TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impacts of Dietary Phytochemicals in the Presence and Absence of Pesticides on  Longevity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).
A1  - Liao, Ling-Hsiu
A1  - Wu, Wen-Yen
A1  - Berenbaum, May R
Y1  - 2017/02//
JF  - Insects
VL  - 8
LA  - eng
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.3390/insects8010022
N2  - Because certain flavonols and phenolic acids are found in pollen and nectar of most  angiosperms, they are routinely ingested by Apis mellifera, the western honey bee. The flavonol quercetin and the phenolic acid p-coumaric acid are known to upregulate detoxification enzymes in adult bees; their presence or absence in the diet may thus affect the toxicity of ingested pesticides. We conducted a series of longevity assays with one-day-old adult workers to test if dietary phytochemicals enhance longevity and pesticide tolerance. One-day-old bees were maintained on sugar syrup with or without casein (a phytochemical-free protein source) in the presence or absence of quercetin and p-coumaric acid as well as in the presence or absence of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin. Dietary quercetin (hazard ratio, HR = 0.82), p-coumaric acid (HR = 0.91) and casein (HR = 0.74) were associated with extended lifespan and the two pyrethroid insecticides, 4 ppm bifenthrin (HR = 9.17) and 0.5 ppm β-cyfluthrin (HR = 1.34), reduced lifespan. Dietary quercetin enhanced tolerance of both pyrethroids; p-coumaric acid had a similar effect trend, although of reduced magnitude. Casein in the diet appears to eliminate the life-prolonging effect of p-coumaric acid in the absence of quercetin. Collectively, these assays demonstrate that dietary phytochemicals influence honey bee longevity and pesticide stress; substituting sugar syrups for honey or yeast/soy flour patties may thus have hitherto unrecognized impacts on adult bee health.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reduced thermal variability in cities and its impact on honey bee thermal tolerance
A1  - Sánchez-Echeverría, Karina
A1  - Castellanos, Ignacio
A1  - Mendoza-Cuenca, Luis
A1  - Zuria, Iriana
A1  - Sánchez-Rojas, Gerardo
ED  - Andrew, Nigel
Y1  - 2019///
KW  - Acclimation
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - Honeybee
KW  - Microclimate
KW  - Physiology
KW  - Plasticity
KW  - Pollinator
KW  - Thermal tolerance
KW  - Urban heat island
KW  - Urbanization
JF  - PeerJ
VL  - 7
SP  - e7060
EP  - e7060
DO  - 10.7717/peerj.7060
UR  - https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7060
N2  -  Urbanization is one of the most significant land cover transformations, and while climate alteration is one of its most cited ecological consequences we have very limited knowledge on its effect on species’ thermal responses. We investigated whether changes in environmental thermal variability caused by urbanization influence thermal tolerance in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in a semi-arid city in central Mexico. Ambient environmental temperature and honey bee thermal tolerance were compared in urban and rural sites. Ambient temperature variability decreased with urbanization due to significantly higher nighttime temperatures in urban compared to rural sites and not from differences in maximum daily temperatures. Honey bee thermal tolerance breadth [critical thermal maxima (CTmax)—critical thermal minima (CTmin)] was narrower for urban bees as a result of differences in cold tolerance, with urban individuals having significantly higher CTmin than rural individuals, and CTmax not differing among urban and rural individuals. Honey bee body size was not correlated to thermal tolerance, and body size did not differ between urban and rural individuals. We found that honey bees’ cold tolerance is modified through acclimation. Our results show that differences in thermal variability along small spatial scales such as urban-rural gradients can influence species’ thermal tolerance breadths. 
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Frequently encountered pesticides can cause multiple disorders in developing worker honey bees
A1  - Tomé, Hudson V.V.
A1  - Schmehl, Daniel R.
A1  - Wedde, Ashlyn E.
A1  - Godoy, Raquel S.M.
A1  - Ravaiano, Samira V.
A1  - Guedes, Raul N.C.
A1  - Martins, Gustavo F.
A1  - Ellis, James D.
Y1  - 2020/01//
PB  - Elsevier
JF  - Environmental Pollution
VL  - 256
SP  - 113420
EP  - 113420
DO  - 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.113420
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749119311534?casa_token=U-qyubGgh2AAAAAA:O2W7ZRaR7hNhg9cr8SdWyeuxOtptwNZ_TcRJpjYbRb6e5sX6AxGssAf40YsSFM9avBC9hGGtqpc
N2  - Pesticide exposure is regarded as a contributing factor to the high gross loss rates of managed colonies of Apis mellifera. Pesticides enter the hive through contaminated nectar and pollen carried by returning forager honey bees or placed in the hive by beekeepers when managing hive pests. We used an in vitro rearing method to characterize the effects of seven pesticides on developing brood subjected dietary exposure at worse-case environmental concentrations detected in wax and pollen. The pesticides tested included acaricides (amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate), insecticides (chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid), one fungicide (chlorothalonil), and one herbicide (glyphosate). The larvae were exposed chronically for six days of mimicking exposure during the entire larval feeding period, which is the worst possible scenario of larval exposure. Survival, duration of immature development, the weight of newly emerged adult, morphologies of the antenna and the hypopharyngeal gland, and gene expression were recorded. Survival of bees exposed to amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil was the most sensitive endpoint despite observed changes in many developmental and physiological parameters across the seven pesticides. Our findings suggest that pesticide exposure during larvae development may affect the survival and health of immature honey bees, thus contributing to overall colony stress or loss. Additionally, pesticide exposure altered gene expression of detoxification enzymes. However, the tested exposure scenario is unlikely to be representative of real-world conditions but emphasizes the importance of proper hive management to minimize pesticide contamination of the hive environment or simulates a future scenario of increased contamination.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Transcriptional and physiological effects of the pyrethroid deltamethrin and the organophosphate dimethoate in the brain of honey bees (Apis mellifera)
A1  - Christen, Verena
A1  - Joho, Yvonne
A1  - Vogel, Maren
A1  - Fent, Karl
Y1  - 2019///
KW  - Acetylcholinesterase
KW  - Deltamethrin
KW  - Dimethoate
KW  - Honey bees
KW  - Transcriptional effects
KW  - Vitellogenin
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
JF  - Environmental Pollution
VL  - 244
SP  - 247
EP  - 256
DO  - 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.030
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.030
N2  - The pyrethroid deltamethrin and the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate are widely used in agriculture and in urban areas. Both plant protection products (PPPs) unintendedly result in adverse effects in pollinators. Currently, the sublethal effects of both compounds are poorly known, particularly on the molecular and biochemical level. Here we analysed effects of deltamethrin and dimethoate at environmental and sublethal concentrations in honey bee workers by focusing on transcriptional changes of target genes in the brain. In addition, expression of vitellogenin protein and activity of acetylcholinesterase were assessed upon dimethoate exposure to assess physiological effects. Deltamethrin resulted in induction of the cyp9q2 transcript at 0.53 ng/bee, while dimethoate led to induction of vitellogenin on the mRNA and protein level at 2 ng/bee. Transcripts of additional cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (cyps) and genes related to immune system regulation were not differentially expressed upon PPP exposure. Dimethoate but not deltamethrin led to a strong and concentration-related inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase at 2 and 20 ng/bee. Our data demonstrate that deltamethrin and dimethoate exhibit transcriptional effects at environmental concentrations in the brain of honey bees. Dimethoate also strongly affected physiological traits, which may translate to adverse effects in forager bees. Deltamethrin and dimethoate induce transcriptional effects.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Dietary quercetin impacts the concentration of pesticides in honey bees
A1  - Ardalani, Hamidreza
A1  - Vidkjær, Nanna Hjort
A1  - Laursen, Bente B.
