TY  - JOUR
AB  - A technique of bone grafting the ununited hook of the hamate is presented as an alternative to simple excision of the nonunion fragment. The procedure was successful in four patients. The advantages of preserving the hook of the hamate for the pulley effect on the flexor profundi are discussed. © 1989, American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights reserved.
AU  - Watson, H. Kirk
AU  - Rogers, William D.
DO  - 10.1016/S0363-5023(89)80008-5
IS  - 3
PY  - 1989
SP  - 486
EP  - 490
TI  - Nonunion of the hook of the hamate: An argument for bone grafting the nonunion
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 14
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two delayed unions and one nonunion of hook of the hamate fractures in adults aged 31-, 40-, and 41-years-old were treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Ultrasound treatment was started at three, four, and six months after injury and ultrasound exposure at the hook of the hamate in the hypothenar eminence was carried out for four to five months. During the management period, there was no immobilisation with a cast or brace and limited strain with only routine daily activities allowed. In all cases, bony union was confirmed on carpal tunnel radiographs or computed tomography at the final follow-up time of eight and 36 months after injuries.
AU  - Tomaru, Michiyo
AU  - Osada, Denju
AU  - Fujita, Satoshi
AU  - Tamai, Kazuya
DO  - 10.1142/S0218810414720319
IS  - 3
KW  - Elderly People
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hamate Hook
KW  - Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound
PY  - 2014
SP  - 433
EP  - 436
TI  - Treatment of hook of the hamate fractures in adults using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
T2  - Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand
VL  - 19
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Trommeter, Robert A.
AU  - Freeman, Clifford L.
AU  - Shah, Karan S.
AU  - McKinzie, Jeffry P.
AU  - Smith, Austin T.
DA  - 2019/1//
DO  - 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.09.042
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier USA
PY  - 2019
SP  - 105
EP  - 106
TI  - Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
T2  - Journal of Emergency Medicine
VL  - 56
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Purpose: To investigate the incidence and characteristics of carpal fractures occurring concurrently with distal radius fractures and to determine the risk factors for this combination. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 161 consecutive patients with 170 distal radius fractures who were treated between 2007 and 2011. Posteroanterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs of the wrist were examined, as were computed tomography scans when available. We evaluated the incidence and characteristics of carpal fractures occurring concurrently with distal radius fractures and the patient factors of gender, age, AO/ASIF classification, and energy of the injury. Results: Of the 170 distal radius fractures, 11 (7%) also had 1 or 2 carpal fractures. Of the 15 carpal fractures, 8 were scaphoid, 2 triquetrum, 2 pisiform, 1 capitate, 1 trapezium, and 1 hamate. Eleven of the 15 carpal fractures were diagnosed by computed tomography alone. Male gender, patients of lower mean age, AO/ASIF type B, and high-energy trauma significantly raised the risk of simultaneous fractures of the distal radius and carpals. Conclusions: The incidence of carpal fractures occurring concurrently with distal radius fractures was not negligible, and almost all carpal fractures had no or minimal displacement. Suspicion of carpal fractures occurring concurrently with distal radius fracture should be high, and computed tomography should be considered, in males, young patients, and those with AO/ASIF type B fractures and high energy trauma. © 2012 American Society for Surgery of the Hand.
AU  - Komura, Shingo
AU  - Yokoi, Tatsuo
AU  - Nonomura, Hidehiko
AU  - Tanahashi, Hiroyuki
AU  - Satake, Takashi
AU  - Watanabe, Norihito
DA  - 2012/3//
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.011
IS  - 3
KW  - Carpal fractures
KW  - concomitant fractures
KW  - distal radius fractures
KW  - incidence and characteristics
KW  - risk factor
PY  - 2012
SP  - 469
EP  - 476
TI  - Incidence and characteristics of carpal fractures occurring concurrently with distal radius fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 37
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. The presence of a concomitant hook of hamate fracture is of particular relevance given that it is often occult on routine wrist/scaphoid radiographs and that hook of hamate fractures are prone to symptomatic non-union, resulting in chronic ulnar wrist pain. Prompt diagnosis and immobilisation/fixation may minimise such complications. Our study is aimed at assessing the frequency of concomitant hook of hamate fractures in patients with scaphoid fractures. Methods: Hook of hamate fracture is often occult on wrist/scaphoid radiographs. Hence, we identified all 2,568 CT and MRI studies performed to investigate scaphoid fracture at our institution from April 2005 to March 2016. Three hundred and twelve out of 2,568 cases were confirmed to have a scaphoid fracture. Images were then retrospectively reviewed by a Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist and Musculoskeletal Radiologist Trainee to assess for the presence of concomitant hook of hamate fracture and, if present, whether this was identified on initial reporting. Results: Concomitant hook of hamate fracture was identified in 10.3% of cases (32 out of 312, 30 on CT, 2 on MRI); most were minimally/non-displaced. Sixty percent of fractures identified on CT were missed on the initial review (18 out of 30). Both cases identified on MRI had been initially reported. Conclusion: Scaphoid fracture is associated with higher than expected rates of concomitant hook of hamate fracture. Given the potential morbidity associated with hook of hamate fracture, this should be considered a review area when investigating scaphoid injury. These fractures are often minimally displaced, hence easily overlooked on CT. MRI may therefore be superior when investigating radiographically occult scaphoid fractures.
