TY - JOUR AB - Research universities are a recent innovation, having emerged in Prussia in the early 19th century, and in the United States only in the aftermath of the Civil War. By 1940, perhaps a dozen American universities could be regarded as first-class research institutions. However, they received virtually no financial support from the US government. The most far-reaching recommendation of Vannevar Bush's famous July 1945 report, Science-the Endless Frontier, was that it was in the nation's best interest for the federal government to fund university research. From 1950 through the mid-1970s, such federal support expanded rapidly, resulting in the flowering of the American academic research system, but was accompanied by a decline in industrial support. Beginning in the late 1970s, several federal agencies established largely successful programs to encourage university-industry research cooperation as a means of reestablishing links between universities and industry. Other countries have tried to replicate the success of US research universities, but with limited results. Yet despite the success of US universities, they face a number of significant challenges. The record of the past 60 years suggests that they can continue to remain at the forefront in the search for knowledge, but only if they, and the wider US public, understand and are prepared to deal with these challenges. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Atkinson, Richard C. AU - Blanpied, William A. DA - 2008/1// DO - 10.1016/j.techsoc.2007.10.004 IS - 1 KW - Bayh-Dole Act KW - US Research Universities KW - US science and technology system KW - Universities in the middle ages and enlightenment KW - University research in Europe and Asia KW - University-industry cooperative research KW - Vannevar Bush PY - 2008 SP - 30 EP - 48 TI - Research Universities: Core of the US science and technology system T2 - Technology in Society VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The study examines two different models of measuring, assessing and ranking quality in higher education. Do different systems of quality assessment lead to equivalent conclusions about the quality of education? This comparative study is based on the rankings of 24 Swedish higher education institutions. Two ranking actors have independently assessed the quality of these institutions during the same year. The analysis focuses on the concepts of quality on which the rankings are based, the choice of quality indicators, as well as methods, data sources and assessors. Although both actors base their rankings on the same overarching definition of quality, their conclusions do not correspond. The statistical method applied in this review, Bland-Altman analysis, indicates no significant agreement between the qualitative and quantitative measurements of quality in higher education. On the contrary, in several cases there are remarkable differences. AU - Bergseth, Brita AU - Petocz, Peter AU - Abrandt Dahlgren, Madeleine DA - 2014/9// DO - 10.1080/13538322.2014.976419 IS - 3 KW - higher education KW - medical and health care professions KW - qualitative and quantitative measurements KW - quality assessment KW - ranking PB - Routledge PY - 2014 SP - 330 EP - 347 TI - Ranking quality in higher education: guiding or misleading? T2 - Quality in Higher Education VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In society, universities should fulfil their so-called ‘third mission’ concerning knowledge and technology transfer. However, our knowledge on the impact of the university ecosystem on students’ innovative output is still scarce. Our study sheds light on the question whether the university ecosystem stimulates students’ innovation capacities or whether innovators are mainly determined by personality traits or family background. The results of our two rounds of surveys, with a total of 345 students of a technical university in Germany, reveal that factors such as functional experiences (e.g. resources and physical spaces within the university) and connecting experiences (e.g. practical application of skills learned during courses) have a significant impact on students’ innovation capacities. AU - Bock, Carolin AU - Dilmetz, Daniel AU - Selznick, Benjamin S. AU - Zhang, Lini AU - Mayhew, Matthew J. DO - 10.1080/13662716.2020.1784710 KW - Entrepreneurship education KW - ecosystem KW - innovation capacity KW - universities PB - Routledge PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 36 TI - How the university ecosystem shapes the innovation capacities of undergraduate students–evidence from Germany T2 - Industry and Innovation ER - TY - BOOK AU - Branscomb, L AU - Kodama, F AU - Florida, R ED - The MIT Press PY - 1999 TI - Industrializing knowledge: University-Industry linkages in Japan and the United States ER - TY - JOUR AB - Addressing the effect of regional innovation strategies for smart specialization is beneficial. This study investigates the correlation between smart specialization innovation strategies and university-region collaboration. The findings of this study will help researchers and decision makers understand and strategically plan for linking education with industry and thus help create entrepreneurial universities. This paper examines the regional innovation strategies for smart specialization. The data was collected at a Croatian university. The research aims to study the effect of the link of an educational institute with industry and how that makes universities become more entrepreneurial. In our model, smart specialization is measured as an assessment of the benefits of university-regional collaboration for universities to become entrepreneurial. The results highlight that smart specialization innovation strategies are enhancing university collaboration regionally. We learn that involvement of universities is an essential ingredient. AU - Bukhari, Esraa AU - Dabic, Marina AU - Shifrer, Dara AU - Daim, Tugrul AU - Meissner, Dirk DA - 2021/5// DO - 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101560 KW - Croatia KW - Entrepreneurial university KW - Open innovation KW - Strategy PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2021 TI - Entrepreneurial university: The relationship between smart specialization innovation strategies and university-region collaboration T2 - Technology in Society VL - 65 ER - TY - JOUR AB - How do we understand the evolution of internationalization as a concept? Is a more diverse and inclusive internationalization replacing the western paradigm? Is there a shift in paradigm from cooperation to competition? Do we see an ongoing dominance of the internationalization abroad component at the cost of internationalization at home, or a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to internationalization? And is internationalization a key change agent towards innovation and global social responsibility of higher education? This contribution provides a critical reflection on internationalization in higher education, particularly in the current nationalist, populist and anti-global political climate! The challenges that institutions encounter are divers. There is pressure of revenue generation, competition for talents, and branding and reputation (rankings). There is pressure to focus on international research