A1  - Kryger, Per
A1  - Fomsgaard, Inge S.
Y1  - 2021///
KW  - Honey bee
KW  - Imidacloprid
KW  - Neonicotinoid
KW  - Pesticide
KW  - Quercetin
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
JF  - Chemosphere
VL  - 262
SP  - 127848
EP  - 127848
DO  - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127848
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127848
N2  - Honey bees are important pollinators and are subject to numerous stressors, such as changing floral resources, parasites, and agrochemical exposure. Pesticide exposure has been linked to the decline in the global honey bee population. We have limited knowledge of the metabolic pathways and synergistic effects of xenobiotics in bees. Quercetin is one of the most abundant phytochemicals in plants and is therefore abundant in the honey bee diet. Quercetin can upregulate the detoxification system in honey bees; however, it is still unknown to what extent quercetin ingestion can reduce the content of absorbed pesticides. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary quercetin on the contents of three pesticides in honey bees: imidacloprid (insecticide), tebuconazole (fungicide), and tau-fluvalinate (insecticide and acaricide). Bees were divided into two main groups and fed either quercetin-sucrose paste or only sucrose for 72 h. Thereafter, they were orally exposed to ∼10 ng/bee imidacloprid or contact-exposed to ∼0.9 μg/bee tau-fluvalinate or ∼5.2 μg/bee tebuconazole. After 1 h of oral exposure or 24 h of contact exposure, the bees were anaesthetised with CO2, sacrificed by freezing, and extracted with a validated QuEChERS method. Subsequently, the concentrations of the three pesticides and quercetin in the bees were determined with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer coupled to an HPLC system. No significant effect on the concentration of tebuconazole or tau-fluvalinate was observed in bees fed quercetin. Intake of quercetin led to a reduction in the concentration of imidacloprid in honey bees. Quercetin-rich plants may be exploited in future beekeeping.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action: Mechanisms of rutin pharmacological action (review)
A1  - Koval'skii, I. V.
A1  - Krasnyuk, I. I.
A1  - Krasnyuk, I. I.
A1  - Nikulina, O. I.
A1  - Belyatskaya, A. V.
A1  - Kharitonov, Yu Ya
A1  - Feldman, N. B.
A1  - Lutsenko, S. V.
Y1  - 2014///
KW  - Mechanisms of action
KW  - Properties
KW  - Rutin
KW  - Rutin aglycone
JF  - Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal
VL  - 48
IS  - 2
SP  - 73
EP  - 76
DO  - 10.1007/s11094-014-1050-6
N2  - The pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of the flavanoid rutin were reviewed. Rutin can interact with free radicals and various protein systems to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and antitumor activity. At present, much research is devoted to studies of the mechanisms of rutin pharmacological action. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Acute toxicity of permethrin, deltamethrin, and etofenprox to the Alfalfa leafcutting bee
A1  - Piccolomini, Alyssa M.
A1  - Whiten, Shavonn R.
A1  - Flenniken, Michelle L.
A1  - O’Neill, Kevin M.
A1  - Peterson, Robert K.D.
Y1  - 2018///
KW  - Alfalfa leafcutting bee
KW  - Nontarget organism
KW  - Pyrethroids
KW  - Toxicity
JF  - Journal of Economic Entomology
VL  - 111
IS  - 3
SP  - 1001
EP  - 1005
DO  - 10.1093/jee/toy014
N2  - Current regulatory requirements for insecticide toxicity to nontarget insects focus on the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.; Hymenoptera: Apidae), but this species cannot represent all insect pollinator species in terms of response to insecticides.Therefore, we characterized the toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides used for adult mosquito management (permethrin, deltamethrin, and etofenprox) on a nontarget insect, the adult alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in two separate studies. In the first study, the doses causing 50 and 90% mortality (LD50 and LD90, respectively) were used as endpoints and 2-d-old adult females were exposed to eight concentrations ranging from 0.0075 to 0.076 μg/bee for permethrin and etofenprox, and 0.0013–0.0075 μg/ bee for deltamethrin. For the second study, respiration rates of female M. rotundata were also recorded for 2 h after bees were dosed at the LD50 values to give an indication of stress response. Results indicated a relatively similar LD50 for permethrin and etofenprox, 0.057 and 0.051 μg/bee, respectively, and a more toxic response, 0.0016 μg/ bee for deltamethrin. Comparatively, female A. mellifera workers have a LD50 value of 0.024 μg/bee for permethrin and 0.015 μg/bee for etofenprox indicating that female M. rotundata are less susceptible to topical doses of these insecticides, except for deltamethrin, where both A. mellifera and M. rotundata have an identical LD50 of 0.0016 μg/ bee. Respiration rates comparing each active ingredient to control groups, as well as rates between each active ingredient, were statistically different (P < 0.0001).The addition of these results to existing information on A. mellifera may provide more insights on how other economically beneficial and nontarget bees respond to pyrethroids.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - State-Dependent Modification of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by Pyrethroids.
