TY - JOUR AU - Aceituno, Francisco J AU - Loaiza, Nicolás AU - Delgado-Burbano, Miguel Eduardo AU - Barrientos, Gustavo PB - Elsevier PY - 2013 SP - 23 EP - 33 TI - The initial human settlement of Northwest South America during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition: Synthesis and perspectives T2 - Quaternary International VL - 301 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Agassiz, Louis PB - Little, Brown PY - 1857 TI - Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Aranciaga-Rolando, Alexis M AU - Agnolin, Federico L AU - Martinelli, Agust\'\in G AU - Buide, Viviana E IS - 1 PB - BioOne PY - 2021 SP - 34 EP - 40 TI - Oldest Record of the Pit-Viper Bothrops (Squamata, Viperidae), from the Lower Pliocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina T2 - South American Journal of Herpetology VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Amorós, César L Barrio AU - Manrique, Róger IS - 2 PY - 2008 SP - 92 EP - 101 TI - Observations on the Natural History of the Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Venezuelan Llanos: An Ecotourism Perspective T2 - Iguana VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ameghino, Florentino PY - 1891 TI - Mamíferos y aves fósiles argentinas. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones T2 - Revista Argentina de Historia Natural VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Brain endocasts obtained from computed tomography (CT) are now widely used in the field of comparative neuroanatomy. They provide an overview of the morphology of the brain and associated tissues located in the cranial cavity. Through anatomical comparisons between species, insights on the senses, the behavior, and the lifestyle can be gained. Although there are many studies dealing with mammal and bird endocasts, those performed on the brain endocasts of squamates are comparatively rare, thus limiting our understanding of their morphological variability and interpretations. Here, we provide the first comparative study of snake brain endocasts in order to bring new information about the morphology of these structures. Additionally, we test if the snake brain endocast encompasses a phylogenetic and/or an ecological signal. For this purpose, the digital endocasts of 45 snake specimens, including a wide diversity in terms of phylogeny and ecology, were digitized using CT, and compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Snake endocasts exhibit a great variability. The different methods performed from descriptive characters, linear measurements and the outline curves provided complementary information. All these methods have shown that the shape of the snake brain endocast contains, as in mammals and birds, a phylogenetic signal but also an ecological one. Although phylogenetically related taxa share several similarities between each other, the brain endocast morphology reflects some notable ecological trends: e.g. (i) fossorial species possess both reduced optic tectum and pituitary gland; (ii) both fossorial and marine species have cerebral hemispheres poorly developed laterally; (iii) cerebral hemispheres and optic tectum are more developed in arboreal and terrestrial species. AU - Allemand, Rémi AU - Boistel, Renaud AU - Daghfous, Gheylen AU - Blanchet, Zoé AU - Cornette, Raphaël AU - Bardet, Nathalie AU - Vincent, Peggy AU - Houssaye, Alexandra DO - 10.1111/joa.12692 IS - 6 KW - brain endocast KW - computed tomography KW - ecological signal KW - morphometrics KW - sensory information KW - snakes KW - squamates PY - 2017 SP - 849 EP - 868 TI - Comparative morphology of snake (Squamata) endocasts: evidence of phylogenetic and ecological signals T2 - Journal of Anatomy VL - 231 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Aguilera, Orangel A AU - Riff, Douglas AU - Bocquentin-Villanueva, Jean IS - 3 PB - Taylor \& Francis PY - 2006 SP - 221 EP - 232 TI - A new giant Purussaurus (crocodyliformes, alligatoridae) from the upper Miocene Urumaco formation, Venezuela T2 - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vertebral remains assignable to the extant snake Boa constrictor, found in the Toropí Formation (Late Pleistocene, Lujanian age) at Arroyo Toropí, northeastern Argentina, are here described. These remains represent the first snake record from the Lujanian age and determine the minimum age for the species as 50-35 ka BP. Boa is presently absent in northeastern Argentina. Interruption of the continuity between the Mesopotamian and Brazilian faunas, including disappearance of Boa from Mesopotamia (northeastern Argentina), occurred subsequent to the Late Pleistocene and might be explained by changes in the Paraná and Uruguay Rivers. In addition, previous taxonomic referral of fossils to ?Boa is revised, with the conclusion that the specimen from the Early Eocene is tentatively referred to this genus, whereas that from the Pliocene is an indeterminate Boinae. Copyright 2008 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. AU - Albino, Adriana M. AU - Carlini, Alfredo A. DO - 10.1670/07-124R1.1 IS - 1 PY - 2008 SP - 82 EP - 88 TI - First record of Boa constrictor (Serpentes, Boidae) in the quaternary of South America T2 - Journal of Herpetology VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Albino, Adriana Maria PY - 1993 SP - 51 EP - 69 TI - Snakes from the Paleocene and Eocene of Patagonia ( Argentina ): Paleoecology and coevolution with mammals T2 - Historical Biology : An International Journal of Paleobiology VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Albino, Adriana M IS - 3 PY - 1989 SP - 281 EP - 287 TI - Primer registro de Colubroidea (Reptilia: Serpentes) de Argentina (Edad Montehermosense sl, Plioceno). T2 - Ameghiniana VL - 25 ER - TY - JOUR AB - South America contains a diverse Miocene snake record. Heretofore, the most significant assemblages were from the early and middle Miocene of Patagonia and Colombia. Colubroid vertebrae assignable to the 'Colubridae' and Viperidae are here reported from the upper Miocene Cerro Azul Formation at Caleufú, in La Pampa province, central Argentina. The viperid fossil is the oldest record of the family in South America and, together with molecular evidence, it supports the hypothesis of viperids first entering South America prior to the closure of the Isthmus of Panamá. South American viperid specimens also have been recognized from the Pliocene (aff. Bothrops) and Pleistocene of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The presence of Bothrops during the early-middle Pleistocene near La Plata city suggests that during more humid intervals this genus had a wider distribution than at present. A previous report of a viperid from the late Pleistocene of Bolivia cannot be corroborated. © 2006 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. AU - Albino, Adriana M. AU - Montalvo, Claudia I. DO - 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[581:SFTCAF]2.0.CO;2 IS - 3 PY - 2006 SP - 581 EP - 587 TI - Snakes from the Cerro Azul Formation (Upper Miocene), central Argentina, with a review of fossil viperids from South America T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The evolution of squamates in South America is the result of the complex geological and paleoclimatic history of this part of the world. The incomplete and episodic fossil record allows us to know only a small part of this evolution. Most Mesozoic squamate remains come from the Patagonian region, but remarkable specimens have also been recovered from Brazil. Both major squamate clades (Iguania and Scleroglossa) are present in the South American Mesozoic. Remains of Mesozoic snakes are common and diverse in Cretaceous deposits, including some of the most primitive terrestrial forms. Paleogene and Neogene squamate remains have been recognized from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Paleogene lizard record appears to be scarce in comparison to that of the Mesozoic, whereas snakes show an important Paleogene diversity. At least two extant boid snakes appeared during this epoch (Boa and Corallus). The South American Miocene included some extant genera of Iguania, Teiidae, and Boidae but extinct genera were also present. "Colubrids" appeared at the early Miocene, whereas the first viperid is known from the late Miocene. Most of the Paleogene and early Neogene squamate families and genera have been recognized outside their current range of distribution following favorable climatic conditions for ectothermic vertebrates. During the latest Miocene and Pliocene few extant squamate taxa are found to occur outside their present distribution. The earliest amphisbaenian of South America is known from the Pliocene. Most Pleistocene and Holocene squamate remains are assigned to living genera, and some extant species were recognized. Anat Rec, 297:349-368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. AU - Albino, Adriana María AU - Brizuela, Santiago DO - 10.1002/ar.22858 IS - 3 KW - Amphisbaenians KW - Cenozoic KW - Lizards KW - Mesozoic KW - Snakes PY - 2014 SP - 349 EP - 368 TI - An overview of the South American fossil squamates T2 - The Anatomical Record VL - 297 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Auffenberg, Walter PY - 1967 SP - 132 EP - 215 TI - The fossil snakes of Florida T2 - Tulane Studies in Zoology VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Factors driving the spatial configuration of centres of endemism have long been a topic of broad interest and debate. Due to different eco-evolutionary processes, these highly biodiverse areas may harbour different amounts of ancient and recently diverged organisms (paleo- and neo-endemism, respectively). Patterns of endemism still need to be measured at distinct phylogenetic levels for most clades and, consequently, little is known about the distribution, the age and the causes of such patterns. Here we tested for the presence of centres with high phylogenetic endemism (PE) in the highly diverse Neotropical snakes, testing the age of these patterns (paleo- or neo-endemism), and the presence of PE centres with distinct phylogenetic composition. We then tested whether PE is predicted by topography, by climate (seasonality, stability, buffering and relictualness), or biome size. We found that most areas of high PE for Neotropical snakes present a combination of both ancient and recently diverged diversity, which is distributed mostly in the Caribbean region, Central America, the Andes, the Atlantic Forest and on scattered highlands in central Brazil. Turnover of lineages is higher across Central America, resulting in more phylogenetically distinct PE centres compared to South America, which presents a more phylogenetically uniform snake fauna. Finally, we found that elevational range (topographic roughness) is the main predictor of PE, especially for paleo-endemism, whereas low paleo-endemism levels coincide with areas of high climatic seasonality. Our study highlights the importance of mountain systems to both ancient and recent narrowly distributed diversity. Mountains are both museums and cradles of snake diversity in the Neotropics, which has important implications for conservation in this region. AU - Azevedo, Josué A.R. AU - Guedes, Thaís B. AU - Nogueira, Cristiano de C. AU - Passos, Paulo AU - Sawaya, Ricardo J. AU - Prudente, Ana L.C. AU - Barbo, Fausto E. AU - Strüssmann, Christine AU - Franco, Francisco L. AU - Arzamendia, Vanesa AU - Giraudo, Alejandro R. AU - Argôlo, Antônio J.S. AU - Jansen, Martin AU - Zaher, Hussam AU - Tonini, João F.R. AU - Faurby, Søren AU - Antonelli, Alexandre DO - 10.1111/ecog.04815 IS - 2 KW - CANAPE KW - Squamata reptiles KW - paleo-endemism KW - phylogenetic diversity KW - phylogenetic endemism KW - phylogenetic turnover PY - 2019 SN - 0000000217750 SP - 328 EP - 339 TI - Museums and cradles of diversity are geographically coincident for narrowly distributed Neotropical snakes T2 - Ecography VL - 43 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Batsch, August Johann Georg Carl PB - Akad. Buchh. PY - 1788 TI - Versuch einer Anleitung, zur Kenntnißund Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien, für akademische Vorlesungen entworfen und mit den nöthigsten Abbildungen versehen VL - 1 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Baumel, Julian J ED - Baumel, Julian J ED - King, A. S. ED - Breazile, J. E. PB - Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club PY - 1993 SP - 45 EP - 132 TI - Osteologia T2 - Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bernstein, Lowell IS - 3 PB - JSTOR PY - 1965 SP - 271 EP - 284 TI - Fossil birds from the Dominican Republic T2 - Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences VL - 28 ER - TY - CONF AU - Bloch, Jonathan Ivan AU - Cadena, Edwin AU - Hastings, Alexander AU - Rincon, Aldo F AU - Jaramillo, Carlos IS - 1 PY - 2008 SP - 53 EP - 53 TI - Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of Northern Colombia T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ER - TY - BOOK AU - Bowdich, Thomas Edward PB - J. Smith PY - 1821 TI - An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia: for the use of students and travellers ER - TY - JOUR AU - Braun, David R AU - Pante, Michael AU - Archer, William IS - 3 PB - The Royal Society PY - 2016 SP - 20160006 EP - 20160006 TI - Cut marks on bone surfaces: influences on variation in the form of traces of ancient behaviour T2 - Interface focus VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The labor supply and other work incentive effects of welfare programs have long been a central concern in economic research. Work has also been an increasing focus of policy reforms in the U.S., culminating with a number of major policy changes in the 1990s whose intent was to increase employment and earnings levels of welfare recipients and other disadvantaged individuals. This paper reviews the economic research on this topic, covering both the theoretical models that have been developed as well as the empirical findings from econometric studies of the effects of existing welfare programs on labor supply. AU - Brizuela, Santiago AU - Cenizo, Marcos Martín AU - Tassara, Daniel A. DO - 10.31017/4600 IS - 1 KW - Argentina KW - Fossil KW - Fósil KW - Ophiodes KW - Pleistocene KW - Pleistoceno KW - Q KW - QL1-991 KW - Science KW - Zoology KW - `Colubridae´ PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 10 TI - Reptiles escamosos (Squamata) del Pleistoceno medio del Norte de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) T2 - Cuadernos de herpetología VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Genomics is