production. A framework is presented that links farming systems to livestock value chains. It is concluded that farming systems that pass from subsistence to commercial livestock production will: (1) shift from rural to urban markets; (2) become part of a different value chain (with lower prices, higher demands for product quality and increased competition from peri-urban producers and imports); and (3) have to face changes in within-farm mechanisms and crop-livestock relationships. A model study showed that feed limitation, which is common in tropical farming systems with livestock, implies that maximum herd output is achieved with small herd sizes, leaving low-quality feeds unutilised. Maximal herd output is not achieved at maximal individual animal output. Having more animals than required for optimal production - which is often the case as a larger herd size supports non-production functions of livestock, such as manure production, draught, traction and capital storage - goes at the expense of animal-source food output. Improving low-quality feeds by treatment allows keeping more animals while maintaining the same level of production. Ruminant methane emission per kg of milk produced is mainly determined by the level of milk production per cow. Part of the methane emissions, however, should be attributed to the non-production functions of ruminants. It was concluded that understanding the farm and farmers' perceptions of increased production helps with the understanding of productivity increase constraints and adds information to that reported in the literature at the level of technology, markets and institutions. © The Animal Conso… DO - 10.1017/S1751731114000548 IS - 8 SN - 1751732X SP - 1238-1248 T2 - Animal TI - Development of livestock production in the tropics: Farm and farmers' perspectives VL - 8 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - OIE DA - 2021 PY - 2021 CY - Paris, France M1 - 29th edition SN - 29th edition T2 - Vol I-II TI - Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2021 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ma, Jian Gang AU - Zheng, Bin Wen AU - Zhou, Dong Hui AU - Qin, Si Yuan AU - Yin, Ming Yang AU - Zhu, Xing Quan AU - Hu, Gui Xue DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic lymphosarcoma disease of cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). No information is available concerning the epidemiology of BLV infection in yaks (Bos mutus). One thousand five hundred and eighty-four serum samples from 610 black yaks and 974 white yaks from Gansu province, northwest China, were collected between April 2013 and March 2014 and tested for BLV antibodies using a commercially available ELISA kit. The overall BLV seroprevalence in yaks was 21.09% (334/1584), with 24.26% (148/610) black yaks and 19.10% (186/974) white yaks yielding positive results. Risk factor analysis indicated that with the exception of breed (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.06-1.73, P < 0.05), the age, region, gender, farm, and the numbers of pregnancies were not considered as risk factors for the presence of BLV in yaks included in this study. This is the first report of BLV infection in yaks in China, which provides information for controlling BLV infection in yaks. DO - 10.1155/2016/9170167 SN - 23146141 T2 - BioMed Research International TI - First Report of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Yaks (Bos mutus) in China VL - 2016 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - del Fava, C AU - de Donato, T.m. M AU - Basílio, M.l.f. AU - de Donato, T.m. M AU - Ribeiro, C.p. AU - Okuda, L.h. AU - de Stefano, E AU - Pituco, E.m. DA - 2010/06/03 PY - 2010 AB - Occurrence of seropositive sheep (Ovis aries) to Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) by agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) using the antigen gp51 was surveyed for the period 2005-2007. Samples were collected from sheep in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Pernambuco, Maranhão, Pará, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. Two of 35 (5.7%) flocks were seropositive to BLV, and the rate of seropositive animals was 0.077% (two of 2,592). The two seropositive sheep were female, one 13-month old Santa Inês breed and other of unknown age and breed, both from the state of São Paulo. Distribution of BLV in the ovine population studied proved to be a rare event in Brazil. DO - 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26811 IS - 6 LA - English SN - 16784456 SP - 483-487 T2 - Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., São Paulo TI - Occurrence of seropositive sheep (Ovis aries) to Bovine Leukemia Virus in Brazil VL - 47 ID - ITEM-4 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) DA - 2021 PY - 2021 CY - Bogotá - Colombia TI - Censo Pecuario Nacional - año 2021 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Garnica-Gomez, Luis Felipe DA - 2018 PY - 2018 CY - Bogotá - Colombia TI - CADENAS CÁRNICAS BOVINA-BUFALINA: Dirección de cadenas pecuarias, pesqueras y acuícolas ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Hidalgo, Paola DA - 2020 PY - 2020 CY - Bogotá TI - CADENA OVINO-CAPRINA: Dirección de cadenas pecuarias, pesqueras y acuícolas ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Mukhopadhyay, Tanmay AU - Bhattacharjee, Soumen DA - 2016 PY - 2016 CY - New Delhi, India IS - April 2021 SN - 9789386138002 T2 - CONSERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: A MULTISCALED APPROACH TI - Genetic Diversity: Its Importance and Measurements. A2 - Mir, Aabid Hussain A2 - Bhat, Nazir Ahmad BT - CONSERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: A MULTISCALED APPROACH ED - Mir, Aabid Hussain ED - Bhat, Nazir Ahmad ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mummah, Riley O. AU - Hoff, Nicole A. AU - Rimoin, Anne W. AU - Lloyd-Smith, James O. DA - 2020 PY - 2020 AB - Background: For many emerging or re-emerging pathogens, cases in humans arise from a mixture of introductions (via zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs or geographic spillover from endemic regions) and secondary human-to-human transmission. Interventions aiming to reduce incidence of these infections can be focused on preventing spillover or reducing human-to-human transmission, or sometimes both at once, and typically are governed by resource constraints that require policymakers to make choices. Despite increasing emphasis on using mathematical models to inform disease control policies, little attention has been paid to guiding rational disease control at the animal-human interface. Methods: We introduce a modeling framework to analyze the impacts of different disease control policies, focusing on pathogens exhibiting subcritical transmission among humans (i.e. pathogens that cannot establish sustained human-to-human transmission). We quantify the relative effectiveness of measures to reduce spillover (e.g. reducing contact with animal hosts), human-to-human transmission (e.g. case isolation), or both at once (e.g. vaccination), across a range of epidemiological contexts. Results: We provide guidelines for choosing which mode of control to prioritize in different epidemiological scenarios and considering different levels of resource and relative costs. We contextualize our analysis with current zoonotic pathogens and other subcritical pathogens, such as post-elimination measles, and control policies that have been applied. Conclusions: Our work provides a model-based, theoretical foundation to understand and guide policy for subcritical zoonoses, integrating across disciplinary and species boundaries in a manner consistent with One Health principles. DO - 10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5 IS - 1 SN - 4252202000 T2 - One Health Outlook TI - Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface VL - 2 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Walker, Joseph W. AU - Han, Barbara A. AU - Ott, Isabel M. AU - Drake, John M. DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Effective public health research and preparedness requires an accurate understanding of which virus species possess or are at risk of developing human transmissibility. Unfortunately, our ability to identify these viruses is limited by gaps in disease surveillance and an incomplete understanding of the process of viral adaptation. By fitting boosted regression trees to data on 224 human viruses and their associated traits, we developed a model that predicts the human transmission ability of zoonotic viruses with over 84% accuracy. This model identifies several viruses that may have an undocumented capacity for transmission between humans. Viral traits that predicted human transmissibility included infection of nonhuman primates, the absence of a lipid envelope, and detection in the human nervous system and respiratory tract. This predictive model can be used to prioritize high-risk viruses for future research and surveillance, and could inform an integrated early warning system for emerging infectious diseases. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0206926 IS - 11 SN - 1111111111 SP - 1-12 T2 - PLoS ONE TI - Transmissibility of emerging viral zoonoses VL - 13 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bordería, V Antonio AU - Isakov, Ofer AU - Moratorio, Gonzalo AU - Henningsson, Rasmus AU - Agüera-González, Sonia AU - Organtini, Lindsey AU - Gnädig, Nina F AU - Blanc, Hervé AU - Alcover, Andrés AU - Hafenstein, Susan AU - Fontes, Magnus AU - Shomron, Noam AU - Vignuzzi, Marco DA - 2015 PY - 2015 AB - Understanding how a pathogen colonizes and adapts to a new host environment is a primary aim in studying emerging infectious diseases. Adaptive mutations arise among the thousands of variants generated during RNA virus infection, and identifying these variants will shed light onto how changes in tropism and species jumps can occur. Here, we adapted Coxsackie virus B3 to a highly permissive and less permissive environment. Using deep sequencing and bioinformatics, we identified a multi-step adaptive process to adaptation involving residues in the receptor footprints that correlated with receptor availability and with increase in virus fitness in an environment-specific manner. We show that adaptation occurs by selection of a dominant mutation followed by group selection of minority variants that together, confer the fitness increase observed in the population, rather than selection of a single dominant genotype. DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004838 IS - 5 N1 - NULL SN - 1553-7374 (Electronic)\r1553-7366 (Linking) T2 - PLoS Pathogens TI - Group Selection and Contribution of Minority Variants during Virus Adaptation Determines Virus Fitness and Phenotype VL - 11 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shiino, Teiichiro DA - 2012 PY - 2012 AB - Viral infections by sexual and droplet transmission routes typically spread through a complex host-to-host contact network. Clarifying the transmission network and epidemiological parameters affecting the variations and dynamics of a specific pathogen is a major issue in the control of infectious diseases. However, conventional methods such as interview and/or classical phylogenetic analysis of viral gene sequences have inherent limitations and often fail to detect infectious clusters and transmission connections. Recent improvements in computational environments now permit the analysis of large datasets. In addition, novel analytical methods have been developed that serve to infer the evolutionary dynamics of virus genetic diversity using sample date information and sequence data. This type of framework, termed "phylodynamics," helps connect some of the missing links on viral transmission networks, which are often hard to detect by conventional methods of epidemiology. With sufficient number of sequences available, one can use this new inference method to estimate theoretical epidemiological parameters such as temporal distributions of the primary infection, fluctuation of the pathogen population size, basic reproductive number, and the mean time span of disease infectiousness. Transmission networks estimated by this framework often have the properties of a scale-free network, which are characteristic of infectious and social communication processes. Network analysis based on phylodynamics has alluded to various suggestions concerning the infection dynamics associated with a given community and/or risk behavior. In this review, I will summarize the current methods available for identifying the transmission network using phylogeny, and present an argument on the possibilities of applying the scale-free properties to these existing frameworks. DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00278 IS - JUL SN - 1664302X SP - 1-8 T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology TI - Phylodynamic analysis of a viral infection network VL - 3 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Polat, Meripet AU - Takeshima, Shin-nosuke Shin‑nosuke Shin-nosuke AU - Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi AU - Kim, Jiyun AU - Miyasaka, Taku AU - Yamada, Kazunori AU - Arainga, Mariluz AU - Murakami, Tomoyuki AU - Matsumoto, Yuki AU - Barra Diaz, Veronica AU - Panei, Carlos Javier AU - González, Ester Teresa AU - Kanemaki, Misao AU - Onuma, Misao AU - Giovambattista, Guillermo AU - Aida, Yoko AU - De La, Veronica AU - Diaz, Barra AU - Panei, Carlos Javier AU - González, Ester Teresa AU - Kanemaki, Misao AU - Onuma, Misao AU - Giovambattista, Guillermo AU - Aida, Yoko DA - 2016 PY - 2016 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of retroviridae family, together with human T cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2) belonging to the genes deltaretrovirus, and infects cattle worldwide. Previous studies have classified the env sequences of BLV provirus from different geographic locations into eight genetic groups. To investigate the genetic variability of BLV in South America, we performed phylogenetic analyses of whole genome and partial env gp51 sequences of BLV strains isolated from Peru, Paraguay and Bolivia, for which no the molecular characteristics of BLV have previously been published, and discovered a novel BLV genotype, genotype-9, in