and publication, on recruitment of international students and scholars, and on the use of English as language of research and instruction. These challenges and pressures conflict with a more inclusive and less elitist approach to internationalization. In other words, there are tensions between a short term neoliberal approach to internationalization, focusing primarily on mobility and research, and a long term comprehensive quality approach, global learning for all. AU - De Wit, Hans IS - 3 KW - competition KW - cooperation KW - higher education KW - internationalization PY - 2019 SP - 9 EP - 16 TI - Internationalization in higher education, a critical review T2 - Simon Fraser University Educational Review VL - 12 ER - TY - RPRT AU - del Barrio-Castro, Tomás AU - García-Quevedo, José PY - 2009 SN - 3493402198 TI - The determinants of university patenting: do incentives matter? UR - http://www.ieb.ub.edu ER - TY - JOUR AU - Domanski, Dmitri AU - Howaldt, Jürgen AU - Schröder, Antonius DA - 2017/4// DO - 10.1080/19452829.2017.1299698 IS - 2 KW - Global mapping KW - Latin America KW - Policy recommendations KW - Project SI-DRIVE KW - Role of government KW - Social innovation PB - Routledge PY - 2017 SP - 307 EP - 312 TI - Social Innovation in Latin America T2 - Journal of Human Development and Capabilities VL - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this work, we analyze the relationship between the patterns of firm diversification, if any, across product lines and across bodies of innovative knowledge, proxied by the patent classes where the firm is present. Putting it more emphatically, we investigate the relationship between “what a firm does” and “what a firm knows.” Using a newly developed dataset matching information on patents and products at the firm level, we provide evidence concerning firms’ technological and product scope, their relationships, the size-scaling and coherence properties of diversification itself. Our analysis shows that typically firms are much more diversified in terms of products than in terms of technologies, with their main products more related to the exploitation of their innovative knowledge. The scaling properties show that the number of products and technologies increases log-linearly with firm size. And the directions of diversification themselves display coherence between neighboring activities also at relatively high degrees of diversification. These findings are well in tune with a capability-based theory of the firm. AU - Dosi, Giovanni AU - Grazzi, Marco AU - Moschella, Daniele DA - 2017/2// DO - 10.1007/s11187-016-9783-0 IS - 2 KW - Capabilities KW - Coherence KW - Diversification KW - Patents KW - Products PB - Springer New York LLC PY - 2017 SP - 413 EP - 429 TI - What do firms know? What do they produce? A new look at the relationship between patenting profiles and patterns of product diversification T2 - Small Business Economics VL - 48 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Ferreira, Sarah AU - Garcia, Renato AU - Araújo, Veneziano PY - 2022 TI - Determinants of university and industrial patents in Brazilian regions: a Spatial Panel Approach ER - TY - JOUR AB - The transfer of knowledge and technology from universities contributes to regional development and favors innovation. The objective of this paper is to propose a model for the selection of transfer strategies adapted to the contextual characteristics of Higher Education Institutions of Colombia. For this purpose, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) was performed, by which the combination of background conditions that generate an output is identified. The performance measure was the number of invention patents granted and the empirical application considered 184 Higher Education Institutions of Colombia. The results of the study identified ten strategic configurations that suggest different alternatives to potentiate protection through transfer mechanisms and highlights "productivity" and "innovation by territorial unit" as the best predictor of patents. Resumen: La transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología desde las universidades aporta al desarrollo regional y favorece la innovación. El obje-tivo de este trabajo es proponer un modelo para la selección de estrategias de transferencia a la medida de las características contextuales de las Instituciones de Educación Superior de Colombia. Con este propósito se realizó un análisis comparativo cualitativo (QCA), mediante el cual se identificó la combinación de condiciones antecedentes que generan un output. La medida de rendimiento fue el número de patentes de invención concedidas y la aplicación empírica consideró 184 Instituciones de Educación Superior de Colombia. Los resultados del estudio identificaron diez configuraciones estratégicas que sugieren diferentes alternativas para potencializar la protección mediante mecanismos de transferencia y destaca "la productividad" y "la innovación por unidad territorial" como mejor predictor de patentes. Introducción La economía actual se fundamenta en el factor de producción denominado "conocimiento" y se apalanca en la innovación (Hogan, 2011). El modelo de innovación que destaca el papel de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en el proceso de transferencia es la Triple Hélice que permite entender la dinámica de interacción entre los principales actores de innovación, la Universidad, la Empresa, y el Estado (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000; Johnson, 2008), reconociendo a las universidades como fuente permanente de generación de conocimiento, a las empresas como fuente de soluciones a las necesidades de la sociedad, y al Estado como ente capaz de regular e incentivar mediante políticas, la transferencia entre la Universidad y la Empresa (Landry et al., 2013). Por lo anterior la relación Universidad-Empresa-Estado que se plantea en el modelo de innovación Triple Hélice, es importante para realizar la transferencia de los resultados de investigación desde las universidades a la empresa, ya que favorece el desarrollo de la tercera misión de las universidades que consiste en la difusión y divulgación de conocimiento (Etzkowitz et al., 2000; Laredo, 2007; Lockett et al., 2015; Pinheiro et al., 2015). En este sentido, las IES son líderes en el proceso de innovación y desempeñan este rol a través de la transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología (KTT). La transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología (KTT) desde las IES, busca ofrecer soluciones a las necesidades del entorno (Etzkowitz et al., 2000; Shattock et al., 2009) y se realiza a través de la divulgación de conocimiento y tecnología hacia el sector empresarial o hacia la sociedad. Las IES con el desarrollo de las actividades de KTT, tie-nen la opción de comercializar en el mercado sus resultados de in-vestigación y de esta forma acceder a nuevas fuentes de financiación (Berbegal-Mirabent & Guerrero, 2016; Budyldina, 2018; Etzkowitz, 2003). Dentro de los resultados de investigación se destacan las pa-tentes porque son las más apetecidas por el mercado y usualmente cuentan con un alto nivel de impacto en las mediciones y rankings sobre niveles de innovación en IES y países. A nivel general, varios autores han planteado la necesidad de realizar