A1  - Soderlund, David M
Y1  - 2010/06//
JF  - Pesticide biochemistry and physiology
VL  - 97
LA  - eng
IS  - 2
SP  - 78
EP  - 86
DO  - 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.06.010
N2  - Pyrethroids disrupt nerve function by altering the rapid kinetic transitions between  conducting and nonconducting states of voltage-gated sodium channels that underlie the generation of nerve action potentials. Recent studies of pyrethroid action on cloned insect and mammalian sodium channel isoforms expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes show that in some cases pyrethroid modification is either absolutely dependent on or significantly enhanced by repeated channel activation. These use-dependent effects have been interpreted as evidence of preferential binding of at least some pyrethroids to the open, rather than resting, state of the sodium channel. This paper reviews the evidence for state-dependent modification of insect and mammalian sodium channels expressed in oocytes by pyrethroids and considers the implications of state-dependent effects for understanding the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid action and the development and testing of models of the pyrethroid receptor.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Towards precision nutrition: A novel concept linking phytochemicals, immune response and honey bee health
A1  - Negri, Pedro
A1  - Villalobos, Ethel
A1  - Szawarski, Nicolás
A1  - Damiani, Natalia
A1  - Gende, Liesel
A1  - Garrido, Melisa
A1  - Maggi, Matías
A1  - Quintana, Silvina
A1  - Lamattina, Lorenzo
A1  - Eguaras, Martin
Y1  - 2019///
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - Cold stress
KW  - Immunity
KW  - Nutrition
KW  - Signaling pathways
KW  - Varroa
JF  - Insects
VL  - 10
IS  - 11
DO  - 10.3390/insects10110401
N2  - The high annual losses of managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) has attracted intensive attention, and scientists have dedicated much effort trying to identify the stresses affecting bees. There are, however, no simple answers; rather, research suggests multifactorial effects. Several works have been reported highlighting the relationship between bees’ immunosuppression and the effects of malnutrition, parasites, pathogens, agrochemical and beekeeping pesticides exposure, forage dearth and cold stress. Here we analyze a possible connection between immunity-related signaling pathways that could be involved in the response to the stress resulted from Varroa-virus association and cold stress during winter. The analysis was made understanding the honey bee as a superorganism, where individuals are integrated and interacting within the colony, going from social to individual immune responses. We propose the term “Precision Nutrition” as a way to think and study bees’ nutrition in the search for key molecules which would be able to strengthen colonies’ responses to any or all of those stresses combined.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Antioxidant potential of propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly: Possible medical application
A1  - Kocot, Joanna
A1  - Kiełczykowska, Małgorzata
A1  - Luchowska-Kocot, Dorota
A1  - Kurzepa, Jacek
A1  - Musik, Irena
Y1  - 2018///
PB  - Hindawi
JF  - Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
VL  - 2018
DO  - 10.1155/2018/7074209
N2  - Honeybees products comprise of numerous substances, including propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly, which have long been known for their medicinal and health-promoting properties. Their wide biological effects have been known and used since antiquity. Bee products are considered to be a potential source of natural antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, or terpenoids. Nowadays, the still growing concern in natural substances capable of counteracting the effects of oxidative stress underlying the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, as well as negative effects of different harmful factors and drugs, is being observed. Having regarded the importance of acquiring drugs from natural sources, this review is aimed at updating the current state of knowledge of antioxidant capacity of selected bee products, namely, propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly, and of their potential antioxidant-related therapeutic applications. Moreover, the particular attention has been attributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying antioxidant properties of bee products. The influence of bee species, plant origin, geographic location, and seasonality as well as type of extraction solutions on the composition of bee products extracts were also discussed.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Brood pheromone effects on colony protein supplement consumption and growth in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a subtropical winter climate
A1  - Pankiw, Tanya
A1  - Sagili, Ramesh R.
A1  - Metz, Bradley N.
Y1  - 2008///
KW  - Brood pheromone
KW  - Honey bee
KW  - Winter colony growth
JF  - Journal of Economic Entomology
VL  - 101
IS  - 6
SP  - 1749
EP  - 1755
DO  - 10.1603/0022-0493-101.6.1749
N2  - Fatty acid esters extractable from the surface of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), larvae, called brood pheromone, significantly increase rate of colony growth in the spring and summer when flowering plant pollen is available in the foraging environment. Increased colony growth rate occurs as a consequence of increased pollen intake through mechanisms such as increasing number of pollen foragers and pollen load weights returned. Here, we tested the hypothesis that addition of brood pheromone during the winter pollen dearth period of a humid subtropical climate increases rate of colony growth in colonies provisioned with a protein supplement. Experiments were conducted in late winter (9 February-9 March 2004) and mid-winter (19 January-8 February 2005). In both years, increased brood area, number of bees, and amount of protein supplement consumption were significantly greater in colonies receiving daily treatments of brood pheromone versus control colonies. Amount of extractable protein from hypopharyngeal glands measured in 2005 was significantly greater in bees from pheromone-treated colonies. These results suggest that brood pheromone may be used as a tool to stimulate colony growth in the southern subtropical areas of the United States where the package bee industry is centered and a large proportion of migratory colonies are overwintered. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - The joint toxicity of type I, II, and nonester pyrethroid insecticides
A1  - Schleier, Jerome J.
A1  - Peterson, Robert K.D.
Y1  - 2012///
KW  - antagonism
KW  - cumulative exposure
KW  - ecotoxicology
KW  - mixture toxicity
KW  - pesticide
JF  - Journal of Economic Entomology
VL  - 105
IS  - 1
SP  - 85
EP  - 91
DO  - 10.1603/EC11267
N2  - Evidence suggests that there are separate binding domains for type I and II pyrethroid insecticides on the voltage gated sodium channel of the nerve cell axon, but there are no studies that have examined the mixture toxicity of nonester pyrethroids and type I and II pyrethroids. Therefore, we examined the effect of nonester pyrethroid (etofenprox), type I (permethrin), and type II (cypermethrin) pyrethroid insecticides alone and in all combinations to Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. The combination of permethrin + etofenprox and permethrin + cypermethrin demonstrated antagonistic toxicity, while the combination of cypermethrin + etofenprox demonstrated synergistic toxicity. The mixture of permethrin + cypermethrin + etofenprox demonstrated additive toxicity. The toxicity of permethrin + cypermethrin was significantly lower than the toxicity of cypermethrin alone, but the combination was not significantly different from permethrin alone. The toxicity of permethrin + cypermethrin + etofenprox was significantly greater than the toxicity of both permethrin and etofenprox alone, but it was significantly lower than cypermethrin alone. The mixture of permethrin and etofenprox was significantly less toxic than permethrin. The explanation for the decreased toxicity observed is most likely because of the competitive binding at the voltage-gated sodium channel, which is supported by physiological and biochemical studies of pyrethroids. Our results demonstrate that the assumption that the mixture toxicity of pyrethroids would be additive is not adequate for modeling the mixture toxicity of pyrethroids to insects. © 2012 Entomological Society of America.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Honey bees and their products as bio-indicator of environmental pollution with heavy metals.