Bolivia. DO - 10.1186/s12977-016-0239-z IS - 1 SN - 1742-4690 SP - 1-23 T2 - Retrovirology TI - A new genotype of bovine leukemia virus in South America identified by NGS-based whole genome sequencing and molecular evolutionary genetic analysis VL - 13 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bird, Brian H. AU - Mazet, Jonna A.K. DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - The emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. The advent of increasingly sophisticated diagnostics tools has revolutionized our capacity to detect and respond to these health threats more rapidly than ever before. Yet, no matter how sophisticated these tools become, the initial identification of emerging infectious diseases begins at the local community level. It is here that the initial human or animal case resides, and it is here that early pathogen detection would have maximum benefit. Unfortunately, many areas at highest risk of zoonotic disease emergence lack sufficient infrastructure capacity to support robust laboratory diagnostic systems. Multiple factors are essential for pathogen detection networks, including an understanding of the complex sociological and ecological factors influencing disease transmission risk, community engagement, surveillance along high-risk human-animal interfaces, and a skilled laboratory workforce. Here we discuss factors relevant to the emerging disease paradigm, recent technical advances in diagnostic methods, and strategies for comprehensive and sustainable approaches to rapid zoonotic disease detection. DO - 10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 SN - 21658110 SP - 121-139 T2 - Annual Review of Animal Biosciences TI - Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach VL - 6 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jerome, Hanna AU - Vattipally, Sreenu B. AU - Thomson, Emma C. DA - 2015 PY - 2015 CY - Glasgow - UK IS - 4 SN - 14640570 SP - 150-153 T2 - Microbiology Today TI - Can we identify potential viral zoonoses before they cross the species barrier? VL - 42 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - Carnegie Mellon University DA - 2021 PY - 2021 Y2 - 2021/11/24 TI - What is Computational Biology? - Computational Biology Department - School of Computer Science - Carnegie Mellon University UR - https://cbd.cmu.edu/about-us/what-is-computational-biology.html ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - GEN AU - Autoimmunity Research Fundation DA - 2019 PY - 2019 Y2 - 2021/11/24 TI - Differences between in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies (MPKB) UR - https://mpkb.org/home/patients/assessing_literature/in_vitro_studies ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kettmann, R AU - Mammerickx, M AU - Portetelle, D AU - Grégoire, D AU - Burny, A DA - 1984/01 PY - 1984 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral integration was studied in the DNA from circulating leucocytes or tumor cells of sheep and goats experimentally infected with BLV. Southern blot analysis of infected cell DNA for BLV proviral sequences indicate that: (1) the provirus may be found as unintegrated molecules in the circulating leucocytes of infected sheep; (2) the provirus is integrated at many sites in the genome of the leucocytes of infected goats and occasionally in infected sheep; (3) the provirus is present at only a few sites in the DNA of sheep or goat tumor cell clones. A second case of goat lymphosarcoma is also reported. DO - 10.1016/0145-2126(84)90047-x IS - 6 SN - 0145-2126 SP - 937-44 T2 - Leukemia research TI - Experimental infection of sheep and goat with bovine leukemia virus: localization of proviral information on the target cells. VL - 8 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Martinez Cuesta, Lucia AU - Nieto Farias, Maria Victoria AU - Lendez, Pamela Anahi AU - Barone, Lucas AU - Elizabeth Pérez, Sandra AU - Dolcini, Guillermina Laura AU - Ceriani, Maria Carolina AU - Pérez, Sandra Elizabeth AU - Dolcini, Guillermina Laura AU - Ceriani, Maria Carolina AU - Elizabeth Pérez, Sandra AU - Dolcini, Guillermina Laura AU - Ceriani, Maria Carolina DA - 2018 PY - 2018 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle causing a lymphoproliferative disease. BLV infection has been associated with misbalance of the immune response causing a higher incidence of other infections. Mastitis is one of the most important conditions that affect milk production in cattle. The aim of this study was to stably infect a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). MAC-T cell line was successfully infected with BLV and the infection was confirmed by nested PCR, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line stably infected with BLV. This new cell line