estudios sobre KTT para ver perspectivas alternas que permitan entender mejor su natu-raleza multifacética (Bradley et al., 2013), así mismo se ha planteado la necesidad de diseñar modelos y metodologías que se adapten a la cultura y particularidades de cada región (Berbegal-Mirabent & Gue-rrero, 2016; Fuquen & Olaya-Escobar, 2018). La generación de patentes en las IES, indica que se puede realizar de manera efectiva la transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología hacia las empresas (Han, 2017), y, teniendo en cuenta que un parámetro importante para medir el desempeño de las IES es la generación de AU - Figueroa, Neira AU - Olaya, Erika AU - Castro, Hugo IS - 2 KW - Higher Education Institutions KW - knowledge and technology transfer KW - patents KW - qualitative comparative analysis PY - 2020 SP - 81 EP - 94 TI - Modelo de Identificación de Estrategias para Potencializar la Generación de Patentes a la Medida de la Institución de Educación Superior T2 - J. Technol. Manag. Innov. UR - http://jotmi.org VL - 15 ER - TY - GEN AB - Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the most extensively studied topics with respect to the triple, quadruple and quintuple helix models developed to explain these links. The review also focusses on ascertaining future trends within this field. Design/methodology/approach: Relevant documents obtained from a search in the Institute for Scientific Information’s Web of Science were submitted to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. Findings: The results of this systematic review illustrate that, despite growing concern about society and the environment, issues related to the three helixes of universities, industries and governments continue to be the most often studied. However, an additional focus on research on the quadruple and quintuple helix models has emerged in the more specialised literature. An analysis of co-citations also identified four clusters of research such as, innovation and knowledge policies; entrepreneurial universities; business innovation strategy; and triple helix stakeholders in innovation, knowledge and regional development. Originality/value: Some policies are needed. Polices that undergo the mapping of the universities’ specialisations, the industry/society necessities and financial measures could foster the relations between all the stakeholders. AU - Galvao, Anderson AU - Mascarenhas, Carla AU - Marques, Carla AU - Ferreira, João AU - Ratten, Vanessa DA - 2019/10// DO - 10.1108/JSTPM-10-2018-0103 IS - 3 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Quadruple helix KW - Regional development KW - Systematic literature review KW - Triple helix PB - Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. PY - 2019 SP - 812 EP - 833 TI - Triple helix and its evolution: a systematic literature review T2 - Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AU - García, Juan José AU - Ochoa, Ivan AU - Valenzuela, Alejandro IS - 4 PY - 2021 SP - 62 EP - 75 TI - Innovación en economías latinoamericanas: Análisis comparativo con respecto a Corea del Sur T2 - Revista de Ciencias Sociales VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We investigate how technology transfers from universities to private firms influence firm innovativeness. Using data on R&D acquisitions from universities of more than 10,000 Spanish firms for the period 2005–2013 and applying propensity score matching techniques, we find that technology transfers from universities strongly increase firm innovativeness. We next explore heterogeneous effects in order to analyze whether these gains are mediated by firm size and the business cycle. Our results suggest that the contribution of universities to firm innovation is particularly important for small firms and during the whole business cycle. The contribution of universities goes beyond its direct effect on innovation: We find that technology transfers from universities generate positive spillovers and enhance firms’ internal R&D capabilities. Our results suggest that the knowledge generated by universities makes an important contribution to economic growth through technology transfers, which makes firms more innovative. Hence, knowledge creation by universities provides an important public good. AU - García-Vega, María AU - Vicente-Chirivella, Óscar DA - 2020/4// DO - 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103388 KW - Firms KW - Innovation KW - Technology transfers KW - Universities PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2020 TI - Do university technology transfers increase firms’ innovation? T2 - European Economic Review VL - 123 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purpose: This paper aims to investigate how global university rankings interact with quality and quality assurance in higher education along the two lines of investigation, that is, from the perspective of their relationship with the concept of quality (assurance) and the development of quality assurance policies in higher education, with particular emphasis on accreditation as the prevalent quality assurance approach. Design/methodology/approach: The paper firstly conceptualises quality and quality assurance in higher education and critically examines the methodological construction of the four selected world university rankings and their references to “quality”. On this basis, it answers the two “how” questions: How is the concept of quality (assurance) in higher education perceived by world university rankings and how do they interact with quality assurance and accreditation policies in higher education? Answers are provided through the analysis of different documentary sources, such as academic literature, glossaries, international studies, institutional strategies and other documents, with particular focus on official websites of international ranking systems and individual higher education institutions, media announcements, and so on. Findings: The paper argues that given their quantitative orientation, it is quite problematic to perceive world university rankings as a means of assessing or assuring the institutional quality. Like (international) accreditations, they may foster vertical differentiation of higher education systems and institutions. Because of their predominant accountability purpose, they cannot encourage improvements in the quality of higher education institutions. Practical implications: Research results are beneficial to different higher education stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, institutional leadership, academics and students), as they offer them a comprehensive view on rankings’ ability to assess, assure or improve the quality in higher education. Originality/value: The existing research focuses principally either on interactions of global university rankings with the concept of quality or with processes of quality assurance in higher education. The comprehensive and detailed analysis of their relationship with both concepts thus adds value to the prevailing scholarly debates. AU - Hauptman, Maruša DA - 2020/2// DO - 10.1108/QAE-05-2019-0055 IS - 1 KW - Accreditation KW - Global university rankings KW - Higher education institutions KW - Quality KW - Quality assurance PB - Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. PY - 2020 SP - 78 EP - 88 TI - Discourses on quality and quality assurance in higher education from the perspective of global university rankings T2 - Quality Assurance in Education VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective: This article presumes familiarity with the basics of multiple regression and correlation (MRC) methods and addresses recent controversies and emerging innovations. Areas of emphasis include linking analyses to theory-driven hypotheses, treatment of covariates in hierarchical regression models, recent debates about the testing of mediator and moderator hypotheses, and incorporating confidence intervals into reports of findings using MRC. Conclusions: Two important conceptual innovations (linking analyses closely to theory-derived hypotheses; focusing interpretations on effect sizes and confidence intervals rather than p values) can increase the scientific yield for researchers making use of MRC methods in rehabilitation psychology. © 2008 American Psychological Association. AU - Hoyt, William T. AU - Imel, Zac E. AU - Chan, Fong DA - 2008/8// DO - 10.1037/a0013021 IS - 3 KW - confidence intervals KW - data analysis KW - mediation KW - multiple regression KW - research methods PY - 2008 SP - 321 EP - 339 TI - Multiple Regression and Correlation Techniques: Recent Controversies and Best Practices T2 - Rehabilitation Psychology VL - 53 ER - TY - JOUR AB - University research is a vital source of innovation, and government funds are often used to support innovative research programs. As such, universities are pressured to demonstrate returns on investments through tangible research outcomes. This study analyzed how university resources affect research productivity, using data from 95 4-year universities in Korea from 2009 to 2017. Explanatory variables were remuneration, performance-based payments, and expenditures on research, experiments, machines, and books. Research productivity indices were the numbers of Korea Citation Index (KCI) and Science Citation Index (SCI) publications, authored books, patents attained, and licensing revenue. Considering that research productivity measures are related, this study used a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model. The SUR model analysis showed that SCI, patents, and licensing revenue were correlated and resources differentially affected research productivity. Full-time faculty remuneration, performance-based payments, and research expenditure were significant variables in determining SCI, patents, and licensing revenue. Results of quadratic form regression showed that research productivity increased when full-time faculty remuneration increased, but these gains were limited by the law of marginal diminishing returns. However, the performance-based payment variable showed opposite results, reflecting the law of marginal increasing returns. Combined results will help universities set their strategic direction, efficiently allocate their resources, and promote understanding about university functions. AU - Lee, Young Hwan DA - 2021/10// DO - 10.1007/s10961-020-09817-2 IS - 5 KW - Korean universities KW - Panel data analysis KW - R&D resources KW - Research productivity PB - Springer PY - 2021 SP - 1462 EP - 1486 TI - Determinants of research productivity in Korean Universities: the role of research funding T2 - Journal of Technology Transfer VL - 46 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The green economy policy discourse has devoted a lot of attention to the design of public policy addressing low-carbon technologies. In this paper we examine the impacts of public R&D support and feed-in tariff schemes on innovation in the wind energy sector. The analysis is conducted using patent application data for four western European countries over the period 1977–2009. Different model specifications are tested, and the analysis highlights important policy interaction effects. The results indicate that both public R&D support and feed-in tariffs have positively affected patent application counts in the wind power sector. The (marginal) impact on patent applications of increases in feed-tariffs has also become more profound as the wind power technology has matured. There is also some evidence of policy interaction effects in that the impact of public R&D support to wind power is greater at the margin if it is accompanied by the use of feed-in tariff schemes. These results support the notion that technological innovation requires both R&D and learning-by-doing, and for this reason public R&D programs should typically not be designed in isolation from practical applications. The paper ends by outlining some important avenues for future research. AU - Lindman, Åsa AU - Söderholm, Patrik DA - 2016/10// DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.128 KW - Green economy KW - Innovation KW - Patent counts KW - Public policy KW - Wind power PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2016 SP - 1351 EP - 1359 TI - Wind energy and green economy in Europe: Measuring policy-induced innovation using patent data T2 - Applied Energy VL - 179 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper presents estimates of the impact of public R&D on patenting activity at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Using a time series of public sector agency data, we estimate the per-capita R&D elasticity of new patent applications using a knowledge production function framework model that is an expanded version of what other scholars have used with private sector data. New patent applications are an important step in the technology transfer activities of a federal agency. We estimate this elasticity to be about 2.0. This elasticity value represents an initial estimate of the impact of EPA’s R&D investments on its technology transfer activity. AU - Link, Albert N. AU - Morris, Cody A. AU - van Hasselt, Martijn DA - 2019/7// DO - 10.1080/10438599.2018.1542772 IS - 5 KW - Environmental Protection Agency KW - R&D KW - knowledge production function KW - patents KW - technology transfer PB - Routledge PY - 2019 SP - 536 EP - 546 TI - The impact of public R&D investments on patenting activity: technology transfer at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency T2 - Economics of Innovation and New Technology VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Based on an unbalanced panel of Italian innovative startups (defined according to L. 221/2012), the present paper aims to investigate the effect that R&D investments, highly skilled employees, and patents can have on performance, meant both as total capital turnover and the total amount of employees. In particular, the analysis refers to a sample of 7,327 Italian innovative startups (whose data were published from the Italian Ministry of Economic Development– MISE in 2018) and is carried out through the estimation of a frontier production function without a time variable stochastic efficiency term. The stochastic frontier analysis–SFA discloses that highly skilled employees and patents affect the total capital turnover, while R&D investments influence the total amount of employees of Italian innovative startups. In particular, by reading and interpreting the results as a whole, it is possible to propose a virtuous model about Italian innovative startups and their performance. AU - Matricano, Diego DA - 2020/10// DO - 10.1080/09537325.2020.1757057 IS - 10 KW - Innovative startups KW - R&D investments KW - patents KW - skilled employees PB - Routledge PY - 2020 SP - 1195 EP - 1208 TI - The effect of R&D investments, highly skilled employees, and patents on the performance of Italian innovative startups T2 - Technology Analysis and Strategic Management VL - 32 ER - TY - CONF AU - Moser, Petra DA - 2013/12// DO - 10.1257/jep.27.1.23 IS - 1 PY - 2013 SP - 23 EP - 44 TI - Patents and innovation: Evidence from economic history T2 - Journal of Economic Perspectives VL - 27 ER - TY - RPRT AU - OECD/Eurostat DA - 2018/10// DO - 10.1787/9789264304604-en PB - OECD PY - 2018 SN - 9789264304550 SP - 1 EP - 254 TI - Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oslo-manual-2018_9789264304604-en ER - TY - JOUR AB - University ranking indexes are considered very useful benchmarking tools in comparing the performance of universities around the world. Being placed in these prestigious indexes provides a strong advertisement for a university and helps them to attract high-quality students and academicians all over the world. However, there are some important deficiencies of university ranking indexes such as taking into account the whole university as a single unit without differentiating according to different fields of study or research, being limited to some well-known universities, and not considering institutional characteristics such as size or age. This study aims to explore the leading global university rankings to determine the similarities and differences in terms of their ranking criteria, main indicators, modeling choices, and the effects of these on the rankings. Designating the Times Higher Education World Rankings as the base ranking, a comprehensive comparison of the positions of the top universities of the base index with the matched positions of the same universities under other leading indexes including ARWU, QS, Leiden, and URAP is given. Correlations highlight the significant differences among some indexes even in measuring the same criterion such as teaching or research. AU - Olcay, Gokcen Arkali AU - Bulu, Melih DA - 2017/10// DO - 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.03.029 KW - Ranking indicators KW - Reputation KW - Universities KW - University rankings PB - Elsevier Inc. PY - 2017 SP - 153 EP - 160 TI - Is measuring the knowledge creation of universities possible?: A review of university rankings T2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change VL - 123 ER - TY - JOUR AB - RESUMEN Este artículo analiza las diferentes contribuciones realizadas por Schumpeter y la forma de estructurar su teoría sobre el desarrollo económico. Teniendo en cuenta que su teoría está basada en procesos de innovación y cambios socioculturales, profundizando el análisis de la innovación generada por el empresario emprendedor como fuente del desarrollo económico. ABSTRACT This article analyzes the different contributions made by Schumpeter and his way of structuring his theory about economic development. Considering that his theory is based on the processes of innovation and sociocultural changes, deepening the analysis of the innovation generated by the entrepreneur as a source of economic development. INTRODUCCIÓN Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) fue un notorio economista de tradición austriaca y formador académico en la Universidad de Harvard. Introdujo los conceptos de innovación como la causa del desarrollo y el empresario innovador como generador de cambios a través de la innovación. Utilizó en sus conceptos el tema de innovación como el determinante que regula el aumento o decrecimiento de la prosperidad. Este trabajo expone una aproximación crítica a la teoría económica de Schumpeter, con el propósito de contribuir a identificar cuáles de sus conceptos aún tienen vigencia en la innovación tecnológica. El análisis que se realiza, parte de la idea de que el desarrollo capitalista se da debido a que existen ciclos estructurales de largo y corto plazo en los cambios tecnológicos. Para este artículo, se aplica una investigación de tipo descriptivo-exploratorio, con un alcance longitudinal, donde se revisaron artículos relacionadas a la teoría económica de Schumpeter durante el período 2000-2019; el estudio se realiza en publicaciones seriadas (revistas, journals) especializadas en el área de economía, administración, innovación y desarrollo socioeconómico, publicadas en los idiomas español e inglés, en el que los artículos están disponibles en las bibliotecas electrónicas Google Scholar, Scielo y Redalyc. Luego de aplicados estos criterios se obtuvieron 27 artículos, y además se revisaron libros de autores clásicos. AU - Quevedo, Luis IS - 20 KW - Palabras clave: Pensamiento schumpeteriano KW - economy KW - economía KW - emprendedor Keywords: Schumpeterian thinking KW - entrepreneur KW - innovación KW - innovation PY - 2019 SP - 2521 EP - 2737 TI - Aproximación crítica a la teoría económica propuesta por Schumpeter T2 - REV.INV.&NEG VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper characterizes the trends in technological innovation and intellectual property in four Latin American countries (Chile, Co-lombia, Mexico, and Peru). Toward this aim, we collected a database of patents granted at the national and university levels in combination with information from a variety of sources to construct a set of plausible explanatory variables. Based on panel data at the national level, we verify that the number of patents granted to universities is strongly associated with the share of resources, as a percentage of GDP, invested in science and technology. At the university level, we find that institutions with more scientific publications and larger enrolment size tend to be granted more innovation patents. To some extent, the evidence presented in this paper indicates that both the absolute and relative sizes of resources invested in scientific and technological research at the university level are subject to economies of scale: a greater amount of resources invested in technological research is associated with increasing levels of innovation and patenting activity. AU - Ramirez, Luis Fernando AU - Isaza, Guillermo IS - 3 KW - Latin America KW - R&D policy KW - innovation KW - patents KW - universities PY - 2019 SP - 44 EP - 56 TI - When Size Matters: Trends in Innovation and Patents in Latin American Universities T2 - J. Technol. Manag. Innov. UR - http://jotmi.org VL - 14 ER - TY - GEN AU - Reuters PY - 2019 TI - The World’s Most Innovative Universities 2019 UR - https://www.reuters.com/graphics/AMERS-REUTERS%20RANKING-INNOVATIVE-UNIVERSITIES/0100B2JP1W1/index.html ER - TY - JOUR AB - This work investigates the determinants of patenting at Italian universities. We test the effect of public and external funds, in terms of commercial activity by universities, towards the propensity of universities to file patents at the European Patent Office. We then estimate the effect of several variables referring to the contextual characteristics of both university and localisation. The results suggest that, while in the southern regions of Italy commercial income bears a negative effect on the patenting activity of universities, in the other regions we register an important positive effect. We moreover find that the adoption of internal university regulations relating to patenting and the fact of being embedded in an innovative region are factors that exert a positive influence on the university rate of application for patents. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis. AU - Rizzo, Ugo AU - Ramaciotti, Laura DO - 10.1080/09537325.2014.882502 IS - 4 KW - academic patenting KW - regional context KW - technology transfer KW - university funding PB - Routledge PY - 2014 SP - 469 EP - 483 TI - The determinants of academic patenting by Italian universities T2 - Technology Analysis and Strategic Management VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This research analyzes the impact of public investment on the relationship "private investment in research versus performance" of the top R&D investors. Taking a recent sample of the top investors, as well as different estimation techniques, the results show that public investments in research contribute to increase the elasticity coefficients of private investments in R&D, either linearly or nonlinearly. In the nonlinear pattern, optimal levels of public policy point to a share of total public investment of around 15.8%, thus maximizing the elasticity coefficient of private investment. Controlling the endogeneity of private investments in R&D, GMM estimates point to an underestimation of the parameters obtained by the OLS technique and robust regression, signaling an increase in the elasticity coefficient of the research. The results of this research converge with other recent studies, highlighting Azoulay et al. AU - Rocha, Leonardo A AU - Vieira Sarmento, Denis AU - Alano Almeida, Carlos S AU - Silva, Napiê GA IS - 3 PY - 2020 SP - 2344 EP - 2360 TI - Spillover, public investment and innovation: the impact of public investment in R&D on business innovation T2 - Economics Bulletin VL - 40 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Nuestro futuro está en juego. Los 7.200 millones de personas que habitamos este planeta competimos por hacernos un hueco en la economía mundial, cada vez más conectada gracias a la tecnología, el comercio y las migraciones, y bajo la creciente amenaza de desastre ambiental. Para asegurar nuestra supervivencia, es urgente que tomemos plena conciencia de esta situación y emprendamos las reformas necesarias. En La era del desarrollo sostenible, el reconocido economista Jeffrey Sachs defiende que el desarrollo sostenible debe convertirse en el marco de la política de cualquier Estado. Dentro de poco tiempo, los 193 estados miembros de la ONU adoptarán los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) para ayudar a guiar al mundo en la próxima generación. Sachs ofrece el primer enfoque integral para esta nueva era y para los nuevos ODS, el examen de las complejas interacciones de la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente, y explica cómo una estrategia integral puede ayudar a las sociedades a conseguir la combinación de prosperidad económica, inclusión social y la sostenibilidad ambiental. AU - Sachs, Jeffrey D. PB - Deusto PY - 2015 SN - 9788423421800 TI - La era del desarrollo sostenible ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pressured by globalization and demand for public organizations to be accountable, efficient, and transparent, university rankings have become an important tool for assessing the quality of higher education institutions. It is therefore important to assess exactly what these rankings measure. Here, the three major global university rankings—the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education ranking and the Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings—are studied. After a description of the ranking methodologies, it is shown that university rankings are stable over time but that there is variation between the three rankings. Furthermore, using principal component analysis and exploratory factor analysis, we demonstrate that the variables used to construct the rankings primarily measure two underlying factors: a university’s reputation and its research performance. By correlating these factors and plotting regional aggregates of universities on the two factors, differences between the rankings are made visible. Last, we elaborate how the results from these analysis can be viewed in light of often-voiced critiques of the ranking process. This indicates that the variables used by the rankings might not capture the concepts they claim to measure. The study provides evidence of the ambiguous nature of university rankings quantification of university performance. AU - Selten, Friso AU - Neylon, Cameron AU - Huang, Chun Kai AU - Groth, Paul DA - 2020/8// DO - 10.1162/qss_a_00052 IS - 3 KW - Comparative analysis KW - Factor analysis KW - Longitudinal analysis KW - Principal component analysis KW - University rankings PB - MIT Press Journals PY - 2020 SP - 1109 EP - 1135 TI - A longitudinal analysis of university rankings T2 - Quantitative Science Studies VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper investigates the impact of university-industry (UI) collaboration on firms' innovation efficiency using a balanced panel of 443 innovative firms in China from 2008 to 2011. An evaluation of firms' innovation efficiency shows that innovative firms do not show consistent performance across the two stages of the innovation process, namely, the R&D stage and the commercialisation stage. The empirical results demonstrate that UI collaboration can be detrimental to a firm's innovation efficiency initially but that the firm can benefit from UI collaboration as engagement deepens. In addition, UI collaboration affects innovation efficiency differently across the two stages once regional institutional factors are taken into consideration. Thus, pertinent policies may be required in order to facilitate UI collaboration and its role in improving innovation efficiency at different stages. AU - Shi, Xing AU - Wu, Yanrui AU - Fu, Dahai DA - 2020/3// DO - 10.1016/j.econmod.2019.05.004 KW - Chinese firms KW - Innovation efficiency KW - Innovation process KW - University-industry collaboration PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2020 SP - 39 EP - 53 TI - Does University-Industry collaboration improve innovation efficiency? Evidence from Chinese Firms⋄ T2 - Economic Modelling VL - 86 ER - TY - GEN AU - SIC PY - 2020 TI - Estadísticas PI UR - https://www.sic.gov.co/estadisticas-propiedad-industrial ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study applies a systematic literature review and qualitative content analysis to identify and synthesize key factors that enable collaborative innovation between industry and universities. Using a keyword search in the Web of Science database, the review identified 40 papers that were frequently cited on the topic. Results were summarized into seven main themes or central factors stimulating collaborative innovation: resources, university organization, boundary-spanning functions, collaborative experience, culture, status centrality and environmental context. This article elaborates on these ‘enabling factors’ and uses them to summarize a number of results from the reviewed studies regarding facilitators of collaborative innovation. The discussion focuses on how these