A1  - Al Naggar, Yahya A
A1  - Naiem, El-saied A
A1  - Seif, Amal I
A1  - Mona, Mohamed H
Y1  - 2013///
KW  - 10-20
KW  - 13-26
KW  - 2013
KW  - harum
KW  - lifera
JF  - Mellifera
VL  - 20
SP  - 10
EP  - 20
N2  - The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of honeybees and their associated products as biological indicators of the presence of lead, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc in the environment. Samples were collected from four different Egyptian regions with different anthropogenic activities namely, Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Mehala El-kobra, Kafr El-Zayat and Al-Fayoum during spring and summer honey harvest 2010. Differences in the concentrations of heavy metals in fresh honey collected during spring and summer honey harvests were observed. Cadmium was found completely absent in fresh honey summer harvest collected from all apiaries. However, the values of Cd in honey samples harvested during spring from the four apiaries exceeded the maximum admitted level (0.05 ppm). In addition, the content of Pb in honey during summer exceeded the maximum admitted level (1.5 ppm) only at Kafr El-zayat. Bee gathered pollen heavy metal contents were higher during spring when compared with those during summer. Cadmium content in pollen collected during spring exceeded the maximum admitted level (0.3 ppm) at all locations except at El-Mehala El-kobra. The reported concentrations of heavy metals decreased in the following order: honey bee workers > pollen > honey. These results indicate that honeybees and, to a lesser extent, some of their products (pollen and honey), can be considered as bioindicator of environmental pollution with heavy metals.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - In vitro effects of thiamethoxam on larvae of Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
A1  - Tavares, Daiana Antonia
A1  - Roat, Thaisa Cristina
A1  - Carvalho, Stephan Malfitano
A1  - Silva-Zacarin, Elaine Cristina Mathias
A1  - Malaspina, Osmar
Y1  - 2015///
KW  - LC<inf>50</inf>
KW  - Larval development
KW  - Neonicotinoid
KW  - Nervous system
KW  - Sublethal effects
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
JF  - Chemosphere
VL  - 135
SP  - 370
EP  - 378
DO  - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.090
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.090
N2  - Several investigations have revealed the toxic effects that neonicotinoids can have on Apis mellifera, while few studies have evaluated the impact of these insecticides can have on the larval stage of the honeybee. From the lethal concentration (LC<inf>50</inf>) of thiamethoxam for the larvae of the Africanized honeybee, we evaluated the sublethal effects of this insecticide on morphology of the brain. After determine the LC<inf>50</inf> (14.34ng/μL of diet) of thiamethoxam, larvae were exposed to a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam equivalent to 1.43ng/μL by acute and subchronic exposure. Morphological and immunocytochemistry analysis of the brains of the exposed bees, showed condensed cells and early cell death in the optic lobes. Additional dose-related effects were observed on larval development. Our results show that the sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam tested are toxic to Africanized honeybees larvae and can modulate the development and consequently could affect the maintenance and survival of the colony. These results represent the first assessment of the effects of thiamethoxam in Africanized honeybee larvae and should contribute to studies on honey bee colony decline.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Rutin protects against neuronal damage in vitro and ameliorates doxorubicin-induced memory deficits in vivo in Wistar rats
A1  - Venkata, Grandhi
A1  - Ramalingayya
A1  - Cheruku, Sri Pragnya
A1  - Nayak, Pawan G.
A1  - Kishore, Anoop
A1  - Shenoy, Rekha
A1  - Chamallamudi
A1  - Rao, Mallikarjuna
A1  - Krishnadas, Nandakumar
Y1  - 2017///
KW  - Breast cancer
KW  - Chemobrain
KW  - Cognitive deficit
KW  - Doxorubicin
KW  - Episodic memory
KW  - Object recognition test
JF  - Drug Design, Development and Therapy
VL  - 11
SP  - 1011
EP  - 1026
DO  - 10.2147/DDDT.S103511
N2  - Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most widely used broad-spectrum anticancer agent, either alone or in combination, for most cancers including breast cancer. Long-term use of chemotherapeutic agents to treat breast cancer patients results in cognitive complications with a negative impact on survivors’ quality of life. The study objective was to evaluate rutin (RUT) for its neuroprotective effect against DOX in human neuroblastoma (IMR32) cells in vitro and study its potential to ameliorate DOX-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats. Cell viability assay (3-[4,5 dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), neurite growth assay, detection of apoptosis by (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and flowcytometric analysis were carried out to assess neuroprotective potential against DOX. An in vivo study was conducted for assessing protective effect of RUT against memory deficit associated with DOX-induced chemobrain using object recognition task (ORT). Locomotion was assessed using open field test. Serum biochemistry, acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress markers in hippocampus, and frontal cortex were assessed. Histopathological analysis of major organ systems was also carried out. Prior exposure to RUT at 100 μM protected IMR32 cells from DOX (1 μM) neurotoxicity. DOX exposure resulted in increased cellular death, apoptosis, and intracellular ROS generation with inhibition of neurite growth in differentiated IMR32 cells, which was significantly ameliorated by RUT. Cognitive dysfunction was induced in Wistar rats by administering ten cycles of DOX (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, once in 5 days), as we observed significant impairment of episodic memory in ORT. Coadministration with RUT (50 mg/kg, per os) significantly prevented memory deficits in vivo without any confounding influence on locomotor activity. RUT also offered protection against DOX-induced myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, RUT may be a possible adjuvant therapeutic intervention to alleviate cognitive and other complications associated with DOX chemotherapy.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reevaluate pesticides for food security and safety
A1  - Verger, Philippe J.P.
A1  - Boobis, Alan R.
Y1  - 2013///
JF  - Science
VL  - 341
IS  - 6147
SP  - 717
EP  - 718
DO  - 10.1126/science.1241572
N2  - Generic pesticides, vital in the developing world, present assessment challenges.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids in honey
A1  - Pyrzynska, Krystyna
A1  - Biesaga, Magdalena
Y1  - 2009///
KW  - Analysis
KW  - Antioxidant
KW  - Capillary electrophoresis (CE)
KW  - Flavonoid
KW  - High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
KW  - Honey
KW  - Phenolic acid
KW  - Polyphenol
KW  - Sample pre-treatment
KW  - Separation
JF  - TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
VL  - 28
IS  - 7
SP  - 893
EP  - 902
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.03.015
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993609001216
N2  - Honey is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exhibit a wide range of biological effects and act as natural antioxidants. The analysis of polyphenols has been regarded as a very promising way of studying floral and geographical origins of honeys. This review surveys recent literature on determination of these active compounds in honey. The analytical procedure to determine individual phenolic compounds involves their extraction from the sample matrix, analytical separation and quantification. We pay particular attention to sample pre-treatment and separation techniques (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoresis).