could be used as an in vitro model to study the effect of BLV on the immune response in the mammary gland and the relationship with other agents causing mastitis. DO - 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.013 IS - July SN - 18727492 SP - 11-16 T2 - Virus Research TI - Stable infection of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) VL - 256 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parrish, Colin R. AU - Holmes, Edward C. AU - Morens, David M. AU - Park, Eun-Chung AU - Burke, Donald S. AU - Calisher, Charles H. AU - Laughlin, Catherine A. AU - Saif, Linda J. AU - Daszak, Peter DA - 2008 PY - 2008 AB - Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population. DO - 10.1128/mmbr.00004-08 IS - 3 SN - 1092-2172 SP - 457-470 T2 - Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews TI - Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases VL - 72 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Odorizzi, Greg AU - Cowles, Christopher R. AU - Emr, Scott D. DA - 1998 PY - 1998 AB - A new adaptor protein complex, termed AP-3, has recently been identified in mammalian cells, and genetic studies in yeast have revealed a functional role for the AP-3 complex in cargo-selective transport via a new alternative trafficking pathway from the Golgi to the vacuole/lysosome. Here, the authors review what is currently known about the AP-3 complex ann discuss recent insight into its function in multicellular organisms that has come from the finding that mutations in AP-3 subunits correspond to classical mutations in Drosophila and mice. DO - 10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01295-1 IS - 7 SN - 0962-8924 (Print) SP - 282-288 T2 - Trends in Cell Biology TI - The AP-3 complex: A coat of many colours VL - 8 ID - ITEM-1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dell'Angelica, Esteban C. AU - Angelica, Esteban C Dell DA - 2009 PY - 2009 AB - The adaptor protein (AP)-3 complex defines a pathway for the intracellular trafficking of membrane-associated proteins in most eukaryotic cells. Ten years ago, genetic defects in AP-3 were linked to a human Mendelian disease, named Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, characterized by abnormal biogenesis and function of lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. During recent years, research on this trafficking pathway has significantly expanded its horizons to include evolutionarily divergent eukaryotic models and to embrace functional genomics and proteomics approaches. These studies have brought into focus ideas about the specific roles of this pathway in protein trafficking and organelle biogenesis within the endosomal-lysosomal system. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DO - 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.04.014 IS - 4 SN - 1879-0410 (Electronic)\r0955-0674 (Linking) SP - 552-559 T2 - Current Opinion in Cell Biology TI - AP-3-dependent trafficking and disease: the first decade VL - 21 ID - ITEM-2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tajima, Shigeru AU - Aida, Yoko DA - 2002/03 PY - 2002 AB - Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiologic agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. We previously identified several mutants of the BLV Tax protein with an ability to transactivate transcription via the BLV enhancer that is significantly greater than that of the wild-type Tax protein. Moreover, the mutant proteins also activated other viral enhancers, such as the enhancer of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, which cannot be activated by wild-type BLV Tax. In this study, we demonstrated that the mutant proteins but not wild-type protein activate the upstream sequence of the human c-fos gene, which contains two major cis-acting elements, the CArG box and cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE) motif. The mutant protein also strongly increased levels of endogenous c-fos mRNA in both human and bovine cell lines. On the other hand, the wild-type Tax protein has no activity to activate the expression of human c-fos, indicating that wild-type BLV Tax might discriminate between human and bovine c-fos promoter sequences. Deletion and point-mutational analysis of the cis-acting elements revealed that both the CArG box and the CRE motif were indispensable for the activation of c-fos by the mutant BLV Tax protein. Our results suggest that the mutant BLV Tax proteins might not only have the ability to enhance the production of virus particles but might also have increased ability to induce leukemia. IS - 5 SN - 0022-538X SP - 2557-62 T2 - Journal of virology TI - Mutant tax protein from bovine leukemia virus with enhanced ability to activate the expression of c-fos. VL - 76 ID - ITEM-2 ER -