factors relate and the extent to which they are amenable to policy intervention. AU - Sjöö, Karolin AU - Hellström, Tomas DA - 2019/8// DO - 10.1177/0950422219829697 IS - 4 KW - Collaborative innovation KW - systematic literature review KW - university–industry relations PB - SAGE Publications Ltd PY - 2019 SP - 275 EP - 285 TI - University–industry collaboration: A literature review and synthesis T2 - Industry and Higher Education VL - 33 ER - TY - GEN AU - THE PY - 2019 TI - World University Rankings 2019 UR - https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking ER - TY - GEN AU - THE PY - 2022 TI - About THE's rankings UR - https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/about-the-times-higher-education-world-university-rankings ER - TY - GEN AB - Introduction Concerns about reproducibility and impact of research urge improvement initiatives. Current university ranking systems evaluate and compare universities on measures of academic and research performance. Although often useful for marketing purposes, the value of ranking systems when examining quality and outcomes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate usefulness of ranking systems and identify opportunities to support research quality and performance improvement. Methods A systematic review of university ranking systems was conducted to investigate research performance and academic quality measures. Eligibility requirements included: inclusion of at least 100 doctoral granting institutions, be currently produced on an ongoing basis and include both global and US universities, publish rank calculation methodology in English and independently calculate ranks. Ranking systems must also include some measures of research outcomes. Indicators were abstracted and contrasted with basic quality improvement requirements. Exploration of aggregation methods, validity of research and academic quality indicators, and suitability for quality improvement within ranking systems were also conducted. Results A total of 24 ranking systems were identified and 13 eligible ranking systems were evaluated. Six of the 13 rankings are 100% focused on research performance. For those reporting weighting, 76% of the total ranks are attributed to research indicators, with 24% attributed to academic or teaching quality. Seven systems rely on reputation surveys and/or faculty and alumni awards. Rankings influence academic choice yet research performance measures are the most weighted indicators. There are no generally accepted academic quality indicators in ranking systems. Discussion No single ranking system provides a comprehensive evaluation of research and academic quality. Utilizing a combined approach of the Leiden, Thomson Reuters Most Innovative Universities, and the SCImago ranking systems may provide institutions with a more effective feedback for research improvement. Rankings which extensively rely on subjective reputation and “luxury” indicators, such as award winning faculty or alumni who are high ranking executives, are not well suited for academic or research performance improvement initiatives. Future efforts should better explore measurement of the university research performance through comprehensive and standardized indicators. This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of university ranking systems are used in efforts to improve academic prominence and research performance. AU - Vernon, Marlo M. AU - Andrew Balas, E. AU - Momani, Shaher DA - 2018/3// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0193762 IS - 3 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2018 TI - Are university rankings useful to improve research? A systematic review T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Research on research and development (R&D) internationalization appears in several disciplines, with significant contributions in innovation, international business, management, and strategy research. Although the phenomenon is widely used in both research and practice, the impact of this concept on innovation is still not clear due to the multi-disciplinary nature of this relationship. This research gap is the motivation for the present study. Through a systematic review of 42 articles on R&D internationalization appearing in publication outlets for more than two decades, this paper examines the impact of R&D internationalization on innovation within the firm's boundaries. Based on this analysis, we map extant literature on the topic and we present an integrative framework of this relationship for future scholars to further build on, and executives to be guided by. AU - Vrontis, Demetris AU - Christofi, Michael DA - 2021/5// DO - 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.031 KW - Conceptual framework KW - Innovation KW - Internationalization KW - R&D KW - Systematic review PB - Elsevier Inc. PY - 2021 SP - 812 EP - 823 TI - R&D internationalization and innovation: A systematic review, integrative framework and future research directions T2 - Journal of Business Research VL - 128 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most studies on disruptive innovations have focused on developed economies and little work examines this type of innovation in and from emerging economies. Moreover, previous studies on disruptive innovations have not investigated the processes behind. This study begins to fill these research gaps. Analysing disruptive innovations in and from China, we identify three important differences from the kinds of disruption observed in developed economies. First, rather than being based on launching products with inferior performance, disruptive innovations in China focus on offering different value propositions. Second, the rate at which Chinese disruptive innovations are improved and extended is typically faster than in developed markets. Third, Chinese disruptive innovations are often launched directly into a mass market rather than a niche. Besides identifying these differences, we also discuss how Chinese firms generate disruptive innovations. The findings expand the understanding of disruptive innovation and hence enrich the existing literature on this important phenomenon. AU - Williamson, Peter J. AU - Wan, Feng AU - Eden, Yin AU - Linan, Lei DA - 2020/7// DO - 10.1016/j.jengtecman.2020.101590 KW - Disruptive innovation KW - Emerging economies KW - Innovation process PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2020 TI - Is disruptive innovation in emerging economies different? Evidence from China T2 - Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M VL - 57 ER - TY - GEN AU - WIPO PY - 2022 TI - IP Policies for Universities and Research Institutions UR - https://www.wipo.int/technology-transfer/en/ip-policies.html ER - TY - JOUR AB - Integrating data from three independent data sources--USPTO patenting data, Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and the Times Higher Education Supplement's World University Ranking (WUR), we examine the possible link between patenting output and the quantity and quality of scientific publications among 281 leading universities world-wide. We found that patenting by these universities, as measured by patents granted by the USPTO, has grown consistently faster than overall US patenting over 1977-2000, although it has grown more slowly