narrowing uncertainty in the phylogenetic structure for many amniote groups. For one of the most diverse and species-rich groups, the squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians), an inverse correlation between the number of taxa and loci sampled still persists across all publications using DNA sequence data and reaching a consensus on the relationships among them has been highly problematic. In this study, we use high-throughput sequence data from 289 samples covering 75 families of squamates to address phylogenetic affinities, estimate divergence times, and characterize residual topological uncertainty in the presence of genome-scale data. Importantly, we address genomic support for the traditional taxonomic groupings Scleroglossa and Macrostomata using novel machine-learning techniques. We interrogate genes using various metrics inherent to these loci, including parsimony-informative sites (PIS), phylogenetic informativeness, length, gaps, number of substitutions, and site concordance to understand why certain loci fail to find previously well-supported molecular clades and how they fail to support species-tree estimates. We show that both incomplete lineage sorting and poor gene-tree estimation (due to a few undesirable gene properties, such as an insufficient number of PIS), may account for most gene and species-tree discordance. We find overwhelming signal for Toxicofera, and also show that none of the loci included in this study supports Scleroglossa or Macrostomata. We comment on the origins and diversification of Squamata throughout the Mesozoic and underscore remaining uncertainties that persist in both deeper parts of the tree (e.g., relationships between Dibamia, Gekkota, and remaining squamates; among the three toxicoferan clades Iguania, Serpentes, and Anguiformes) and within specific clades (e.g., affinities among gekkotan, pleurodont iguanians, and colubroid families). AU - Burbrink, Frank T. AU - Grazziotin, Felipe G. AU - Pyron, R. Alexander AU - Cundall, David AU - Donnellan, Steve AU - Irish, Frances AU - Keogh, J. Scott AU - Kraus, Fred AU - Murphy, Robert W. AU - Noonan, Brice AU - Raxworthy, Christopher J. AU - Ruane, Sara AU - Lemmon, Alan R. AU - Lemmon, Emily Moriarty AU - Zaher, Hussam DO - 10.1093/sysbio/syz062 IS - 3 KW - Neural network KW - gene interrogation KW - genomics KW - lizards KW - phylogeny KW - snakes PY - 2020 SP - 502 EP - 520 TI - Interrogating Genomic-Scale Data for Squamata (Lizards, Snakes, and Amphisbaenians) Shows no Support for Key Traditional Morphological Relationships T2 - Systematic Biology VL - 69 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite being among the largest turtles that ever lived, the biology and systematics of Stupendemys geographicus remain largely unknown because of scant, fragmentary finds. We describe exceptional specimens and new localities of S. geographicus from the Miocene of Venezuela and Colombia. We document the largest shell reported for any extant or extinct turtle, with a carapace length of 2.40 m and estimated mass of 1.145 kg, almost 100 times the size of its closest living relative, the Amazon river turtle Peltocephalus dumerilianus, and twice that of the largest extant turtle, the marine leatherback Dermochelys coriacea. The new specimens greatly increase knowledge of the biology and evolution of this iconic species. Our findings suggest the existence of a single giant turtle species across the northern Neotropics, but with two shell morphotypes, suggestive of sexual dimorphism. Bite marks and punctured bones indicate interactions with large caimans that also inhabited the northern Neotropics. AU - Cadena, E. A. AU - Scheyer, T. M. AU - Carrillo-Briceño, J. D. AU - Sánchez, R. AU - Aguilera-Socorro, O. A. AU - Vanegas, A. AU - Pardo, M. AU - Hansen, D. M. AU - Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aay4593 IS - 7 PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 14 TI - The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle T2 - Science Advances VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mesoclemmys is the most diverse extant genus of South American pleurodires or side-necked turtles, with at least 10 species inhabiting fluvial to littoral environments. Despite this high extant diversity and extensive geographic distribution, the evolutionary history and fossil record of this genus are completely unknown. Here, we describe the first fossil record of this genus, which supports a previous molecular-based hypothesis that indicates a minimum split time of 13.5 Ma between this and other genera of South American chelids. Mesoclemmys vanegasorum, sp. nov., is represented by a nearly complete shell (carapace and plastron) and some postcranial bones found in the middle Miocene (13.6 ± 0.2 Ma), La Victoria Formation, Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, increasing the turtle paleodiversity of La Venta Fauna. It differs from all extant species of Mesoclemmys by vertebral scute 1 reaching the sutural boundary between peripherals 1 and 2; shorter cervical and marginal scutes 1 to 3; pleurals 1 very advanced over the peripherals; pygal bone with a posteromedial shallow notch; vertebral 5 covering half of the pygal bone; small extragulars reaching only half of the epiplastra length; and a fine microvermiculation of the shell. Our phylogenetic results show a close relationship between M. vanegasorum, sp. nov., and the extant M. hogei. The overall morphology and size of Mesoclemmys genus have remained relatively constant for at least the last 13.6 million years. However, its geographic distribution has decreased drastically in northwestern South America, being restricted today to the lower region of the Magdalena River Basin. AU - Cadena, Edwin Alberto AU - Vanegas, Andrés AU - Jaramillo, Carlos AU - Cottle, John M. AU - Johnson, Thomas A. DO - 10.1080/02724634.2019.1716777 IS - 5 PB - Taylor & Francis PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 11 TI - A new Miocene turtle from Colombia sheds light on the evolutionary history of the extant genus Mesoclemmys Gray, 1873 T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1716777 VL - 39 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cadena, Edwin R AU - Jaramillo, Carlos M AU - Paramo, Mar\'\ia IS - 3 PB - BioOne PY - 2007 SP - 201 EP - 205 TI - The first Late Pleistocene record of Kinosternon (Cryptodira: Kinosternidae) turtles for Northern South America, Pubenza Locality, Colombia T2 - South American Journal of Herpetology VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The palaeoecology of three Late Cretaceous snake is evaluated. Pachyophis woodwardi Nopcsa, 1923 and Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, 1979, are Cenomanian in age and are found in carbonate rocks deposited in marine inter-reef basin environments of the European and African Tethys Sea. Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901, Coniacian in age, is considered closely allied to living anilioid snakes, and is found in clastic rocks deposited in a terrestrial inter-dune basin environment in northern Patagonia, Argentina. All three snakes are known from well preserved and articulated specimens found in sediments where detailed sedimentological and taphonomic analyses are possible. Pachyophis and Pachyrhachis were laterally compressed, have pachyostotic ribs and vertebrae, and small, narrow heads. These two snakes are interpreted as aquatic predators living in and around the margins of reef mounds on a shallow water carbonate platform. Dinilysia was a large bodies snake with a relatively large head, and is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator that lived in a dry, interdune basin environment dominated by aeolian sedimentation. Sedimentary units preserve ichnological evidence of burrowing insects and rooting plants. AU - Caldwell, M. W. AU - Albino, A. M. DO - 10.7939/R3RZ8C IS - 2 KW - Cretaceous KW - Dinilysia KW - Pachophis KW - Pachyrhacris KW - Palaeobiogeography KW - Palaeoecology KW - Paleoenvironment KW - Phylogeny KW - Snakes PY - 2001 SP - 203 EP - 218 TI - Palaeoenvironment and palaeoecology of three cretaceous snakes: Pachyophis, Pachyrhachis, and Dinilysia T2 - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica VL - 46 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Camolez, Tatiana AU - Zaher, Hussam El-Dine IS - 1 KW - anatomy KW - quaternary KW - squamata KW - systematics PY - 2006 SP - 1 EP - 96 TI - Levantamento, identificação e descrição da fauna de Squamata do Quaternário brasileiro (Lepidosauria) T2 - Arquivos de Zoologia VL - 41 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Campbell, Kenneth E PY - 1976 SP - 155 EP - 168 TI - The late Pleistocene avifauna of La Carolina, southwestern Ecuador T2 - Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology VL - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Campbell, Kenneth E PY - 1979 TI - THE NON-PASSERINE PLEISTOCENE AVIFAUNA OF THE TALARA TAR SEEPS NORTHWESTERN PERU ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carlini, A A AU - Vizcaíno, S F AU - Scillato-Yané, G J PB - Smithsonian Institution Press Washington\^{} eD. CDC PY - 1997 SP - 13 EP - 226 TI - Armored xenarthrans: a unique taxonomic and ecologic assemblage T2 - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Cocinetas Basin is located on the eastern flank of the Guajira Peninsula, northern Colombia (southern Caribbean). During the late Oligocene through the Pliocene, much of the basin was submerged. The extensive deposits in this area suggest a transition from a shallow marine to a fluvio-deltaic system, with a rich record of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna. The elasmobranch assemblages of the early Miocene to the late Pliocene succession in the Cocinetas Basin (Jimol, Castilletes and Ware formations, as well as the Patsuá Valley) are described for the first time. The assemblages include at least 30 taxa of sharks (Squaliformes, Pristiophoriformes, Orectolobiformes, Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes) and batoids (Rhinopristiformes and Myliobatiformes), of which 24 taxa are reported from the Colombian Neogene for the first time. Paleoecological interpretations are based on the feeding ecology and on estimates of the paleohydrology (relative salinity, temperature) using stable isotope compositions of oxygen in the bioapatite of shark teeth. The isotopic composition of the studied specimens corroborates paleoenvironmental settings for the studied units that were previously estimated based on the sedimentology and biology of the taxa. These Neogene elasmobranch assemblages from the Cocinetas Basin provide new insights into the diversity the sharks and rays inhabiting the coastal and estuarine environments of the northwestern margin of South America, both during the existence of the gateway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and following its closure. AU - Carrillo-Bricenõ, Jorge Domingo AU - Luz, Zoneibe AU - Hendy, Austin AU - Kocsis, László AU - Aguilera, Orangel AU - Vennemann, Torsten DO - 10.5194/bg-16-33-2019 IS - 1 PY - 2019 SP - 33 EP - 56 TI - Neogene Caribbean elasmobranchs: Diversity, paleoecology and paleoenvironmental significance of the Cocinetas Basin assemblage (Guajira Peninsula, Colombia) T2 - Biogeosciences VL - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A wide variety of aquatic vertebrates from fluvio-lacustrine facies of northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) have been used as unequivocal evidence to support hydrographic connections between western Amazonia and the Proto-Caribbean Sea during the Miocene. By the end of the Miocene, changes in the major hydrographic systems of the region produced losses of habitats and a regional faunal turnover, as has been documented in the geological record of the Urumaco region. Here, we report a new Tortonian aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate assemblage from two localities of the Caujarao Formation (El Muaco Member) in western Venezuela. The vertebrate assemblage includes a gharial (cf. †Gryposuchus pachakamue), alligatorid crocodylians (†Purussaurus and Alligatoridae indet.), a freshwater turtle (Chelus sp.), snakes (cf. Eunectes sp.), serrasalmids and pimelodids and thorny catfishes, a rodent (†Potamarchus sp.), pampatheres (†Scirrotherium sp.), sloths, as well as plant remains (coal and amber). Although the Caujarao Formation has been referred to as a fully marine environment, the new assemblage reported here suggests a freshwater input to the coastal area. Taxonomic and biogeographic affinities between the Muaco Member community and that reported from the Miocene proto-Amazonian systems are indicative of the persistence of ecological and hydrographic continuity at minimum until the end of the Miocene in at least an area of northwestern South America. AU - Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D. AU - Reyes-Cespedes, Andrés E. AU - Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo AU - Sánchez, Rodolfo DO - 10.1007/s13358-018-0180-y IS - 2 KW - Biogeography KW - Caujarao Formation KW - Miocene KW - Neogene KW - Orinoco River PY - 2019 SN - 0123456789 SP - 237 EP - 248 TI - A new vertebrate continental assemblage from the Tortonian of Venezuela T2 - Swiss Journal of Palaeontology VL - 138 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Miocene aquatic and terrestrial fossil record from western Amazonia constitute a clear evidence of the palaeoenvironmental diversity that prevailed in the area, prior to the establishment of the Amazon River drainage. During the Miocene, the region was characterized by a freshwater megawetland basin, influenced by episodic shallow-marine incursions. A fossil vertebrate collection from the middle Miocene strata of the Pebas Formation is here studied and described. This historical collection was recovered in 1912 along the banks of the Itaya River (Iquitos, Peru), during a scientific expedition led by two scientists of the University of Zurich, Hans Bluntschli and Bernhard Peyer. Our findings include a total of 34 taxa, including stingrays, bony fishes, turtles, snakes, crocodylians, and lizards. Fishes are the most abundant group in the assemblage (~ 23 taxa), including the first fossil record of the freshwater serrasalmids Serrasalmus , and Mylossoma , and the hemiodontid Hemiodus for the Pebas system, with the latter representing the first fossil be discovered for the entire Hemiodontidae. The presence of a representative of Colubroidea in the middle Miocene of Iquitos supports the hypothesis of arrival and dispersal of these snakes into