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hormetic efficacy of rutin to promote longevity in Drosophila melanogaster
A1  - Chattopadhyay, Debarati
A1  - Chitnis, Atith
A1  - Talekar, Aishwarya
A1  - Mulay, Prajakta
A1  - Makkar, Manyata
A1  - James, Joel
A1  - Thirumurugan, Kavitha
Y1  - 2017///
KW  - Drosophila melanogaster
KW  - Hormesis
KW  - Hormetin
KW  - Longevity
KW  - Rutin
KW  - Stress
PB  - Springer Netherlands
JF  - Biogerontology
VL  - 18
IS  - 3
SP  - 397
EP  - 411
DO  - 10.1007/s10522-017-9700-1
N2  - Hormetins are compounds that mediate hormesis by being beneficial at low doses but detrimental at high doses. Recent studies have highlighted that many compounds that extended lifespan in model organisms did so by mediating hormesis. Rutin is a glycosylate conjugate of quercetin and rutinose and is abundant in citrus fruits and buckwheat seeds. Rutin possess ROS scavenging, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, skin-regenerative and neuro-protective properties. Drosophila melanogaster is an attractive model organism for longevity studies owing to its homology of organ and cellular-pathways with mammals. In this study, we aimed to understand the effect of rutin on extending longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Male and female flies were administered with a range of rutin doses (100–800 µM) to analyse whether rutin mediated lifespan-extension by hormesis. Effect of rutin on physiological parameters like food intake, fecundity, climbing activity, development and resistance to various stresses was also studied. Lifespan assays showed that rutin at 200 and 400 µM significantly extended median lifespan in both male and female flies beyond which flies exhibited drastically reduced longevity. Increase in survival at 400 µM was associated with reduced food intake and fecundity. Flies exhibited improved climbing capability with both 200 and 400 µM rutin. Flies fed with 100 and 200 µM rutin exhibited enhanced survival upon exposure to oxidative stress with 400 µM rutin exhibiting no improvement in median lifespan following oxidative stress. Analysis of endogenous peroxide upon treatment with rutin (100–400 µM) with or without 5% H2O2 showed elevated levels of endogenous peroxide with 400 µM rutin whereas no increase in hydrogen peroxide level was observed with rutin at 100 and 200 µM. Finally, gene expression studies in male flies revealed that rutin treatment at 200 and/or 400 µM elevated transcript levels of dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5 and dAtg7 and reduced transcript levels of dTor. Collectively, rutin at 200 and 400 µM improved longevity in flies; 200 µM rutin acted as a mild stressor to prolong lifespan in flies by mediating hormesis whereas 400 µM, being a high dose for best positive effects.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Mediation of Pyrethroid Insecticide Toxicity to Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
A1  - Johnson, Reed M.
A1  - Wen, Zhimou
A1  - Schuler, Mary A.
A1  - Berenbaum, May R.
Y1  - 2009///
KW  - apistan
KW  - carboxylesterase
KW  - cytochrome p450 monooxygenase
KW  - extracted from py-
KW  - glutathione s -transferase
KW  - insecticides derived from the
KW  - pyrethroids
KW  - roa destructor
KW  - six naturally occurring pyrethrins
KW  - structure of
KW  - var-
JF  - Journal of Economic Entomology
VL  - 99
IS  - 4
SP  - 1046
EP  - 1050
DO  - 10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1046
N2  - BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne's Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. ABSTRACT Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., often thought to be extremely susceptible to insecticides in general, exhibit considerable variation in tolerance to pyrethroid insecticides. Although some pyrethroids, such as cyßuthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, are highly toxic to honey bees, the toxicity of tau-ßuvalinate is low enough to warrant its use to control parasitic mites inside honey bee colonies. Metabolic insecticide resistance in other insects is mediated by three major groups of detoxifying enzymes: the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), the carboxylesterases (COEs), and the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). To test the role of metabolic detoxiÞcation in mediating the relatively low toxicity of tau-ßuvalinate compared with more toxic pyrethroid insecticides, we ex-amined the effects of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), and diethyl maleate (DEM) on the toxicity of these pyrethroids. The toxicity of the three pyrethroids to bees was greatly synergized by the P450 inhibitor PBO and synergized at low levels by the carboxylesterase inhibitor DEF. Little synergism was observed with DEM. These results suggest that metabolic detoxiÞcation, especially that mediated by P450s, contributes signiÞcantly to honey bee tolerance of pyrethroid insecticides. The potent synergism between tau-ßuvalinate and PBO suggests that P450s are especially important in the detoxiÞcation of this pyrethroid and explains the ability of honey bees to tolerate its presence.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seasonal variation in the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde level in worker honey bees
A1  - Orčić, Snežana
A1  - Nikolić, Tatjana
A1  - Purać, Jelena
A1  - Šikoparija, Branko
A1  - Blagojević, Duško P.
A1  - Vukašinović, Elvira
A1  - Plavša, Nada
A1  - Stevanović, Jevrosima
A1  - Kojić, Danijela
Y1  - 2017///
KW  - Apidae
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - Hymenoptera
KW  - catalase
KW  - floral composition of honey
KW  - glutathione S-transferase
KW  - melyssopalinology
KW  - oxidative stress
KW  - superoxide dismutase
JF  - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
VL  - 165
IS  - 2-3
SP  - 120
EP  - 128
DO  - 10.1111/eea.12633
N2  - The recent decline in managed honey bee populations, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), has caused scientific, ecological, and economic concern. Research into the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidative defense mechanisms, and oxidative stress can contribute to our understanding of bee survival and conservation of this species. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes together with levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in summer and winter honey bees sampled from three colonies. One colony was stationary (C1), entering the winter period having accumulated Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) honey, and two were migratory (C2 and C3), entering the winter period with mainly Tilia (Malvaceae) and Brassica (Brassicaceae) honey, respectively. Compared to summer workers, winter worker bees had decreased SOD and GST activity, and MDA level, whereas CAT activity increased in all three colonies. We also demonstrated that seasonality is the main factor responsible for changes in antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels in worker honey bees. Overall, our results indicate a difference between summer and winter worker bees, pointing at a reduced level of antioxidant enzyme defenses during overwintering which may be due to a decrease in production of ROS. The decreased levels of MDA measured in winter honey bees confirm this. As ROS are actively used by insects as a defense mechanism to fight pathogens, we suggest that reduced production of ROS contributes to higher susceptibility of winter honey bees to infections and reduced overwinter survival.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Acute and chronic toxicity of acetamiprid, carbaryl, cypermethrin and deltamethrin to Apis mellifera larvae reared in vitro
A1  - Yang, Yang
A1  - Ma, Shilong
A1  - Liu, Feng
A1  - Wang, Qiang
A1  - Wang, Xing
A1  - Hou, Chunsheng
A1  - Wu, Yanyan
A1  - Gao, Jing
A1  - Zhang, Li
A1  - Liu, Yongjun
A1  - Diao, Qingyun
A1  - Dai, Pingli
Y1  - 2020///
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - acute toxicity
KW  - chronic toxicity
KW  - larvae
KW  - risk quotients
JF  - Pest Management Science
VL  - 76
IS  - 3
SP  - 978
EP  - 985
DO  - 10.1002/ps.5606