over the last 5 years (2000-2005). Moreover, since the mid-1990s, patenting growth has been faster among universities outside North America than among those within North America. We also found that the patenting output of the universities over 2003-2005 is significantly correlated with the quantity and quality of their scientific publications. However, significant regional variations are found: for universities in North America, both the quantity and quality of scientific publications matter, but for European and Australian/NZ universities, only the quantity of publications matter, while for other universities outside North America and Europe/Australia/NZ, only quality of publications matter. We found similar findings when using EPO patenting data instead of USPTO data. Additionally, for USPTO data only, the degree of internationalization of faculty members is found to reduce patenting performance among North American universities, but to increase that of universities outside North America. Plausible explanations for these empirical observations and implications for future research are discussed. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2009. AU - Wong, Poh Kam AU - Singh, Annette DO - 10.1007/s11192-009-0003-4 IS - 1 KW - Publication quantity & quality KW - Technology commercialization KW - University patenting PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers PY - 2010 SP - 271 EP - 294 TI - University patenting activities and their link to the quantity and quality of scientific publications T2 - Scientometrics VL - 83 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Yang, Juan AU - Hamdan-Livramento, Intan AU - Feuvre, Bruno Le AU - Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha AU - Zhou, Hao DA - 2021/3// DO - 10.1017/9781108904230.012 PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 2021 SP - 80 EP - 138 TI - Measuring Global Patenting of Universities and Public Research Institutes T2 - Harnessing Public Research for Innovation in the 21st Century ER - TY - JOUR AB - Japan’s stringent university regulations were considerably relaxed after 1998. This paper’s analysis of Japan clarifies changes in the collaborations and interactions between universities, industries, and governments before and after this deregulation. A historical case study with the triple helix framework is applied; it uses the ‘triple helix’ for modelling the dynamics of university–industry–government relations. Most studies that use the triple helix model focus on university collaborations, while this study examines the whole range of university–industry–government collaborations. The results show that the collaborations which lead the development of university–industry–government relations, as well as the scope of collaborations, change in response to reforms in regulations. Industry–government collaboration led the development of university–industry–government relations before deregulation, and university–industry collaboration did so after deregulation. Though university–industry–government relations continue to develop, the scope of industry–government collaboration decreases because of deregulation. We interpret these factual findings in line with the triple helix model. We discover the characteristic development process of the triple helix model; it has a period wherein the triple helix develops under the prominent role of the government. Two possible reasons could be cited for this process: first, there were stringent regulations on university–industry collaborations; and second, industry–government collaborations were active through public-sector laboratories which were widespread in Japan. AU - Yoda, Noriko AU - Kuwashima, Kenichi DA - 2020/9// DO - 10.1007/s13132-019-00595-3 IS - 3 KW - Japan KW - National innovation system KW - Triple helix KW - University–industry–government collaboration PB - Springer PY - 2020 SP - 1120 EP - 1144 TI - Triple Helix of University–Industry–Government Relations in Japan: Transitions of Collaborations and Interactions T2 - Journal of the Knowledge Economy VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, we review the literature on the creation and diffusion of innovation in the private sectors (industry and services) in developing countries. In particular, we collect evidence on what are the barriers to innovation creation and diffusion and the channels of innovation diffusion to and within developing countries. We find that innovation in developing countries is about creation or adoption of new ideas and technologies; but the capacity for innovation is embedded in and constituted by dynamics between geographical, socio-economic, political and legal subsystems. We contextualize the findings from the review in the current theoretical framework of diffusion of innovations, and we emphasize how the institutional context typical of developing countries impacts the diffusion itself. AU - Zanello, Giacomo AU - Fu, Xiaolan AU - Mohnen, Pierre AU - Ventresca, Marc DA - 2016/12// DO - 10.1111/joes.12126 IS - 5 KW - Development KW - Diffusion KW - Innovation KW - Low- and middle-income countries PB - Blackwell Publishing Ltd PY - 2016 SP - 884 EP - 912 TI - THE CREATION AND DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW T2 - Journal of Economic Surveys VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The main aim of this study is to compare Russian regions according to their ability to create new technologies efficiently and to identify factors that determine these differences over a long period of time. We apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the relationship between the results of patenting and resources of a regional innovation system (RIS). Unlike previous studies, we apply the DEA method over a long period, comparing regions to one another and over time. In general, RIS efficiency in Russia increased during the period, especially in the least developed territories. There was significant regional differentiation. The most efficient RIS were formed in the largest agglomerations with leading universities and research centers: the cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg and the Novosibirsk, Voronezh, and Tomsk regions. Econometric calculations show that RIS efficiency was higher in technologically more developed regions with the oldest universities and larger patent stock. Time is a crucial factor for knowledge accumulation and creating links between innovative agents within RIS. Entrepreneurial activity was also a significant factor because it helps to convert ideas and research into inventions and new technologies and it enhances the interaction between innovative agents. It is advantageous to be located near major innovation centres because of more intensive interregional knowledge spillovers. Public support of more efficient regions can lead to a more productive regional innovation policy. AU - Zemtsov, Stepan AU - Kotsemir, Maxim DA - 2019/8// DO - 10.1007/s11192-019-03130-y IS - 2 KW - DEA KW - Data envelopment analysis KW - Human capital KW - Patent activity KW - R&D expenditures KW - Regional innovation systems KW - Russian regions PB - Springer Netherlands PY - 2019 SP - 375 EP - 404 TI - An assessment of regional innovation system efficiency in Russia: the application of the DEA approach T2 - Scientometrics VL - 120 ER -