South America earlier than previously expected. This fossil assemblage sheds light on the palaeoenvironments, and the geographical/temporal range of several aquatic/terrestrial lineages inhabiting the Amazonian region. AU - Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D. AU - Aguilera, Orangel A. AU - Benites-Palomino, Aldo AU - Hsiou, Annie S. AU - Birindelli, José L. O. AU - Adnet, Sylvain AU - Cadena, Edwin-Alberto AU - Scheyer, Torsten M. DO - 10.1186/s13358-021-00239-7 IS - 1 KW - Fishe KW - Middle Miocene KW - Pebas Formation KW - South America KW - fishes KW - middle miocene KW - palaeoenvironments KW - pebas formation KW - reptiles KW - south america PB - Springer International Publishing PY - 2021 TI - A historical vertebrate collection from the Middle Miocene of the Peruvian Amazon T2 - Swiss Journal of Palaeontology UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00239-7 VL - 140 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Pliocene–Pleistocene transition in the Neotropics is poorly understood despite the major climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Quaternary. The San Gregorio Formation, the younger unit of the Urumaco Sequence, preserves a fauna that documents this critical transition. We report stingrays, freshwater bony fishes, amphibians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, aquatic and terrestrial turtles, and mammals. A total of 49 taxa are reported from the Vergel Member (late Pliocene) and nine taxa from the Cocuiza Member (Early Pleistocene), with 28 and 18 taxa reported for the first time in the Urumaco sequence and Venezuela, respectively. Our findings include the first fossil record of the freshwater fishes Megaleporinus, Schizodon, Amblydoras, Scorpiodoras, and the pipesnake Anilius scytale, all from Pliocene strata. The late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene ages proposed here for the Vergel and Cocuiza members, respectively, are supported by their stratigraphic position, palynology, nannoplankton, and 86Sr/88Sr dating. Mammals from the Vergel Member are associated with the first major pulse of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In contrast to the dry conditions prevailing today, the San Gregorio Formation documents mixed open grassland/forest areas surrounding permanent freshwater systems, following the isolation of the northern South American basin from western Amazonia. These findings support the hypothesis that range contraction of many taxa to their current distribution in northern South America occurred rapidly during at least the last 1.5 million years. AU - Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D. AU - Sánchez, Rodolfo AU - Scheyer, Torsten M. AU - Carrillo, Juan D. AU - Delfino, Massimo AU - Georgalis, Georgios L. AU - Kerber, Leonardo AU - Ruiz-Ramoni, Damián AU - Birindelli, José L.O. AU - Cadena, Edwin Alberto AU - Rincón, Aldo F. AU - Chavez-Hoffmeister, Martin AU - Carlini, Alfredo A. AU - Carvalho, Mónica R. AU - Trejos-Tamayo, Raúl AU - Vallejo, Felipe AU - Jaramillo, Carlos AU - Jones, Douglas S. AU - Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. DO - 10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6 IS - 1 KW - Amblydoras KW - Anilius KW - Camelidae KW - Chapalmalania KW - Megaleporinus KW - Neogene KW - Neotropics KW - Northern South America KW - Paleodiversity KW - Urumaco sequence PB - Springer International Publishing PY - 2021 TI - A Pliocene–Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela T2 - Swiss Journal of Palaeontology UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6 VL - 140 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge Domingo AU - Amson, Eli AU - Zurita, Alfredo AU - Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo Ricardo IS - 1 PB - Copernicus GmbH PY - 2016 SP - 21 EP - 36 TI - Hermann Karsten (1817--1908): a German naturalist in the Neotropics and the significance of his paleovertebrate collection T2 - Fossil Record VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Castro, Mariela C PY - 2015 TI - Sistemática y evolución de los armadillos Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) T2 - Revista del Museo de La Plata| Sección Paleontología VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Castro, Mariela C AU - Avilla, Leonardo S AU - Freitas, Mila L AU - Carlini, Alfredo A PY - 2013 SP - 80 EP - 87 TI - The armadillo Propraopus sulcatus (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the late Quaternary of northern Brazil and a revised synonymy with Propraopus grandis T2 - Quaternary International VL - 317 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cavalcanti, S M C AU - Crawshaw, P G J AU - Pires, L AU - Santiago, M E B AU - Rech, T C PY - 2016 SP - 5 EP - 6 TI - Predation of an adult puma by an anaconda in south-eastern Brazil T2 - Cat. News VL - 63 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ciancio, M R PY - 2016 SP - 231 EP - 247 TI - Los armadillos (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra) del Cenozoico temprano-medio de Argentina: aspectos evolutivos, bioestratigráficos y biogeográficos T2 - Contribuciones Cientificas del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ciancio, Mart\'\in Ricardo AU - Carlini, Alfredo A AU - Campbell, Kenneth E AU - Scillato-Yané, Gustavo J IS - 6 PB - Taylor \& Francis PY - 2013 SP - 727 EP - 741 TI - New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas T2 - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cope, Edward Drinker PB - JSTOR PY - 1868 SP - 96 EP - 140 TI - An examination of the Reptilia and Batrachia obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other species T2 - Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cope, Edward Drinker IS - 272 PB - Ferris Bros. PY - 1889 SP - 657 EP - 664 TI - the edentata of North America T2 - The American Naturalist VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Copeland, Herbert Faulkner PB - Palo Alto, California, Pacific Books. PY - 1956 TI - The classification of lower organisms. T2 - The classification of lower organisms. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Correal Urrego, Gonzalo IS - 1 PY - 1993 SP - 3 EP - 12 TI - Nuevas evidencias culturales pleistocénicas y megafauna en Colombia T2 - Boletín de Arqueología de la Fian VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Correal-Urrego, Gonzalo AU - Gutiérrez-Olano, Javier AU - Calderón, Kenny Javier AU - Villada-Cardozo, Diana C AU - Correal Urrego, Gonzalo AU - Gutiérrez Olano, Javier AU - Calderón, Kenny Javier AU - Villada Cardozo, Diana IS - 20 PB - Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales PY - 2005 SP - 3 EP - 58 TI - Evidencias arqueológicas y megafauna extinta en un salado del Tardiglacial Superior T2 - Boletín de arqueología ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cronquist, Arthur PB - Thomas Nelson \& Sons Ltd., London PY - 1968 TI - The evolution and classification of flowering plants. T2 - The evolution and classification of flowering plants. ER - TY - CHAP AU - Cundall, David AU - Irish, Frances CY - Ithaca ED - Gans, C. ED - Gaunt, A. S. ED - Adler, K. PB - Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles PY - 2008 SP - 349 EP - 392 TI - The snake skull T2 - Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 20. The Skull of Lepidosauria VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The ecological origin of snakes remains amongst the most controversial topics in evolution, with three competing hypotheses: fossorial; marine; or terrestrial. Here we use a geometric morphometric approach integrating ecological, phylogenetic, paleontological, and developmental data for building models of skull shape and size evolution and developmental rate changes in squamates. Our large-scale data reveal that whereas the most recent common ancestor of crown snakes had a small skull with a shape undeniably adapted for fossoriality, all snakes plus their sister group derive from a surface-terrestrial form with non-fossorial behavior, thus redirecting the debate toward an underexplored evolutionary scenario. Our comprehensive heterochrony analyses further indicate that snakes later evolved novel craniofacial specializations through global acceleration of skull development. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between natural selection and developmental processes in snake origin and diversification, leading first to invasion of a new habitat and then to subsequent ecological radiations. AU - Da Silva, Filipe O. AU - Fabre, Anne Claire AU - Savriama, Yoland AU - Ollonen, Joni AU - Mahlow, Kristin AU - Herrel, Anthony AU - Müller, Johannes AU - Di-Poï, Nicolas DO - 10.1038/s41467-017-02788-3 IS - 1 PB - Springer US PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 11 TI - The ecological origins of snakes as revealed by skull evolution T2 - Nature Communications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02788-3 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AU - de Porta, Jaime IS - 19 PY - 1965 SP - 111 EP - 115 TI - Nota preliminar sobre la fauna de vertebrados hallada en Curití (Departamento de Santander, Colombia) T2 - Boletín de Geología VL - 19 ER - TY - BOOK AU - del Hoyo, Josep AU - Collar, Nigel J CY - Barcelona ED - Editions, Linx PB - JSTOR PY - 2014 SN - 978-84-96553-94-1 SP - 904 EP - 904 TI - HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Volume 1: Non-passerines ER - TY - JOUR AU - Delgado, Miguel AU - Aceituno, Francisco Javier AU - Barrientos, Gustavo PB - Elsevier PY - 2015 SP - 55 EP - 64 TI - 14C data and the early colonization of northwest South America: a critical assessment T2 - Quaternary International VL - 363 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dong, Wei AU - Chen, Shao-Kun IS - 3 PY - 2015 SP - 207 EP - 218 TI - An extraordinary pattern of ruminant molars and associated cervids from the Pleistocene of Wushan, Central China T2 - Vert PalAsiat VL - 51 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Elftman, Herbert Oliver PY - 1929 SP - 189 EP - 232 TI - Functional adaptations of the pelvis in marsupials T2 - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History VL - 58 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Estes, Richard CY - Stutgart/New York ED - Kuhn, Oscar ED - Wellnhofer, Peter PB - Gustav Fischer Verlag PY - 1983 SN - 3437303910 TI - Handbuch Der Paläoherpetologie: Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. T2 - Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Teil 10A. Part 10A VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background With over 3,500 species encompassing a diverse range of morphologies and ecologies, snakes make up 36% of squamate diversity. Despite several attempts at estimating higherlevel snake relationships and numerous assessments of generic- or species-level phylogenies, a large-scale species-level phylogeny solely focusing on snakes has not been completed. Here, we provide the largest-yet estimate of the snake tree of life using maximum likelihood on a supermatrix of 1745 taxa (1652 snake species + 7 outgroup taxa) and 9,523 base pairs from 10 loci (5 nuclear, 5 mitochondrial), including previously unsequenced genera (2) and species (61). Results Increased taxon sampling resulted in a phylogeny with a new higher-level topology and corroborate many lower-level relationships, strengthened by high nodal support values (> 85%) down to the species level (73.69% of nodes). Although the majority of families and subfamilies were strongly supported as monophyletic with > 88% support values, some families and numerous genera were paraphyletic, primarily due to limited taxon and loci sampling leading to a sparse supermatrix and minimal sequence overlap between some closely-related taxa. With all rogue taxa and incertae sedis species eliminated, higher-level relationships and support values remained relatively unchanged, except in five problematic clades. Conclusion Our analyses resulted in new topologies at higher- and lower-levels; resolved several previous topological issues; established novel paraphyletic affiliations; designated a new subfamily, Ahaetuliinae, for the genera Ahaetulla, Chrysopelea, Dendrelaphis, and Dryophiops; and appointed Hemerophis (Coluber) zebrinus to a new genus, Mopanveldophis. Although we provide insight into some distinguished problematic nodes, at the deeper phylogenetic scale, resolution of these nodes may require sampling of more slowly-evolving nuclear genes. AU - Figueroa, Alex AU - McKelvy, Alexander D. AU - Grismer, L. Lee AU - Bell, Charles D. AU - Lailvaux, Simon P. DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0161070 IS - 9 PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 31 TI - A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 11 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Fitzinger, Leopold Joseph PB - na PY - 1835 TI - Entwurf einer systematischen Anordnung der Schildkröten nach den Grundsätzen der natürlichen Methode ER - TY - JOUR AB - Heads of the boid snakes Python sebae and Python molurus were dissected and the arthrology, myology and dentition studied. Living specimens of these species were observed and their feeding behavior analyzed by means of high‐ and regular‐speed motion pictures. Camera speeds of up to 400 frames per second permitted examination of the jaw movements during the striking and seizing of prey. Motion picture studies conducted at regular speeds provided information on cranial movements during the swallowing of prey. The morphology of the head was correlated with observed movements in an attempt to analyze the functional and adaptive implications of the jaw apparatus. The cranial apparatus was discussed in terms of a linkage or kinematic chain whose constrainment and degrees of freedom were examined and compared with the jaw linkage of lizards. It was concluded that the very rigidly constrained mechanism in lizards is in remarkably sharp contrast to the very loose apparatus in snakes. Motions of various cranial bones were analyzed with particular attention given the mechanical factors involved. In full protraction the maxillae and palatines are lifted and rotated outward about a longitudinal axis. These movements are important in orienting the teeth with respect to the prey and are related to seizing and swallowing. Copyright © 1966 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. AU - Frazzetta, T. H. DO - 10.1002/jmor.1051180206 PY - 1966 SP - 217 EP - 296 TI - Studies on the morphology and function of the skull in the boidae (Serpentes). Part II. Morphology and function of the jaw apparatus in Python