N2  - Background: The effects of exposing Apis mellifera larvae to common insecticides were tested in the laboratory. Results: The acute toxicity values of the four insecticides that we tested ranged from high toxicity to low toxicity: deltamethrin > cypermethrin > carbaryl > acetamiprid. The NOAEC (no observed adverse effect concentration) values of the chronic toxicity tests for each compound are 5 mg L−1 for acetamiprid, 2 mg L−1 for carbaryl, 1 mg L−1 for cypermethrin, and 0.2 mg L−1 for deltamethrin. Conclusion: According to the risk quotient (RQ) values of acute and chronic toxicity that we obtained, the risk is acceptable at exposure rates that have been identified in the field. Overall, our results are valuable for evaluating the acute and chronic toxicities of these insecticides to developing honey bees. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Current knowledge of detoxification mechanisms of xenobiotic in honey bees
A1  - Gong, Youhui
A1  - Diao, Qingyun
Y1  - 2017///
KW  - Detoxification genes
KW  - Function
KW  - Honeybee health management
KW  - Metabolism pathways
KW  - Nutrition
KW  - P450 genes
PB  - Springer US
JF  - Ecotoxicology
VL  - 26
IS  - 1
SP  - 1
EP  - 12
DO  - 10.1007/s10646-016-1742-7
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1742-7
N2  - The western honey bee Apis mellifera is the most important managed pollinator species in the world. Multiple factors have been implicated as potential causes or factors contributing to colony collapse disorder, including honey bee pathogens and nutritional deficiencies as well as exposure to pesticides. Honey bees’ genome is characterized by a paucity of genes associated with detoxification, which makes them vulnerable to specific pesticides, especially to combinations of pesticides in real field environments. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms involved in detoxification of xenobiotics/pesticides in honey bees, from primal enzyme assays or toxicity bioassays to characterization of transcript gene expression and protein expression in response to xenobiotics/insecticides by using a global transcriptomic or proteomic approach, and even to functional characterizations. The global transcriptomic and proteomic approach allowed us to learn that detoxification mechanisms in honey bees involve multiple genes and pathways along with changes in energy metabolism and cellular stress response. P450 genes, is highly implicated in the direct detoxification of xenobiotics/insecticides in honey bees and their expression can be regulated by honey/pollen constitutes, resulting in the tolerance of honey bees to other xenobiotics or insecticides. P450s is also a key detoxification enzyme that mediate synergism interaction between acaricides/insecticides and fungicides through inhibition P450 activity by fungicides or competition for detoxification enzymes between acaricides. With the wide use of insecticides in agriculture, understanding the detoxification mechanism of insecticides in honey bees and how honeybees fight with the xenobiotis or insecticides to survive in the changing environment will finally benefit honeybees’ management.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Longevity-promoting efficacies of rutin in high fat diet fed Drosophila melanogaster
A1  - Chattopadhyay, Debarati
A1  - Thirumurugan, Kavitha
Y1  - 2020///
KW  - Drosophila melanogaster
KW  - High fat diet
KW  - Longevity
KW  - Rutin
PB  - Springer Netherlands
JF  - Biogerontology
VL  - 21
IS  - 5
SP  - 653
EP  - 668
SN  - 0123456789
DO  - 10.1007/s10522-020-09882-y
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-020-09882-y
N2  - Composition of diet significantly impacts lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Diet-composition becomes even more crucial while assessing a phytocompound for probable pro-longevity effects in flies. Rutin is a flavonol glycoside present in apple, buckwheat, black tea and green tea. Our previous study had reported hormetic efficacy of rutin to improve longevity and other physiological parameters in Drosophila melanogaster fed with standard diet. This study aimed to understand whether rutin could exhibit similar longevity promoting effects in flies fed with a high fat diet (HFD). In this study, wild type Canton-S males and females were reared on high fat diet (HFD) treated with or without rutin at different doses (100–800 µM) and assessed for survival, food intake, fecundity, locomotion, development, resistance to various forms of stresses and relative mRNA expression of specific genes associated with ageing, namely dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5, dAtg7 and dTor. Rutin at only 400 µM significantly improved survival in males fed with HFD; while at 200 µM and 400 µM it significantly improved survival in females. Doses beyond 400 µM proved detrimental for both sexes. Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly reduced average food intake in both males and females fed with HFD. A significant reduction in number of eggs laid per female per day was observed in females treated with rutin at 400 µM. Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly improved climbing efficiency in males and females. A significant reduction in eclosion time was observed in larvae fed with HFD and treated with rutin at 400 µM. Rutin at 400 µM significantly improved resistance of males and females to different stresses namely heat shock, cold shock and starvation stresses. Interestingly, rutin at 400 µM significantly reduced survival of males and females exposed to oxidative stress. In males fed with HFD, rutin at 200 µM showed significantly increased relative expression of dFoxo, MnSod, Cat, dAtg1, dAtg5 and dAtg7; at 400 µM it significantly increased the relative expression of dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5, dAtg7 while decreasing relative expression of dTor. Thus, data from this study collectively showed that rutin at 400 µM and to an extent 200 µM positively impacted lifespan and modulated other physiological parameters in males and females fed with HFD.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides
A1  - Gregorc, Ales
A1  - Ellis, James D.
Y1  - 2011/02//
PB  - Academic Press
JF  - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
VL  - 99
IS  - 2
SP  - 200
EP  - 207
DO  - 10.1016/J.PESTBP.2010.12.005
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048357510001884
N2  - In this study, cell death detected by DNA fragmentation labeling and phosphatidylserine (PS) localization was investigated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) midgut, salivary glands and ovaries after treating larvae with different pesticides offered via an artificial diet. To do this, honey bee larvae reared in an incubator were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine. Following this, larvae were fixed and prepared for immunohistologically detected cellular death using two TUNEL techniques for DNA fragmentation labeling and Annexin V to detect the localization of exposed PS specific in situ binding to apoptotic cells. Untreated larvae experienced ∼10% midgut apoptotic cell death under controlled conditions. All applied pesticides triggered an increase in apoptosis in treated compared to untreated larvae. The level of cell death in the midgut of simazine-treated larvae was highest at 77% mortality and statistically similar to the level of cell death for chlorpyrifos (65%), imidacloprid (61%), myclobutanil (69%), and glyphosate (69%) treated larvae. Larvae exposed to fluvalinate had the lowest midgut columnar apoptotic cell death (30%) of any pesticide-treated larvae. Indications of elevated apoptotic cell death in salivary glands and ovaries after pesticide application were detected. Annexin V localization, indicative of apoptotic cell deletion, had an extensive distribution in the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries of pesticide-treated larvae. The data suggest that the tested pesticides induced apoptosis in tissues of honey bee larvae at the tested concentrations. Cell death localization as a tool for a monitoring the subclinical and sub-lethal effects of external influences on honey bee larval tissues is discussed.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Rutin attenuates neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation and apoptosis in fluoride treated rats
A1  - Nkpaa, Kpobari W.
A1  - Onyeso, Godspower I.