sebae and Python molurus T2 - Journal of Morphology VL - 119 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fulton, Jennifer PY - 2018 TI - Herpetofauna as indicator species in the health of riparian buffer zones T2 - Metamorphosis ER - TY - JOUR AB - Snakes are an extremely modified and long-lived clade of lizards that have either lost or highly altered many of the synapomorphies that would clearly link them to their closest sister-group among squamates. We focus here on one postcranial morphological complex, the intercentrum system which in most non-ophidian squamates is limited to the cervical and caudal regions. The Cervical Intercentrum System (CeIS) is composed of a single intercentral element that sometimes articulates with a ventral projection (hypapophyses) of the centrum; the Caudal Intercentrum System (CaIS) is formed by an intercentral element, the haemal arch/chevron bone, and paired ventral projections of the centrum, the haemapophyses. In modern snakes, the intercentrum element of the CeIS is considered lost or fused to the hypaphophysis, and the chevron bone in CaIS is considered lost. Here, we describe new specimens of the early snake Dinilysia patagonica, and reinterpret previously known specimens of Dinilysia and Najash rionegrina, that do not show the expected snake morphology. The anatomy of these fossil taxa unambiguously shows that free cervical and caudal intercentra attached to distinct downgrowths (hypapophyses and haemapophyses) of the centra, are present in basal fossil snakes, and agrees with the proposed loss of post atlas-axis intercentra in later evolving snakes. AU - Garberoglio, Fernando F. AU - Gómez, Raúl O. AU - Simões, Tiago R. AU - Caldwell, Michael W. AU - Apesteguía, Sebastián DO - 10.1038/s41598-018-36979-9 IS - 1276 PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 10 TI - The evolution of the axial skeleton intercentrum system in snakes revealed by new data from the Cretaceous snakes Dinilysia and Najash T2 - Scientific Reports VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent advances in the phylogenetic relationships of snakes using both molecular and morphological data have generally demonstrated a close relationship between boas and pythons but also induced nomenclatural changes that rob the least inclusive clade to which both belong of a name. This name would be tremendously useful, because it is the least inclusive group to which a large number of fossil boa-like or python-like taxa can be assigned. Accordingly, an update of higher-level nomenclature is desirable. We herein provide an overview of all the names that have historically been applied to boas and pythons. We show that the earliest name for the supra-familial group encompassing boas and pythons is Constrictores Oppel, 1811. We herein revalidate it as an order-group name below Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923 and provide a phylogenetic definition of it to encompass the modern concepts of Booidea and Pythonoidea. We provide emended diagnoses for Constrictores, Booidea, and Pythonoidea based on recent morphological data-sets. AU - Georgalis, Georgios L. AU - Smith, Krister T. DO - 10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03 IS - 3 KW - Booidea KW - Nomenclature KW - Pythonoidea KW - Serpentes PY - 2020 SP - 291 EP - 304 TI - Constrictores oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons T2 - Vertebrate Zoology VL - 70 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Goldfuß, August PB - Schrag PY - 1820 TI - Handbuch der zoologie VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Goloboff, Pablo A AU - Catalano, Santiago A IS - 3 PB - Wiley Online Library PY - 2016 SP - 221 EP - 238 TI - TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics T2 - Cladistics VL - 32 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gómez, Raúl O AU - Garberoglio, Fernando F AU - Rougier, Guillermo W IS - 7 PB - Elsevier PY - 2019 SP - 771 EP - 781 TI - A new Late Cretaceous snake from Patagonia: Phylogeny and trends in body size evolution of madtsoiid snakes T2 - Comptes Rendus Palevol VL - 18 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Gray, Henry CY - Istambul PB - eKitap Projesi & Cheapest Books PY - 2016 SN - 6059654703 TI - Gray’s Anatomy:(Illustrated With 1247 Coloured Well Drawing Engrawings) ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gray, John Edward IS - 1 PY - 1821 SP - 296 EP - 310 TI - On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals T2 - London medical repository VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Greenfield, Haskel J IS - 2 PB - Taylor \& Francis PY - 2006 SP - 147 EP - 163 TI - Slicing cut marks on animal bones: diagnostics for identifying stone tool type and raw material T2 - Journal of Field Archaeology VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Motivation: We generated a novel database of Neotropical snakes (one of the world's richest herpetofauna) combining the most comprehensive, manually compiled distribution dataset with publicly available data. We assess, for the first time, the diversity patterns for all Neotropical snakes as well as sampling density and sampling biases. Main types of variables contained: We compiled three databases of species occurrences: a dataset downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), a verified dataset built through taxonomic work and specialized literature, and a combined dataset comprising a cleaned version of the GBIF dataset merged with the verified dataset. Spatial location and grain: Neotropics, Behrmann projection equivalent to 1° × 1°. Time period: Specimens housed in museums during the last 150 years. Major taxa studied: Squamata: Serpentes. Software format: Geographical information system (GIS). Results: The combined dataset provides the most comprehensive distribution database for Neotropical snakes to date. It contains 147,515 records for 886 species across 12 families, representing 74% of all species of snakes, spanning 27 countries in the Americas. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity show overall similar patterns. Amazonia is the least sampled Neotropical region, whereas most well-sampled sites are located near large universities and scientific collections. We provide a list and updated maps of geographical distribution of all snake species surveyed. Main conclusions: The biodiversity metrics of Neotropical snakes reflect patterns previously documented for other vertebrates, suggesting that similar factors may determine the diversity of both ectothermic and endothermic animals. We suggest conservation strategies for high-diversity areas and sampling efforts be directed towards Amazonia and poorly known species. AU - Guedes, Thaís B. AU - Sawaya, Ricardo J. AU - Zizka, Alexander AU - Laffan, Shawn AU - Faurby, Søren AU - Pyron, R. Alexander AU - Bérnils, Renato S. AU - Jansen, Martin AU - Passos, Paulo AU - Prudente, Ana L.C. AU - Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. AU - Braz, Henrique B. AU - Nogueira, Cristiano de C. AU - Antonelli, Alexandre DO - 10.1111/geb.12679 IS - 1 KW - GBIF KW - Serpentes KW - conservation KW - data availability KW - geographical distribution KW - phylogenetic diversity KW - sampling gaps KW - species richness PY - 2018 SP - 14 EP - 21 TI - Patterns, biases and prospects in the distribution and diversity of Neotropical snakes T2 - Global Ecology and Biogeography VL - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Snakes possess a dense fossil record through the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic and are an important clade for studies of molecular phylogenetics. The use of the snake fossil record has historically been a limited and inaccurate source of temporal data in molecular studies due to taxonomic and phylogenetic ambiguities. Here I provide 10 fossil calibration dates for phylogenetic analysis of higher-order interrelationships of snakes. Calibration points include apomorphy-based systematic justifications and precise dates for hard minimum divergence timings. Calibrated nodes are for the snake total clade, Alethinophidia, and boid and pythonid taxa. Hard minimum divergence timings range from earliest late Cretaceous to middle Miocene. These dates provide precise minima for constraining the early evolutionary history of Serpentes. Comparisons of phylogenetically justified calibrations with published studies that employed form-taxon assignments suggests greatly younger divergences for justified nodes and indicates that deep-time divergence estimates that have been correlated with tectonic histories may be considerably too old and reliant on presumptions of Early Cretaceous Gondwanan vicariance as a mechanism of speciation. AU - Head, Jason J. DO - 10.26879/487 IS - 1 KW - Alethinophidia KW - Boidae KW - Calibration KW - Fossil KW - Pythonidae KW - Serpentes PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 17 TI - Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae T2 - Palaeontologia Electronica VL - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AB - “Anilioidea” is a likely paraphyletic assemblage of pipe snakes that includes extant Aniliidae from equatorial South America, Uropeltoidea from South and Southeast Asia, and a fossil record that consists primarily of isolated precloacal vertebrae ranging from the earliest Late Cretaceous and includes geographic distributions in North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. Articulated precloacal vertebrae from the middle Eocene Bridger Formation of Wyoming, attributed to Borealilysia nov. gen., represent an unambiguous North American aniliid record and prompts a reconsideration of described pipe snakes and their resultant biogeographic histories. On the basis of vertebral apomorphies, the vast majority of reported fossils cannot be assigned to “Anilioidea”. Instead, most records represent stem taxa and macrostomatans erroneously assigned to anilioids on the basis of generalized features associated with fossoriality. A revised fossil record demonstrates that the only extralimital distributions of fossil “anilioids” consist of the North American aniliid record, and there is no unambiguous fossil record of Old World taxa. The occurrence of aniliids in the mid-high latitudes of the late early Eocene of North America is consistent with histories of northward shifts in equatorial ecosystems during the early Paleogene Greenhouse. AU - Head, Jason J. DO - 10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005 KW - Aniliidae KW - Eocene KW - North America KW - Pipe snake KW - Serpentes KW - Systematics PB - Elsevier PY - 2021 SP - 55 EP - 65 TI - A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of “anilioid” snakes T2 - Geobios VL - 66-67 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The largest extant snakes live in the tropics of South America and southeast Asia where high temperatures facilitate the evolution of large body sizes among air-breathing animals whose body temperatures are dependant on ambient environmental temperatures (poikilothermy). Very little is known about ancient tropical terrestrial ecosystems, limiting our understanding of the evolution of giant snakes and their relationship to climate in the past. Here we describe a boid snake from the oldest known neotropical rainforest fauna from the Cerrejón Formation (58-60 Myr ago) in northeastern Colombia. We estimate a body length of 13 m and a mass of 1,135 kg, making it the largest known snake. The maximum size of poikilothermic animals at a given temperature is limited by metabolic rate, and a snake of this size would require a minimum mean annual temperature of 30-34°C to survive. This estimate is consistent with hypotheses of hot Palaeocene neotropics with high concentrations of atmospheric CO2 based on climate models. Comparison of palaeotemperature estimates from the equator to those from South American mid-latitudes indicates a relatively steep temperature gradient during the early Palaeogene greenhouse, similar to that of today. Depositional environments and faunal composition of the Cerrejón Formation indicate an anaconda-like ecology for the giant snake, and an earliest Cenozoic origin of neotropical vertebrate faunas. ©2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. AU - Head, Jason J. AU - Bloch, Jonathan I. AU - Hastings, Alexander K. AU - Bourque, Jason R. AU - Cadena, Edwin A. AU - Herrera, Fabiany A. AU - Polly, P. David AU - Jaramillo, Carlos A. DO - 10.1038/nature07671 IS - 7230 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2009 SP - 715 EP - 717 TI - Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures T2 - Nature UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07671 VL - 457 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The first fossil snakes from Venezuela are described from three different Formations: Colombophis cf. C. portai and Boinae indet. from the Middle Miocene Socorro Formation, Boinae indet. from the Late Miocene Urumaco Formation and Viperidae indet. from the Pleistocene gravels at Cucuruchu. Although the Socorro and Urumaco Formations Boinae cannot be unambiguously referred to any particular taxa, the Venezuelan record, combined with the fauna from La Venta in Colombia, demonstrate that Boinae had achieved much of its more Northern distributions by the middle-late Miocene. The occurrence of a viperid in the Pleistocene gravels at Cucuruchu is consistent with a geologically young record of the lineage in South America. © The Natural History Museum. AU - Head, Jason J. AU - Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. AU - Aguilera, Orangel A. AU - Sánchez‐Villagra, Marcelo R AU - Aguilera, Orangel A. DO - 10.1017/S1477201906001866 IS - 3 KW - Boidae KW - Caribbean KW - Miocene KW - Pleistocene KW - Urumaco KW - Viperidae PY - 2006 SN - 1477201906001 SP - 233 EP - 240 TI - Fossil snakes from the Neogene of Venezuela (Falcón state) T2 - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology VL - 4 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hecht, M K AU - LaDuke, T C PB - Smithsonian Institution Press USA PY - 1997 SP - 95 EP - 99 TI - Limbless tetrapods T2 - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia ER - TY - JOUR AU - Henderson, Robert W. AU - Waller, Tomás AU - Micucci, Patricio AU - Puorto, Giuseppe AU - Bourgeois, Robert W. IS - 1 PY - 1995 SP - 15 EP - 27 TI - Ecological correlates and patterns in the distribution of neotropical boines (Serpentes: Boidae): A preliminar assessment T2 - Herpetological Natural History VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hinojosa-Diaz, Ismael A AU - Engel, Michael S IS - 3589 PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 7 TI - A new fossil orchid bee in Colombian copal (Hymenoptera: Apidae) T2 - American Museum Novitates VL - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoffstetter, R. AU - Rage, Jean Claude IS - 2 PY - 1977 SN - 1111111111 SP - 161 EP - 190 TI - Le Gisement de Vertébrés Miocénes de la Venta (Colombia) et sa Faune de Serpents T2 - Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) VL - 63 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoffstetter, R IS - 4 PY - 1968 SP - 823 EP - 836 TI - Ñuapua, un gisement de vertébrés pléistocènes dans le Chaco Bolivien T2 - Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (2 Série) VL - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoffstetter, Robert AU - Gasc, Jean-Pierre Pierre CY - Buffalo, New York, USA ED - Gans, Carl IS - 5 PB - Academic Press PY - 1969 SP - 201 EP - 310 TI - Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles T2 - Biology of the Reptilia VL - 1 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Holman, J Alan PB - Indiana University Press PY - 2000 TI - Fossil snakes of North America: origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology ER - TY - JOUR AU - Holmes, Walter W AU - Simpson, George Gaylord PY - 1931 SP - 383 EP - 418 TI - Pleistocene exploration and fossil edentates in Florida T2 - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History VL - 59 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoorn, Carina AU - Wesselingh, F P AU - Ter Steege, H AU - Bermudez, M A AU - Mora, A AU - Sevink, J AU - Sanmart\'\in, Isabel AU - Sanchez-Meseguer, A AU - Anderson, C L AU - Figueiredo, J P AU - others IS - 6006 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science PY - 2010 SP - 927 EP - 931 TI - Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity T2 - science VL - 330 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Snakes are a very speciose group of squamates that adapted to various habitats and ecological niches. Their ecological diversity is of particular interest and functional demands associated with their various styles of locomotion are expected to result in anatomical specializations. In order to explore the potential adaptation of snakes to their environment we here analyze variation in vertebral structure at the microanatomical level in species with different locomotor adaptations. Vertebrae, being a major element of the snake body, are expected to display adaptations to the physical constraints associated with the different locomotor modes and environments. Our results revealed a rather homogenous vertebral microanatomy in contrast to what has been observed for other squamates and amniotes more generally. We here suggest that the near-absence of microanatomical specializations in snake vertebrae might be correlated to their rather homogeneous overall morphology and reduced range of morphological diversity, as compared to lizards. Thus, snakes appear to retain a generalist inner morphology that allows them to move efficiently in different environments. Only a few ecologically highly specialized taxa appear to display some microanatomical specializations that remain to be studied in greater detail. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. AU - Houssaye, Alexandra AU - Boistel, Renaud AU - Böhme, Wolfgang AU - Herrel, Anthony DO - 10.1007/s00114-013-1102-x IS - 11 KW - Generalist KW - Locomotor adaptation KW - Microanatomy KW - Snakes KW - Vertebrae PY - 2013 SN - 0011401311 SP - 997 EP - 1006 TI - Jack-of-all-trades master of all? Snake vertebrae have a generalist inner organization T2 - Naturwissenschaften VL - 100 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Brazilian late Pleistocene snakes have an extensive fossil record and are recognized for southern, northeastern and northern regions of this country. This fossil record is represented by the families Boidae, 'Colubridae', Viperidae and Elapidae. Here is presented the first record for Eunectes Wagler for the late Pleistocene of the Brazilian northern region. The material described is a single incomplete dorsal vertebra, and although it shares several vertebral features with most Boidae taxa, it can be distinguished from all other boids because is a robust and wide vertebra with a slightly depressed neural arch, relatively thick and robust zygosphene with a prominent median turbercle. The taxonomic allocation to E. murinus (Linnaeus) is based on the exceptionally large size of the vertebra. The discovery of E. murinus in the late Pleistocene of Tocantins State indicates the presence of a large body of water in a region that has previously been interpreted as relatively arid during this time. © 2013 by the Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia. AU - Hsiou, Annie Schmaltz AU - Winck, Gisele R. AU - Schubert, Blaine W. AU - Ávilla, Leonardo DO - 10.4072/rbp.2013.1.06 IS - 1 KW - Eunectes KW - Late pleistocene KW - Northern Brazil KW - Serpentes KW - Tocantins State PY - 2013 SP - 77 EP - 82 TI - On the presence of Eunectes murinus (Squamata, Serpentes) from the late pleistocene of northern Brazil T2 - Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia VL - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report new snake vertebral remains originating from the late Miocene of south western Brazilian Amazonia (Solimões Formation) and the middle-late Miocene of Venezuela (Socorro and Urumaco Formations). The Brazilian material was attributed to Boidae (aff. Epicrates sp. and Waincophis sp.) and to two probably undetermined "Colubridae". The new snake vertebrae from Venezuela are referred to the extant boid Eunectes sp. Known specimens from the middle Miocene of Venezuela (Socorro Formation) are re-evaluated as cf. Eunectes. Until now, South American late Miocene squamate records have been reported only from Argentina and Venezuela. We present the first record in the Neogene of Brazil, considerably increasing our knowledge of the South American herpetofauna. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. AU - Albino, Adriana M. IS - 4 KW - "colubridae" KW - Boidae KW - Brazil KW - Socorro formation KW - Solimões formation KW - Urumaco formation KW - Venezuela PY - 2010 SP - 249 EP - 259 TI - New snake remains from the Miocene of Northern South America T2 - Herpetological Journal VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The extant genus Eunectes was first reported for the Middle Miocene of Colombia, represented by the extinct species Eunectes stirtoni. Here, we describe vertebral remains referable to this genus collected in the Neogene Solimões Formation at the Talismã locality, situated on the right-hand bank upstream of the Purus River, in the South of Amazonas State, Brazil. The material consists of isolated mid- and posterior trunk vertebrae characterized by the following combination of features that distinguishes the genus from other Neotropical boids: large size, slightly depressed neural arch, relatively low neural spine, robust and moderately thick zygosphene, with a prominent median tubercle, paracotylar foramen irregularly present, and a strong lateroventral projection of the paradiapophyses on the posterior trunk vertebrae. The presence of Eunectes in the Solimões Formation represents the first fossil record of snakes from the southwestern Brazilian Amazonia and supports the origin of this genus in the Miocene or before. © 2009 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. AU - Albino, Adriana M. DO - 10.1670/08-295.1 IS - 4 PY - 2009 SP - 612 EP - 619 TI - Presence of the genus eunectes (Serpentes, Boidae) in the neogene of Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil T2 - Journal of Herpetology VL - 43 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A redescription of the extinct snake genus Colombophis is presented, on the basis of new specimens from the late Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia, and those previously reported for the middle Miocene of Colombia and Venezuela. The reappraisal of Colombophis allows the recognition of a new species, C. spinosus sp. nov. The revised diagnosis of the genus is based on the midtrunk vertebrae, distinct from those of other snakes mainly in the features of the neural arch, position and shape of the neural spine, inclination of the zygapophyses, shape of the centrum, and development of the haemal keel. The affinities of Colombophis with "Anilioidea" are still unresolved; it is distinguished from all known extinct and extant "anilioids" due to its great vertebral size and the frequent presence of paracotylar foramina. The posterior paired apophyses of the haemal keel in some vertebrae, and the high neural spine of C. spinosus also contrast significantly with the "anilioid" genera, making the allocation of the genus into this probably paraphyletic group not well supported. Here, we recognized Colombophis as a basal alethinophidian of uncertain relationships. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. AU - Albino, Adriana M. AU - Ferigolo, Jorge DO - 10.4202/app.2009.1111 IS - 3 KW - Alethinophidia KW - Colombophis KW - Miocene KW - Serpentes KW - South America PY - 2010 SP - 365 EP - 379 TI - Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species T2 - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica VL - 55 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hughes, Janice M IS - 2 PY - 2000 SP - 263 EP - 307 TI - Monophyly and phylogeny of cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) inferred from osteological characters T2 - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society VL - 130 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A comparative study was carried out on the vertebral morphology of 54 species and subspecies of snakes from Japan and a few other East and Southeast Asian countries. My purpose was to establish a character table for identification of Cenozoic fossil snake vertebrae frequently found in these regions. A total of 29 taxonomically useful characters were recognized. The validity of the vertebral features previously proposed to diagnose various snake taxa is examined on the basis of the present results. © 2007, The Herpetological Society of Japan. All rights reserved. AU - Ikeda, Tadahiro DO - 10.3105/1345-5834(2007)26[13:ACMSOT]2.0.CO;2 IS - 1 KW - Comparative morphology KW - Identification KW - Snake KW - Taxonomic character KW - Vertebra PY - 2007 SP - 13 EP - 34 TI - A Comparative Morphological Study of the Vertebrae of Snakes Occurring in Japan and Adjacent Regions T2 - Current Herpetology VL - 26 ER - TY - GEN AU - Illinger, C PB - Salfield PY - 1811 TI - Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis: Berlin, Germany, C ER - TY - JOUR AU - Joyce, Walter G AU - Bell, Christopher J PY - 2004 SP - 53 EP - 109 TI - A review of the comparative morphology of extant testudinoid turtles (Reptilia: Testudines) T2 - Asiatic Herpetological Research VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Joyce, Walter G AU - Bourque, Jason R IS - 1 PY - 2016 SP - 57 EP - 95 TI - A review of the fossil record of turtles of the clade Pan-Kinosternoidea T2 - Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History VL - 57 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A cladistic analysis of 79 morphological char- acters delimits the following group and subgroups of snakes, collectively re- ferred to as boines, on the best-fitting hypothesis of relationships: (Candoia (Corallus (Boa (Epicrates, Eunectes)))). This hierarchy obtains under either the assumption of character state additivity or nonadditivity. Xenoboa is synonymized with Corallus in order to maintain the monophyly of the latter taxon, and Acran- tophis and Sanzinia are placed in the synonymy of Boa. The latter action makes the taxonomy more informative by reducing the number of monotypic genera, and it also emphasizes a South America-Madagascar vicariance hypothesis. The general nature of research cycles in phylogenetic inference and their importance in reaching a consensus hypothesis are discussed. In particular, the individuality of the ingroup and the relationships of its most inclusive taxa are emphasized. That boine monophyly and the basal dichotomies within that group are strongly corroborated are expected to impact significantly on the next round of research on the higher classification of snakes. AU - Kluge, Arnold G IS - 178 KW - Acrantophis KW - Boa KW - Boines KW - Candoia KW - Corallus KW - Epicrates KW - Eunectes KW - Sanzinia KW - Xenoboa. KW - cladistzcs KW - phylogeny KW - research cycles KW - snakes KW - taxonomy PY - 1991 SN - 978-9991393568 SP - 1 EP - 58 TI - Boine Snake Phylogeny and Research Cycles T2 - Miscellaneous Publications - Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan ER - TY - JOUR AU - Krmpotic, C M AU - Ciancio, M R AU - Barbeito, C AU - Mario, R C AU - Carlini, A A IS - 4 PY - 2009 SP - 339 EP - 351 TI - Osteoderm morphology in recent and fossil euphractine xenarthrans T2 - Acta Zoologica VL - 90 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Krmpotic, Cecilia Mariana AU - Ciancio, Martin Ricardo AU - Carlini, Alfredo Armando AU - Castro, Mariela C AU - Scarano, Alejo Carlos AU - Barbeito, Claudio Gustavo IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2015 SP - 601 EP - 616 TI - Comparative histology and ontogenetic change in the carapace of armadillos (Mammalia: Dasypodidae) T2 - Zoomorphology VL - 134 ER - TY - JOUR AU - LaDuke, Thomas .C PY - 1991 SP - 1 EP - 28 TI - The Fossil Snakes of Pit 91, Rancho La Brea, California T2 - Contributions in Science VL - 424 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Langston, Wann AU - Gasparini, Z PY - 1997 SP - 113 EP - 154 TI - Crocodilians, Gryposuchus, and the south American gavials T2 - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Mio- cene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia ER - TY - BOOK AU - Latreille, Pierre André PB - an x-an xiii PY - 1802 TI - Histoire naturelle: générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes VL - 10 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Laurenti, Josephus Nicolaus PB - Trattner PY - 1768 TI - Specimen medicum, exhibens synopin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum ER - TY - CHAP AB - Snakes are a diverse group of long-bodied, limb-reduced reptiles descended from lizards. They are of scientific, ecological and medical importance. AU - Lee, Michael SY AU - Palci, Alessandro DA - 2021/4// DO - 10.1002/9780470015902.a0029264 PB - Wiley PY - 2021 SP - 111 EP - 117 TI - Serpentes (Snakes) T2 - eLS ER - TY - JOUR