Y1  - 2018///
KW  - Antioxidant status
KW  - Apoptosis
KW  - Fluoride
KW  - Neuro-inflammation
KW  - Neurobehavioral deficits
KW  - Rutin
PB  - Elsevier Ireland Ltd
JF  - Neuroscience Letters
VL  - 682
SP  - 92
EP  - 99
DO  - 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.023
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.023
N2  - Studies have shown that high exposure to fluoride (NaF) induces neurotoxicity. Rutin (RUT), a citrus flavonoid, has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of RUT on NaF – induced neurotoxicity. Rats were exposed to NaF alone in drinking water at 15 mg/L alone ad libitum or orally co-treated by gavage with RUT at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 31 consecutive days. A video-tracking software was used to monitor the motor and locomotive behavior during a 5 – min trial time in a novel environment. Thereafter, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase – 3 activity were determined in the cerebrum and striatum. The result indicates that NaF – induced neurobehavioral deficits. RUT mediated the reversal of the neurobehavioral deficits and enhanced the exploratory profile of NaF – treated rats as supported by the track plot analyses. Moreover, RUT attenuated the NaF – induced inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and AChE activity and inhibits lipid peroxidation, neuro-inflammation and apoptosis in the cerebrum and striatum of the rats. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that RUT attenuates NaF – Induced toxicity in the cerebrum and striatum of rats via mechanisms involving enhancement of AChE activity, antioxidant status with concomitant inhibition of lipid peroxidation, neuro-inflammation and apoptosis in rats. RUT may be used as a neuroprotective agent against NaF – induced neurotoxicity.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions
A1  - Decourtye, Axel
A1  - Devillers, James
A1  - Cluzeau, Sophie
A1  - Charreton, Mercedes
A1  - Pham-Delègue, Minh Hà
Y1  - 2004///
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - Associative learning
KW  - Deltamethrin
KW  - Imidacloprid
KW  - Olfactory conditioning
KW  - Sublethal effect
JF  - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
VL  - 57
IS  - 3
SP  - 410
EP  - 419
SN  - 3301690750
DO  - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.08.001
N2  - We have compared the sublethal effects of two insecticides in the honeybee (imidacloprid and deltamethrin) in both semi-field and laboratory conditions. A sugar solution containing 24μgkg-1 of imidacloprid or 500μgkg-1 of deltamethrin was offered to a colony set in an outdoor flight cage. In contrast to imidacloprid, deltamethrin had lethal effect on workers bees. The contamination of syrup with imidacloprid or deltamethrin induced a decrease in both the foraging activity on the food source and activity at the hive entrance. Negative effects of imidacloprid were also observed in an olfactory learnt discrimination task. Free-flying foragers were taken from the contaminated feeder and subjected to a conditioned proboscis extension response (PER) assay under laboratory conditions. As with free-flying bees, no impact of deltamethrin was found on the learning performances of restrained individuals in the PER procedure, whilst significant effects were found with imidacloprid in both semi-field and laboratory conditions. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers
A1  - Goulson, Dave
A1  - Nicholls, Elizabeth
A1  - Botías, Cristina
A1  - Rotheray, Ellen L
Y1  - 2015/03//
JF  - Science
VL  - 347
IS  - 6229
SP  - 1255957
EP  - 1255957
DO  - 10.1126/science.1255957
UR  - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6229/1255957.abstract
N2  - If pollination fails, ecosystems are eroded and we will lose reliable sources of many critical foodstuffs. Focusing on the pollination services provided by bees, Goulson et al. review the stresses bees are experiencing from climate change, infectious diseases, and insecticides. We can mitigate some of the stress on bees by improving floral resources and adopting quarantine measures, and by surveillance of bee populations. Crucially, we need to resolve the controversy surrounding prophylactic use of pesticides.Science, this issue 10.1126/science.1255957 BACKGROUND The species richness of wild bees and other pollinators has declined over the past 50 years, with some species undergoing major declines and a few going extinct. Evidence of the causes of these losses is patchy and incomplete, owing to inadequate monitoring systems. Managed honey bee stocks have also declined in North America and many European countries, although they have increased substantially in China. During this same period, the demand for insect pollination of crops has approximately tripled, and the importance of wild pollinators in providing such services has become increasingly apparent, leading to concern that we may be nearing a “pollination crisis” in which crop yields begin to fall. This has stimulated much-needed research into the causes of bee declines. Habitat loss, which has reduced the abundance and diversity of floral resources and nesting opportunities, has undoubtedly been a major long-term driver through the 20th century and still continues today. In addition, both wild and managed bees have been exposed to a succession of emerging parasites and pathogens that have been accidentally moved around the world by human action. The intensification of agriculture and increasing reliance on pesticides means that pollinators are also chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals. Predicted changes in global climate are likely to further exacerbate such problems in the future. ADVANCES It has lately become clear that stressors do not act in isolation and that their interactions may be difficult to predict; for example, some pesticides act synergistically rather than additively. Both pesticide exposure and food stress can impair immune responses, rendering bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic exposure to multiple interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony losses and declines of wild pollinators, but the precise combination apparently differs from place to place. Although the causes of pollinator decline may be complex and subject to disagreement, solutions need not be; taking steps to reduce or remove any of these stresses is likely to benefit pollinator health. Several techniques are available that have been demonstrated to effectively increase floral availability in farmland. Similarly, encouraging gardeners to grow appropriate bee-friendly flowers and to improve management of amenity grasslands can also reduce dietary stress. Retaining or restoring areas of seminatural habitat within farmland will improve nest site availability. A return to the principles of integrated pest management and avoidance of prophylactic use of agrochemicals could greatly decrease exposure of bees to pesticides. OUTLOOK Interactions among agrochemicals and stressors are not addressed by current regulatory procedures, which typically expose well-fed, parasite-free bees to a single pesticide for a short period of time. Devising approaches to study these interactions and incorporating them into the regulatory process poses a major challenge. In the meantime, providing support and advice for farmers in more sustainable farming methods with reduced pesticide use is likely to have broad benefits for farmland biodiversity. Enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements to prevent further spread of bee parasites is also vital. Finally, effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies. Without this, we have no early warning system to tell us how close we may be to a pollination crisis. With a growing human population and rapid growth in global demand for pollination services, we cannot afford to see crop yields begin to fall, and we would be well advised to take preemptive action to ensure that we have adequate pollination services into the future. Multiple interacting stressors drive bee declines. Both wild and managed bees are subject to a number of important and interacting stressors. For example, exposure to some fungicides can greatly increase the toxicity of insecticides, whereas exposure to insecticides reduces resistance to diseases. Dietary stresses are likely to reduce the ability of bees to cope with both toxins and pathogens. Photo credit: DAVE GOULSON Bees are subject to numerous pressures in the modern world. The abundance and diversity of flowers has declined; bees are chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals, and they are simultaneously exposed to novel parasites accidentally spread by humans. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these problems in the future. Stressors do not act in isolation; for example, pesticide exposure can impair both detoxification mechanisms and immune responses, rendering bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic exposure to multiple interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony losses and declines of wild pollinators, but such interactions are not addressed by current regulatory procedures, and studying these interactions experimentally poses a major challenge. In the meantime, taking steps to reduce stress on bees would seem prudent; incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted. Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Deltamethrin toxicity: A review of oxidative stress and metabolism
A1  - Lu, Qirong
A1  - Sun, Yaqi
A1  - Ares, Irma
A1  - Anadón, Arturo
A1  - Martínez, Marta
A1  - Martínez-Larrañaga, María Rosa
A1  - Yuan, Zonghui
A1  - Wang, Xu
A1  - Martínez, María Aránzazu
Y1  - 2019///
KW  - Deltamethrin
KW  - Metabolism
KW  - Oxidative stress
KW  - Signaling pathway
KW  - Toxicity
PB  - Elsevier Inc.