AB - Relationships between the major lineages of snakes are assessed based on a phylogenetic analysis of the most extensive phenotypic data set to date (212 osteological, 48 soft anatomical, and three ecological characters). The marine, limbed Cretaceous snakes Pachyrhachis and Haasiophis emerge as the most primitive snakes: characters proposed to unite them with advanced snakes (macrostomatans) are based on unlikely interpretations of contentious elements or are highly variable within snakes. Other basal snakes include madtsoiids and Dinilysia - both large, presumably non-burrowing forms. The inferred relationships within extant snakes are broadly similar to currently accepted views, with scolecophidians (blindsnakes) being the most basal living forms, followed by anilioids (pipesnakes), booids and booid-like groups, acrochordids (filesnakes), and finally colubroids. Important new conclusions include strong support for the monophyly of large constricting snakes (erycines, boines, pythonines), and moderate support for the non-monophyly of the 'trophidophiids' (dwarf boas). These phylogenetic results are obtained whether varanoid lizards, or amphisbaenians and dibamids, are assumed to be the nearest relatives (outgroups) of snakes, and whether multistate characters are treated as ordered or unordered. Identification of large marine forms, and large surface-active terrestrial forms, as the most primitive snakes contradicts with the widespread view that snakes arose via minute, burrowing ancestors. Furthermore, these basal fossil snakes all have long flexible jaw elements adapted for ingesting large prey ('macrostomy'), suggesting that large gape was primitive for snakes and secondarily reduced in the most basal living foms (scolecophidians and anilioids) in connection with burrowing. This challenges the widespread view that snake evolution has involved progressive, directional elaboration of the jaw apparatus to feed on larger prey. AU - Lee, Michael S.Y. Y AU - Scanlon, John D. DO - 10.1017/S1464793102005924 IS - 3 KW - Cladistics KW - Feeding KW - Morphology KW - Phylogeny KW - Serpentes KW - Snakes KW - Squamates PY - 2002 SP - 333 EP - 401 TI - Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and ecology T2 - Biological Reviews VL - 77 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Linnaeus, Carl von CY - Stockholm ET - 10th PB - Laurentii Salvii PY - 1758 SP - 881 EP - 881 TI - Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. UR - https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Lund, Peter Wilhelm PB - Trykt i B. Luno's bogtrykkeri PY - 1841 TI - Blik paa Braziliens dyreverden för sidste jordomvaeltning ER - TY - CHAP AU - McDowell, Samuel B. CY - Ithaca ED - Gans, C. ED - Gaunt, A. S. ED - Adler, K. PB - Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles PY - 2008 SN - 978–0–916984–77–9 SP - 467 EP - 620 TI - The Skull of Serpentes T2 - Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 21. Morphology I. The Skull and Appendicular Locomotor Apparatus of Lepidosauria. ER - TY - JOUR AB - Integration of several geologic lines of evidence reveals the prevalence of a lowland trans-Andean portal communicating western Amazonia and the westernmost Andes from at least middle Miocene until Pliocene times. Volcanism and crustal shortening built up relief in the southernmost Central and Eastern Cordilleras of Colombia, closing this lowland gap. Independent lines of evidence consist first, of field mapping in the Tatacoa Desert with a coverage area of ∼381 km2, 1,165 km of geological contact traces, 164 structural data points, and 3D aerial digital mapping models. This map documents the beginning of southward propagation of the southernmost tip of the Eastern Cordillera’s west-verging, fold-and-thrust belt between ∼12.2 and 13.7 Ma. Second, a compilation of new and published detrital zircon geochronology in middle Miocene strata of the Tatacoa Desert shows three distinctive age populations: middle Miocene, middle Eocene, and Jurassic; the first two sourced west of the Central Cordillera, the latter in the Magdalena Valley. Similar populations with the three distinctive peaks have now been recovered in western Amazonian middle Miocene strata. These observations, along with published molecular and fossil fish data, suggest that by Serravallian times (∼13 Ma), the Northern Andes were separated from the Central Andes at ∼3°N by a fluvial system that flowed into the Amazon Basin through the Tatacoa Desert. This paleogeographic configuration would be similar to a Western Andean, or Marañon Portal. Late Miocene flattening of the subducting Nazca slab caused the eastward migration of the Miocene volcanic arc, so that starting at ∼4 Ma, large composite volcanoes were built up along the axis of today's Central Cordillera, closing this lowland Andean portal and altering the drainage patterns to resemble a modern configuration. AU - Montes, C. AU - Silva, C. A. AU - Bayona, G. A. AU - Villamil, R. AU - Stiles, E. AU - Rodriguez-Corcho, A. F. AU - Beltran-Triviño, A. AU - Lamus, F. AU - Muñoz-Granados, M. D. AU - Pérez-Angel, L. C. AU - Hoyos, N. AU - Gomez, S. AU - Galeano, J. J. AU - Romero, E. AU - Baquero, M. AU - Cardenas-Rozo, A. L. AU - von Quadt, A. DO - 10.3389/feart.2020.587022 KW - Andes KW - La Venta KW - Magdalena valley KW - Northern Andes KW - drainages KW - miocene KW - portal PY - 2021 TI - A Middle to Late Miocene Trans-Andean Portal: Geologic Record in the Tatacoa Desert T2 - Frontiers in Earth Science VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Cocinetas Basin of Colombia provides a valuable window into the geological and paleontological history of northern South America during the Neogene. Two major findings provide new insights into the Neogene history of this Cocinetas Basin: (1) a formal re-description of the Jimol and Castilletes formations, including a revised contact; and (2) the description of a new lithostratigraphic unit, the Ware Formation (Late Pliocene). We conducted extensive fieldwork to develop a basin-scale stratigraphy, made exhaustive paleontological collections, and performed 87Sr/86Sr geochronology to document the transition from the fully marine environment of the Jimol Formation (ca. 17.9–16.7 Ma) to the fluvio-deltaic environment of the Castilletes (ca. 16.7–14.2 Ma) and Ware (ca. 3.5–2.8 Ma) formations. We also describe evidence for short-term periodic changes in depositional environments in the Jimol and Castilletes formations. The marine invertebrate fauna of the Jimol and Castilletes formations are among the richest yet recorded from Colombia during the Neogene. The Castilletes and Ware formations have also yielded diverse and biogeographically significant fossil vertebrate assemblages. The revised lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy presented here provides the necessary background information to explore the complete evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the excellent fossil record of the Cocinetas Basin. AU - Moreno, F. AU - Hendy, A. J.W. AU - Quiroz, L. AU - Hoyos, N. AU - Jones, D. S. AU - Zapata, V. AU - Zapata, S. AU - Ballen, G. A. AU - Cadena, E. AU - Cárdenas, A. L. AU - Carrillo-Briceño, J. D. AU - Carrillo, J. D. AU - Delgado-Sierra, D. AU - Escobar, J. AU - Martínez, J. I. AU - Martínez, C. AU - Montes, C. AU - Moreno, J. AU - Pérez, N. AU - Sánchez, R. AU - Suárez, C. AU - Vallejo-Pareja, M. C. AU - Jaramillo, C. DO - 10.1007/s13358-015-0071-4 IS - 1 KW - Cocinetas Basin KW - Colombia KW - GABI (Great American Biotic Interchange) KW - La Guajira Peninsula KW - Miocene KW - Paleoenvironments KW - Paleontology KW - Pliocene KW - Stratigraphy PY - 2015 SP - 5 EP - 43 TI - Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia T2 - Swiss Journal of Palaeontology VL - 134 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Muttillo, Brunella AU - Lembo, Giuseppe AU - Rufo, Ettore AU - Peretto, Carlo AU - Lleras Pérez, Roberto PY - 2017 SP - 455 EP - 465 TI - Revisiting the oldest known lithic assemblages of Colombia: A review of data from El Abra and Tibitó (Cundiboyacense Plateau, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia) T2 - Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Muttillo, Brunella AU - Berruti, Gabriele Francesco AU - Pérez, Roberto Lleras AU - Peretto, Carlo AU - Rufo, Ettore AU - Lembo, Giuseppe IS - 4 PY - 2019 SP - 309 EP - 314 TI - New Insights on the Oldest Lithic Assemblages of the Tibitó and El Abra Sites (Sabana de Bogotá, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia) T2 - PaleoAmerica VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nopcsa, F PY - 1923 SP - 97 EP - 154 TI - Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis T2 - Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien. Palaeontographica VL - 65 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Brazilian fossil snakes have had a rich and diverse record since the Late Cretaceous. Here, we provide an overview of the snake fossil record from Brazil, gathering all available data to reconstruct the diversity and distribution of taxa through time. Mesozoic snakes are scarce, represented by the putative ophidian Tetrapodophis amplectus, the snake Seismophis septentrionalis, and some undescribed material referred to 'Anilioidea.' The Paleocene of São José do Itaboraí holds the richest and most-diverse Brazilian snake fauna composed of several taxa of madtsoids, 'aniloids,' boids, 'booids,' and caenophidians. Fossils from the Brazilian Neogene are reported for the Late Miocene of the Solimões Formation including boids, Colubroides, and an alethinophidian of uncertain relationships, Colombophis. Quaternary deposits yield a rich snake fauna represented by extant species such as boids and colubroids. The Brazilian snake fossil record is crucial for understanding issues about the early evolution of snakes and provides valuable insights into paleobiogeography, paleoenvironmental, and morphological studies. AU - Onary, Silvio Y. AU - Fachini, Thiago S. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. DO - 10.1670/16-031 IS - 3 PY - 2017 SP - 365 EP - 374 TI - The snake fossil record from Brazil T2 - Journal of Herpetology VL - 51 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background. Tar seep deposits in South America historically are well-known for their rich record of fossil mammals, contrasting with only a few formal reports of reptile remains. Here we report a new snake fauna recovered from two tar pits from Venezuela. The fossil remains come from two localities: (a) El Breal de Orocual, which comprises an inactive tar seep estimated to be Plio/Pleistocene in age; and (b) Mene de Inciarte, an active surface asphalt deposit with an absolute age dating to the late Pleistocene. Methods. The taxonomic identity of all specimens was assessed via consultation of the relevant literature and comparison with extant specimens. The taxonomic assignments are supported by detailed anatomical description. Results. The Mene de Inciarte snake fauna comprises vertebral remains identified as the genus Epicrates sp. (Boidae), indeterminate viperids, and several isolated vertebrae attributable to "Colubridae" (Colubroidea, sensu Zaher et al., 2009). Amongst the vertebral assemblage at El Breal de Orocual, one specimen is assigned to the genus Corallus sp. (Boidae), another to cf. Micrurus (Elapidae), and several others to "Colubrids" (Colubroides, sensu Zaher et al., 2009) and the Viperidae family. Conclusions. These new records provide valuable insight into the diversity of snakes in the north of South America during the Neogene/Quaternary boundary. The snake fauna of El Breal de Orocual and Mene de Inciarte demonstrates the presence of Boidae, Viperidae, "colubrids", and the oldest South American record of Elapidae. The presence of Corallus, Epicrates, and viperids corroborates the mosaic palaeoenvironmental conditions of El Breal de Orocual. The presence of Colubroides within both deposits sheds light on the palaeobiogeographical pattern of caenophidians snake colonization of South America and is consistent with the hypothesis of two episodes of dispersion of Colubroides to the continent. AU - Onary, Silvio AU - Rincón, Ascanio D. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. DO - 10.7717/peerj.5402 IS - e5402 KW - Boidae KW - Colubroidea KW - Elapidae KW - Fossils snakes KW - Micrurus KW - Palaebiogeography KW - Panama Isthmus KW - South America KW - Venezuela PY - 2018 TI - Fossil snakes (Squamata, Serpentes) from the tar pits of Venezuela: taxonomic, palaeoenvironmental, and palaeobiogeographical implications for the North of South America during the Cenozoic/Quaternary boundary T2 - PeerJ VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Onary-Alves, S.Y., Hsiou, A.S. & Rincón, A.D., July 2016. The northernmost South American fossil record of Boa constrictor (Boidae, Boinae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of El Breal de Orocual (Venezuela). Alcheringa 41, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518. Boa constrictor is an extant boid widely distributed through the neotropical region, from the north of Central America to central Argentina. The fossil record of the species includes examples from several localities across the Americas that extend beyond the current distribution of the species. Here we report the first Plio–Pleistocene fossils of Boa from Monagas state, Venezuela. The material comes from El Breal de Orocual (Maturín municipality), which is an inactive tar seep deposit emplaced within the Mesa Formation. The specimens consist of two isolated anterior trunk vertebrae, an articulated sequence of six mid-trunk vertebrae and two posterior trunk vertebrae. The vertebrae are attributed to B. constrictor based on the following features: robust and high vertebrae; thick zygosphene with a notched or concave anterior edge; presence of a paracotylar, subcentral and lateral foramina; marked parasagittal ridges; epizygapophyseal process evident on the dorsal surface of the postzygapophyseal articular facets and high blade-like neural spine. The presence of B. constrictor in northern of Venezuela indicates a palaeoenvironment probably like savanna crossed by rivers with riparian forests, and suggests the predominance of a mesothermal climate with a moderate rainfall. Silvio Y. Onary-Alves [silvioyuji@gmail.com], Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Annie S. Hsiou [anniehsiou@ffclrp.usp.br], Laboratório de Paleontologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Ascanio D. Rincón [paleosur1974@gmail.com], Laboratorio de Paleontología, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Carretera Panamericana Km 11, 1020-A Caracas, Venezuela. AU - Onary-Alves, Silvio Y. AU - Hsiou, Annie S. AU - Rincón, Ascanio D. DO - 10.1080/03115518.2016.1180031 IS - 1 KW - Boa constrictor KW - Boinae KW - El Breal de Orocual KW - Venezuela KW - late Pliocene–early Pleistocene PY - 2017 SP - 61 EP - 68 TI - The northernmost South American fossil record of Boa constrictor (Boidae, Boinae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of El Breal de Orocual (Venezuela) T2 - Alcheringa UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2016.1180031 VL - 41 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Oppel, Michael CY - München ED - Lindauer, Joseph PY - 1811 TI - Die ordnungen, familien und gattungen der reptilien als prodrom einer naturgeschichte derselben ER - TY - BOOK AU - Osgood, Wilfred Hudson PB - University of Chicago PY - 1921 TI - A Monographic Study of the American Marsupial, Caēnolestes T2 - Zoological series VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Owen, R PY - 1848 SP - 104 EP - 141 TI - Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct anthracotheroid quadrapeds.... with an attempt to develop Cuvier's idea of the classification of pachyderms by the number of their toes T2 - Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Passos, Paulo AU - Fernandes, Ronaldo IS - 1 PB - The Herpetologists' League, Inc University of South Florida, Department of~… PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 30 TI - Revision of the Epicrates cenchria complex (Serpentes: Boidae) T2 - Herpetological Monographs VL - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Penney, David AU - Wadsworth, Caroline AU - Green, David I AU - Kennedy, Sandra L AU - Preziosi, Richard F AU - Brown, Terence A IS - 7 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 6 TI - Extraction of inclusions from (sub) fossil resins, with description of a new species of stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Quaternary Colombian copal T2 - Paleontological Contributions VL - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Peters, Shanan E AU - McClennen, Michael IS - 1 PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 7 TI - The Paleobiology Database application programming interface T2 - Paleobiology VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Poinar, George Jr AU - Bukejs, Andris AU - Legalov, Andrei A IS - 1 PY - 2017 SP - 85 EP - 90 TI - First records of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Quaternary Colombian copal T2 - Revista Colombiana de Entomología VL - 43 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Politis, Gustavo G PB - Eudeba PY - 2009 SN - 1512909181 TI - El poblamiento de América: arqueología y bio-antropología de los primeros americanos ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The extant squamates (>9400 known species of lizards and snakes) are one of the most diverse and conspicuous radiations of terrestrial vertebrates, but no studies have attempted to reconstruct a phylogeny for the group with large-scale taxon sampling. Such an estimate is invaluable for comparative evolutionary studies, and to address their classification. Here, we present the first large-scale phylogenetic estimate for Squamata. Results: The estimated phylogeny contains 4161 species, representing all currently recognized families and subfamilies. The analysis is based on up to 12896 base pairs of sequence data per species (average = 2497 bp) from 12 genes, including seven nuclear loci (BDNF, c-mos, NT3, PDC, R35, RAG-1, and RAG-2), and five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, ND2, and ND4). The tree provides important confirmation for recent estimates of higher-level squamate phylogeny based on molecular data (but with more limited taxon sampling), estimates that are very different from previous morphology-based hypotheses. The tree also includes many relationships that differ from previous molecular estimates and many that differ from traditional taxonomy. Conclusions: We present a new large-scale phylogeny of squamate reptiles that should be a valuable resource for future comparative studies. We also present a revised classification of squamates at the family and subfamily level to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. This classification includes new, resurrected, and modified subfamilies within gymnophthalmid and scincid lizards, and boid, colubrid, and lamprophiid snakes. © 2013 Pyron et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. AU - Pyron, R. Alexander AU - Burbrink, Frank T. AU - Wiens, John J. DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 IS - 1 KW - Amphisbaenia KW - Lacertilia KW - Likelihood support measures KW - Missing data KW - Phylogenetics KW - Reptilia KW - Serpentes KW - Squamata KW - Supermatrices KW - Systematics PY - 2013 TI - A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes T2 - BMC Evolutionary Biology VL - 13 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Rage, Jean Claude CY - Stuttgart ED - Verlag, Gustav Fischer PY - 1984 SN - 3437301411 SP - 129 EP - 129 TI - Serpentes T2 - Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie ER - TY - CHAP AU - Rasmussen, Tab D CY - Washington/London ED - Kay, R F ED - Madden, R H ED - Cifelli, R L ED - Flynn, J J PB - Smithsonian Institution Press PY - 1997 SN - 1-56098-418-X SP - 171 EP - 183 TI - Birds T2 - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reynolds, R. Graham AU - Henderson, Robert W. DO - 10.3099/MCZ48.1 IS - 1 PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 58 TI - Boas of the World (Superfamily Booidae): A Checklist With Systematic , Taxonomic , and Conservation Assessments T2 - Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology VL - 162 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reynolds, R Graham AU - Niemiller, Matthew L AU - Revell, Liam J PB - Elsevier PY - 2014 SP - 201 EP - 213 TI - Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling T2 - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution VL - 71 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Correct punctuation is essential for clear and effective writing. The following list contains some of the most critical punctuation rules. AU - Rivas, Jesús A. CY - New York PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2020 SN - 9780199732876 TI - Anaconda: The Secret Life of the World's Largest Snake ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rodriguez-Bualó, Santiago Martín AU - Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo AU - Soibelzon, Esteban AU - Gonzalez-Ruiz, Laureano AU - Paredes-Rios, Freddy IS - 1 PY - 2017 SP - 35 EP - 43 TI - The Cingulata Dasypodidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) in the Tarija Valley (Bolivia): a particular assemblage in South America T2 - Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana VL - 56 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Study of ancient disease (paleopathology) is a powerful tool for understanding lifestyle and population dynamics, as well as the history of disease in antiquity. The major premise of paleopathology is that diagnoses of conditions of living animals can be extrapolated to fossils. Recognition of persistence of structural integrity, and even of cellular components, allows use of new radiologic, immunologic, DNA and holistic analysis techniques to effectively test diagnostic impressions. Collaboration by specialists in structural relationships (e.g., paleontologists) and students of disease (e.g., health care providers) provides significant insights to behaviour of animals, long since extinct. -Authors AU - Rothschild, B. M. AU - Tanke, D. IS - 2 PY - 1992 SP - 73 EP - 82 TI - Paleopathology of vertebrates: insights to lifestyle and health in the geological record T2 - Geoscience Canada VL - 19 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rueda, Edwin Alberto Cadena AU - Jaramillo, Carlos A AU - Cadena, Edwin AU - Jaramillo, Carlos A IS - 2 PB - BioOne PY - 2015 SP - 188 EP - 203 TI - Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America; giant tortoises, chelids, and podocnemidids from Castilletes Formation, Colombia T2 - Ameghiniana VL - 52 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Macrostomy is the anatomical feature present in macrostomatan snakes that permits the ingestion of entire prey with high cross-sectional area. It depends on several anatomical traits in the skeleton and soft tissues, of which the elongation of gnathic complex and backward rotation of the quadrate represent crucial skeletal requirements. Here, the relevance of postnatal development of these skull structures and their relationship with macrohabitat and diet are explored. Contrary to the condition present in lizards and basal snakes that occupy underground macrohabitats, elements of the gnathic complex of most macrostomatan snakes that exploit surface macrohabitats display conspicuous elongation during postnatal growth, relative to the rest of the skull, as well as further backward rotation of the quadrate bone. Remarkably, several clades of small cryptozoic macrostomatans reverse these postnatal transformations and return to a diet based on prey with low cross-sectional area such as annelids, insects or elongated vertebrates, thus resembling the condition present in underground basal snakes. Dietary ontogenetic shift observed in most macrostomatan snakes is directly linked with this ontogenetic trajectory, indicating that this shift is acquired progressively as the gnathic complex elongates and the quadrate rotates backward during postnatal ontogeny. The numerous independent events of reversion in the gnathic complex and prey type choice observed in underground macrostomatans and the presence of skeletal requirements for macrostomy in extinct non-macrostomatan species reinforce the possibility that basal snakes represent underground survivors of clades that had the skeletal requirements for macrostomy. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that macrostomy has been shaped during multiple episodes of occupation of underground and surface macrohabitats throughout the evolution of snakes. AU - Scanferla, Agustín DA - 2016/11// DO - 10.1098/rsos.160612 IS - 11 KW - Evolution KW - Macrostomy KW - Postnatal ontogeny KW - Snakes PB - Royal Society Publishing PY - 2016 TI - Postnatal ontogeny and the evolution of macrostomy in snakes T2 - Royal Society Open Science VL - 3 ER - TY - GEN AU - Scanferla, Carlos Agust\'\in AU - Fernández, Marta AU - Novas, Fernando E PY - 2010 TI - El origen y evolución temprana de las serpientes: análisis anatómico y filogenético de los ofidios Cretácicos y Paleógenos de la Patagonia y Bolivia ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scanferla, Agustin AU - Smith, Krister T IS - 3 PB - MDPI PY - 2020 SP - 100 EP - 100 TI - Exquisitely preserved fossil snakes of Messel: insight into the evolution, biogeography, habitat preferences and sensory ecology of early boas T2 - Diversity VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - a new specimen referable to Boiruna cf. B. maculata from a lower-mid pleistocene locality in ramallo, buenos aires, argentina is described, representing the first fossil record of this genus. this specimen is referred to this living genus on the basis of the following features: robust supratemporal bone very wide at mid-length; subcentral process of the basioccipital with three well-developed subequal projections forming a wide, flat, posteriorly indented surface; lymphatic fossae of trunk vertebrae wide and deep, with well developed subcentral ridges; and third cloacal vertebra with anteroposteriorly extended neural spine, amongst others. this record is outside the current geographical range of the species of this genus, indicating warmer environmental conditions at the end of the ensenadan age in buenos aires province. as in other continents, the south american fossil pleistocene record indicates that pleistocene extinctions affected mainly (and perhaps only) large reptiles. AU - Scanferla, Carlos A. AU - Agnolin, Federico AU - Voglino, Damián DO - 10.2994/057.004.0309 IS - 3 PY - 2009 SP - 259 EP - 267 TI - Boiruna cf. B. maculata (Ophidia: Colubroides) from the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Argentina, and the effects of Pleistocene extinctions on South American reptiles T2 - South American Journal of Herpetology VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - New fossil specimens of amphibians and reptiles found in several localities of the Cerro Azul Formation (Upper Miocene) from La Pampa province are described. The new records include a fragmentary skull remain assigned to the frog genus Ceratophrys, carapace fragments of the tortoise genus Chelonoidis, vertebrae referred to the lizard Tupinambis, and a trunk vertebra of a colubroid snake compared with the living colubroid genus Philodryas. Previous Tertiary records of genera of amphibians and reptiles, as well as the studied assemblage from the Upper Miocene of La Pampa, indicate that almost the modern genera that conform the Neotropical herpetofauna were well in progress by the Miocene, a similar pattern observed in other parts of the world. AU - Scanferla, Agustín AU - Agnolín, Federico L. DO - 10.1590/0031-1049.2015.55.23 IS - 23 PY - 2015 SP - 323 EP - 333 TI - Nuevos aportes al conocimiento de la herpetofauna de la formación Cerro Azul (mioceno superior), provincia de La Pampa, Argentina T2 - Papéis avulsos de Zoologia VL - 55 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Schaller, Oskar AU - Constantinescu, Gheorghe M PB - Georg Thieme Verlag PY - 2007 SN - 3830410697 TI - Illustrated veterinary anatomical nomenclature ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scheyer, Torsten M AU - Aguilera, Oscar Alberto AU - Delfino, Massimo AU - Fortier, D C AU - Carlini, Alfredo Armando AU - Sánchez, R AU - Carrillo-Briceño, J D AU - Quiroz, L AU - Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 9 TI - Crocodylian diversity peak and extinction in the late Cenozoic of the northern Neotropics T2 - Nature communications VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schneider, Caroline A AU - Rasband, Wayne S AU - Eliceiri, Kevin W IS - 7 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2012 SP - 671 EP - 675 TI - NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis T2 - Nature methods VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Seymour, Kevin L PY - 2015 SP - 97 EP - 109 TI - Perusing Talara: overview of the Late Pleistocene fossils from the tar seeps of Peru T2 - Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shufeldt, Robert Wilson IS - 165 PY - 1901 SP - 4 EP - 51 TI - The Osteology of the Cuckoos:[Coccyges] T2 - Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society VL - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shute, Elen AU - Prideaux, Gavin J AU - Worthy, Trevor H IS - 4 PY - 2016 SP - 964 EP - 1002 TI - Three terrestrial Pleistocene coucals (Centropus: Cuculidae) from southern Australia: biogeographical and ecological significance T2 - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society VL - 177 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Siebold, Carl Th Ernst AU - Stannius, Hermann PB - Veit PY - 1848 TI - Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Medicine Pole Hills of North Dakota, USA, afford an excellent view of an Eocene fauna in the Rocky Mountain interior prior to the climatic deterioration of the earliest Oligocene. I describe the snakes of this locality using 179 isolated vertebrae from all parts of the vertebral column as well as cranial elements. The assemblage comprises four species: (1) a primitive burrowing snake (" anilioid" ); (2) a small boid related to Ungaliophiinae (dwarf boas); (3) a mid-sized booid related to Loxocemus (Mexican Burrowing Python); and (4) a colubrid. The dwarf boa, Calamagras weigeli, is conservatively regarded as the earliest secure representative of the total clade of Ungaliophiinae, but the history of this clade may stretch considerably further back. The loxocemid, Ogmophis compactus, is only the second reported fossil of that clade. The colubrid is one of the earliest known and could represent the first appearance of colubrine " racers" in North America; it may have had an elongate tail, but this is not yet statistically clear. Full-column analysis and cranial elements prove crucial for the accurate higher-level identification of snake clades from which these isolated elements derive. The past assignment of most North American Paleogene taxa to Erycinae (sand boas) is further undone in this work; there is no well-founded record of an erycine in North America prior to the Miocene. © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. AU - Smith, Krister T. DO - 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006 IS - 2 KW - Climate change KW - Colubridae KW - Fossil KW - Loxocemus KW - Serpentes KW - Ungaliophiinae PB - Elsevier GmbH. PY - 2013 SP - 157 EP - 182 TI - New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America T2 - Zoologischer Anzeiger UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006 VL - 252 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Soibelzon, Esteban AU - Avilla, L S AU - Castro, Mariela C PY - 2015 SP - 118 EP - 125 TI - The cingulates (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the late Quaternary of northern Brazil: Fossil records, paleoclimates and displacements in America T2 - Quaternary International VL - 377 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Somavilla, Alexandre AU - Oliveira, Marcio Luiz de AU - Silveira, Orlando Tobias IS - 4 PY - 2012 SP - 405 EP - 414 TI - Guia de identificação dos ninhos de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) na Reserva Ducke, manaus, Amazonas, Brasil T2 - Revista Brasileira de Entomologia VL - 56 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Souza, Lucy G. AU - Bandeira, Kamila L N AU - Pêgas, Rodrigo V AU - Brum, Arthur S AU - Machado, Rodrigo AU - Guilherme, Edson AU - Loboda, Thiago S AU - SOUZA-FILHO, JONAS P PB - SciELO Brasil PY - 2021 TI - The history, importance and anatomy of the specimen that validated the giant Purussaurus brasiliensis Barbosa-Rodrigues 1892 (Crocodylia: Caimaninae) T2 - Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências VL - 93 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Spix, Johann Baptist von PB - FS Hübschmann PY - 1824 TI - Animalia nova sive Species novae testudinum et ranarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX... ER - TY - BOOK AU - Steadman, David W CY - Florida, US ED - Nat., Florida Museum. ED - Bull, Hist. PB - University of Florida PY - 2008 TI - Doves (Columbidae) and cuckoos (Cuclidae) from the early Miocene of Florida VL - 48 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Steadman, David W AU - Tellkamp, Markus P AU - Wake, Thomas A IS - 3 PY - 2003 SP - 572 EP - 579 TI - Prehistoric exploitation of birds on the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico T2 - The Condor VL - 105 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Steadman, David W AU - Oswald, Jessica A AU - Rincón, Ascanio D IS - 3 PY - 2015 SP - 555 EP - 564 TI - The diversity and biogeography of late Pleistocene birds from the lowland Neotropics T2 - Quaternary Research VL - 83 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Swainson, William PB - WH Lizars,... S. Highley,... London; and W. Curry, jun. and Company Dublin. PY - 1837 TI - The Natural History of the Birds of Western Africa VL - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Falseryx neervelpensis sp. nov. (Booid-grade, 'Tropidophiidae') from the earliest Oligocene (MP 21) of Belgium is described on the basis of vertebrae coming from all major portions of the vertebral column. In its peculiar caudal osteology, the snake approaches the unique morphological pattern characteristic of the living Neotropical Tropidophiinae. This is the first time such a complete and informative vertebral column of a dwarf boa has been described. The genus Falseryx was absent from Western Europe in younger parts of the Oligocene, but reappeared at the end of the Early Miocene. This dispersal pattern provides additional evidence that in most phases of the Oligocene and Early Miocene Western European snake faunas were effectively isolated from possible influences from the East. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London. AU - Szyndlar, Zbigniew AU - Smith, Richard AU - Rage, Jean Claude DO - 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x IS - 2 KW - Boutersem TGV KW - Caudal osteology KW - Vertebrae PY - 2008 SP - 393 EP - 406 TI - A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, 'Tropidophiidae') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: A case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas T2 - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society VL - 152 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Team, R Core PY - 2013 TI - R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria T2 - http://www. R-project. org/ ER - TY - JOUR AU - Thomas, Oliver AU - Allain, Steven J. R. IS - 2 PY - 2021 SP - 329 EP - 334 TI - A Review of Prey Taken by Anacondas (Squamata: Boidae: Eunectes) T2 - Reptiles & Amphibians VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Macroevolutionary rates of diversification and anthropogenic extinction risk differ vastly throughout the Tree of Life. This results in a highly heterogeneous distribution of Evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) and threat status among species. We examine the phylogenetic distribution of ED and threat status for squamates (amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes) using fully-sampled phylogenies containing 9574 species and expert-based estimates of threat status for ~ 4000 species. We ask whether threatened species are more closely related than would be expected by chance and whether high-risk species represent a disproportionate amount of total evolutionary history. We found currently-assessed threat status to be phylogenetically clustered at broad level in Squamata, suggesting it is critical to assess extinction risks for close relatives of threatened lineages. Our findings show no association between threat status and ED, suggesting that future extinctions may not result in a disproportionate loss of evolutionary history. Lizards in degraded tropical regions (e.g., Madagascar, India, Australia, and the West Indies) seem to be at particular risk. A low number of threatened high-ED species in areas like the Amazon, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea may be due to a dearth of adequate risk assessments. It seems we have not yet reached a tipping point of extinction risk affecting a majority of species; 63% of the assessed species are not threatened and 56% are Least Concern. Nonetheless, our results show that immediate efforts should focus on geckos, iguanas, and chameleons, representing 67% of high-ED threatened species and 57% of Unassessed high-ED lineages. AU - Tonini, João Filipe Riva AU - Beard, Karen H. AU - Ferreira, Rodrigo Barbosa AU - Jetz, Walter AU - Pyron, R. Alexander DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.039 KW - Conservation KW - Evolutionary distinctiveness KW - IUCN Red List KW - Measures of biodiversity KW - PASTIS PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2016 SP - 23 EP - 31 TI - Fully-sampled phylogenies of squamates reveal evolutionary patterns in threat status T2 - Biological Conservation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.039 VL - 204 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Turtle Taxonomy Working Group IS - 7 PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 192 TI - Turtles of the world: annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status T2 - Chelonian Research Monographs VL - 8 ER - TY - GEN AU - Uetz, P PY - 2021 TI - The reptile database UR - https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/ ER - TY - JOUR AU - Van der Hammen, Thomas AU - Correal Urrego, Gonzalo IS - 16 PY - 2001 SP - 4 EP - 36 TI - Mastodontes en el humedal pleistocénico en el valle del Magdalena (Colombia) con evidencias de la presencia del hombre en el pleniglacial T2 - Boletín de Arqueología ER - TY - JOUR AB - Phylogenetic studies have defined two major groups of snakes, the Scolecophidia (ca. 340 species) and the Alethinophidia (ca. 2,640 sp.). Scolecophidians are burrowing snakes, whereas alethinophidians occupy a diversity of ecological niches. Here, we present new DNA-sequence data from several genes and analyze those together with available sequence data to examine the higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes, including boas and pythons. We find additional, significant support for a major split at the base of the evolutionary tree of alethinophidian snakes, between a South American clade (Anilius and Tropidophiidae) and all other species. Based on the fossil record and Earth history, we interpret this split as being the result of vicariance: the separation of South America and Africa in the mid-Cretaceous. We give the name Amerophidia to the South American clade and Afrophidia to the other clade. AU - Vidal, Nicolas AU - Delmas, Amme-Sophie AU - Hedges, S. Blair PY - 2007 SP - 27 EP - 33 TI - The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes T2 - Biology of the Boas and Pythons ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vigors, Nicholas Aylward IS - 3 PB - Wiley Online Library PY - 1825 SP - 395 EP - 517 TI - XXII. Observations on the Natural Affinities that connect the Orders and Families of Birds. T2 - Transactions of the Linnean Society of London VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vlachos, Evangelos IS - 1 PY - 2018 SP - 3 EP - 94 TI - A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea T2 - Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History VL - 59 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vuilleumier, François PY - 1984 SP - 1384 EP - 1396 TI - Faunal turnover and development of fossil avifaunas in South America T2 - Evolution ER - TY - BOOK AU - Wagler, Johann Georg PB - JG Cotta PY - 1830 TI - Natürliches System der Amphibien: mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel: ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wheatley, Patrick V AU - Ruez, Dennis R IS - 2 PY - 2006 SP - 462 EP - 465 TI - Pliocene Odocoileus from Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho, and comments on the taxonomic status of Odocoileus brachyodontus T2 - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology VL - 26 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Wickham, Hadley PB - Springer PY - 2016 SP - 189 EP - 201 TI - ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis T2 - ggplot2 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Williston, Samuel Wendell AU - Gregory, William K AU - Willinston, Samuel Wendell CY - Cambridge, Mass., USA ED - Gregory, William King PB - Harvard University Press Cambridge PY - 1925 SP - 300 EP - 300 TI - The osteology of the reptiles VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wood, Albert E IS - 2 PB - American Society of Mammalogists 810 East 10th Street, PO Box 1897, Lawrence~… PY - 1955 SP - 165 EP - 187 TI - A revised classification of the rodents T2 - Journal of Mammalogy VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We present the first known fossilized snake embryo/neonate preserved in early Late Cretaceous (Early Cenomanian) amber from Myanmar, which at the time, was an island arc including terranes from Austral Gondwana. This unique and very tiny snake fossil is an articulated postcranial skeleton, which includes posterior precloacal, cloacal, and caudal vertebrae, and details of squamation and body shape; a second specimen preserves a fragment of shed skin interpreted as a snake. Important details of skeletal ontogeny, including the stage at which snake zygosphene-zygantral joints began to form along with the neural arch lamina, are preserved. The vertebrae show similarities to those of fossil Gondwanan snakes, suggesting a dispersal route of Gondwanan faunas to Laurasia. Finally, the new species is the first Mesozoic snake to be found in a forested environment, indicating greater ecological diversity among early snakes than previously thought. AU - Xing, Lida AU - Caldwell, Michael W. AU - Chen, Rui AU - Nydam, Randall L. AU - Palci, Alessandro AU - Simões, Tiago R. AU - McKellar, Ryan C. AU - Lee, Michael S.Y. AU - Liu, Ye AU - Shi, Hongliang AU - Wang, Kuan AU - Bai, Ming DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aat5042 IS - 7 PY - 2018 TI - A mid-Cretaceous embryonic-to-neonate snake in amber from Myanmar T2 - Science Advances VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zaher, Hussam AU - Grazziotin, Felipe Gobbi AU - Cadle, John E AU - Murphy, Robert W AU - Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de AU - Bonatto, Sandro L IS - 11 PB - SciELO Brasil PY - 2009 SP - 115 EP - 153 TI - Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa T2 - Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia VL - 49 ER -