JF  - Environmental Research
VL  - 170
IS  - November 2018
SP  - 260
EP  - 281
DO  - 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.045
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.045
N2  - Deltamethrin is widely used worldwide due to its valuable insecticidal activity against pests and parasites. Increasing evidence has shown that deltamethrin causes varying degrees of toxicity. Moreover, oxidative stress and metabolism are highly correlated with toxicity. For the first time, this review systematically summarizes the deltamethrin toxicity mechanism from the perspective of oxidative stress, including deltamethrin-mediated oxidative damage, antioxidant status, oxidative signaling pathways and modulatory effects of antagonists, synergists and placebos on oxidative stress. Further, deltamethrin metabolism, including metabolites, metabolic enzymes and pathways and deltamethrin metabolite toxicity are discussed. This review will shed new light on deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms and provide effective strategies to ensure pest control and prevention of human and animal poisoning.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pollinator habitat enhancement: Benefits to other ecosystem services
A1  - Wratten, Stephen D
A1  - Gillespie, Mark
A1  - Decourtye, Axel
A1  - Mader, Eric
A1  - Desneux, Nicolas
Y1  - 2012///
KW  - Aesthetic services
KW  - Agricultural landscapes
KW  - Bee habitat
KW  - Biological control
KW  - Conservation
KW  - Economics
KW  - Ecosystem service enhancement
KW  - Environmental policy
KW  - Pollinator decline
KW  - Soil and water quality
KW  - Weeds
JF  - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
VL  - 159
SP  - 112
EP  - 122
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.020
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880912002460
N2  - A range of policy initiatives have been promoted in recent years to address the decline of bee populations in Europe and North America. Among these has been the establishment of flower-rich habitat within or around intensively farmed landscapes to increase the availability of pollen and nectar resources. The composition of these habitats depends on location and compatibility with adjacent cropping systems, but they often consist of fields planted with temporary flowering cover crops, field borders with perennial or annual flowering species, hedgerows comprising prolifically flowering shrubs, and grass buffer strips (used to manage erosion and nutrient runoff) which are supplemented with dicotyledonous flower species. While the primary objective of such measures is to increase the ecological fitness of pollinator populations through enhanced larval and adult nutrition, such strategies also provide secondary benefits to the farm and the surrounding landscape. Specifically, the conservation of pollinator habitat can enhance overall biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides (including pest population reduction), protect soil and water quality by mitigating runoff and protecting against soil erosion, and enhance rural aesthetics. Incorporating these secondary benefits into decision making processes is likely to help stakeholders to assess the trade-offs implicit in supplying ecosystem services.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Biphasic concentration-dependent interaction between imidacloprid and dietary phytochemicals in honey bees (Apis mellifera)
A1  - Wong, Michael J.
A1  - Liao, Ling Hsiu
A1  - Berenbaum, May R.
Y1  - 2018///
JF  - PLoS ONE
VL  - 13
IS  - 11
SP  - 1
EP  - 15
SN  - 1111111111
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0206625
N2  - Background The presence of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in nectar, honey, pollen, beebread and beeswax has been implicated in declines worldwide in the health of the western honey bee Apis mellifera. Certain phytochemicals, including quercetin and p-coumaric acid, are ubiquitous in the honey bee diet and are known to upregulate cytochrome P450 genes encoding enzymes that detoxify insecticides. Thus, the possibility exists that these dietary phytochemicals interact with ingested imidacloprid to ameliorate toxicity by enhancing its detoxification. Approach Quercetin and p-coumaric acid were incorporated in a phytochemical-free artificial diet individually and together along with imidacloprid at a range of field-realistic concentrations. In acute toxicity bioassays, honey bee 24-and 48-hour imidacloprid LC50 values were determined in the presence of the phytochemicals. Additionally, chronic toxicity bioassays were conducted using varying concentrations of imidacloprid in diets with the phytochemicals to test impacts of phytochemicals on longevity. Results In acute toxicity bioassays, the phytochemicals had no effect on imidacloprid LC50 values. In chronic toxicity longevity bioassays, phytochemicals enhanced honey bee survival at low imidacloprid concentrations (15 and 45 ppb) but had a negative effect at higher concentrations (105 ppb and 135 ppb). p-Coumaric acid alone increased honey bee longevity at concentrations of 15 and 45 ppb imidacloprid (hazard ratio (HR): 0.83 and 0.70, respectively). Quercetin alone and in combination with p-coumaric acid similarly enhanced longevity at 45 ppb imidacloprid (HR:0.81 and HR:0.77, respectively). However, p-coumaric acid in combination with 105 ppb imidacloprid and quercetin in combination with 135 ppb imidacloprid increased honey bee HR by approximately 30% (HR:1.33 and HR:1.30, respectively). Conclusions The biphasic concentration-dependent response of honey bees to imidacloprid in the presence of two ubiquitous dietary phytochemicals indicates that there are limits to the protective effects of the natural diet of honey bees against neonicotinoids based on their own inherent toxicity.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Disruption of quercetin metabolism by fungicide affects energy production in honey bees (Apis mellifera)
A1  - Mao, Wenfu
A1  - Schuler, Mary A.
A1  - Berenbaum, May R.
Y1  - 2017///
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - Cytochrome P450
KW  - Flavonol
KW  - Mitochondria
KW  - Myclobutanil
JF  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
VL  - 114
IS  - 10
SP  - 2538
EP  - 2543
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1614864114
N2  - Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, detoxify phytochemicals in honey and pollen. The flavonol quercetin is found ubiquitously and abundantly in pollen and frequently at lower concentrations in honey. Worker jelly consumed during the first 3 d of larval development typically contains flavonols at very low levels, however. RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression in neonates reared for three days on diets with and without quercetin revealed that, in addition to up-regulating multiple detoxifying P450 genes, quercetin is a negative transcriptional regulator of mitochondrion-related nuclear genes and genes encoding subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Thus, a consequence of inefficient metabolism of this phytochemical may be compromised energy production. Several P450s metabolize quercetin in adult workers. Docking in silico of 121 pesticide contaminants of American hives into the active pocket of CYP9Q1, a broadly substratespecific P450 with high quercetin-metabolizing activity, identified six triazole fungicides, all fungal P450 inhibitors, that dock in the catalytic site. In adults fed combinations of quercetin and the triazole myclobutanil, the expression of five of six mitochondrion-related nuclear genes was down-regulated. Midgut metabolism assays verified that adult bees consuming quercetin with myclobutanil metabolized less quercetin and produced less thoracic ATP, the energy source for flight muscles. Although fungicides lack acute toxicity, they may influence bee health by interfering with quercetin detoxification, thereby compromising mitochondrial regeneration and ATP production. Thus, agricultural use of triazole fungicides may put bees at risk of being unable to extract sufficient energy from their natural food.
ER  -