AU  - Mandegaran, Ramin
AU  - Gidwani, Sam
AU  - Zavareh, Ali
DA  - 2018/4//
DO  - 10.1007/s00256-017-2814-3
IS  - 4
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hook of hamate
KW  - Scaphoid
PB  - Springer Verlag
PY  - 2018
SP  - 505
EP  - 510
TI  - Concomitant hook of hamate fractures in patients with scaphoid fracture: more common than you might think
T2  - Skeletal Radiology
VL  - 47
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Purpose: To determine the incidence of anatomic variations of the hook of hamate and to evaluate its association with the development of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Radiographs of 3,218 hands (2,070 patients) were evaluated. This group included 2,866 hands diagnosed with CTS and 352 hands without the diagnosis of CTS. Using the carpal tunnel view variations of the hook of hamate were identified. Variants were classified based on appearance and measurements. Patients having variant hooks of hamate who were diagnosed with CTS then were compared with patients with variant hooks of hamate who had no evidence of CTS. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release using the Chow technique was performed on all patients with CTS who had a known variation of the hook of hamate without difficulty or complication. Results: Variations of the hook of hamate were found in 96 hands: 42, bipartite hook; 50, hypoplastic hook; and 4, aplastic hook. Ninety-three hands with variant hooks of hamate were diagnosed with CTS. The remaining 3 hands identified with variants had no evidence of CTS. After comparing the 2 groups, we found that the incidence of a variant hook of hamate in the group with CTS was significantly greater than the incidence of variations in the group without CTS. Conclusions: Three variations of the hook of hamate were identified with radiographic evaluation using the carpal tunnel view. Variations are more prevalent than once thought. There was a significant increase in the incidence of variation in the hook of hamate in the group with CTS compared with the group without CTS. Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.
AU  - Chow, James C.Y.
AU  - Weiss, Molly A.
AU  - Gu, Yan
DA  - 2005/11//
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.05.018
IS  - 6
KW  - Hook of hamate
KW  - Variations
PY  - 2005
SP  - 1242
EP  - 1247
TI  - Anatomic variations of the hook of hamate and the relationship to carpal tunnel syndrome
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 30
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Failla, Joseph M.
DA  - 1993/11//
DO  - 10.1016/0363-5023(93)90405-R
IS  - 6
PY  - 1993
SP  - 1075
EP  - 1079
TI  - Hook of hamate vascularity: Vulnerability to osteonecrosis and nonunion
T2  - The Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/036350239390405R
VL  - 18
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe an approach to surgical management of the hook of hamate fractures in professional baseball players. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on Major and Minor League Baseball players who underwent surgical excision for the hook of hamate fracture between the years 2003 and 2019 by a single surgeon. Patient demographics, the mechanism and timing of the injury, diagnostic and operative details, postoperative complications, and timeline to return to baseball activities were recorded. Results: A total of 145 professional baseball players affiliated with 17 Major League Baseball organizations were studied, with the majority of athletes playing at the Minor League Baseball level (91.7%). Subacute or chronic patterns of injury (81.7%) were found to be more common than acute patterns based on radiographic and intraoperative findings. Two patients reported transient numbness in the fourth and fifth digits after surgery, 6 patients reported pisotriquetral pain when returning to a hitting program, and 1 patient developed heterotopic ossification after surgery. All complications resolved during a strength and conditioning program. On average, players in our cohort began a hitting program at 4.6 weeks after surgery and were released into full baseball activities at 7.1 weeks after surgery. Conclusions: Surgical excision remains an effective method of management, with a low risk of minor complications for both acute and chronic hook of hamate fractures in professional baseball players. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic Level IV.
AU  - Sheridan, Joseph
AU  - Sheridan, Daniel
AU  - Sheridan, Donald
DA  - 2021/8//
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.03.015
IS  - 8
KW  - Baseball
KW  - hook of hamate fracture
KW  - professional athlete
KW  - return to play
KW  - surgical excision
PB  - W.B. Saunders
PY  - 2021
SP  - 653
EP  - 659
TI  - Hook of Hamate Fractures in Major and Minor League Baseball Players
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 46
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Carroll, Robert E.
AU  - Lakin, Jeffrey F.
DA  - 1993/6//
DO  - 10.1097/00005373-199306000-00009
IS  - 6
PY  - 1993
SP  - 803
EP  - 805
TI  - FRACTURE OF THE HOOK OF THE HAMATE
T2  - The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care
UR  - http://journals.lww.com/00005373-199306000-00009
VL  - 34
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Distal radius fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation are commonly stabilized with a volar locking plate; however, more complex fracture patterns may require supplemental fixation with fragment-specific implants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of distal radius fractures treated with radial column plates. Methods: A consecutive series of 61 patients who sustained distal radius fractures underwent radial column plating alone or in conjunction with other implants between August 2006 and January 2014. Thirty-one patients returned for follow-up or returned a mailed questionnaire at an average of 4.1 years. The outcomes measures included Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH); and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) scores. Results: Sixty-one patients with a mean age of 55 years (range, 20-87) met inclusion criteria and were available for follow-up or chart review at an average of 5.2 years (range, 1.6-9.0 years). Seventeen of 61 (28%) underwent radial column plate removal. Twenty patients returned for final follow-up examination, and 11 completed questionnaires via mail. Subjective scores included a mean postoperative VAS of 0.72, DASH score of 17.2, and PRWE score of 15.7. Hardware sensitivity and wrist stiffness were the most common complications at final follow-up. Conclusions: Radial column plating of the distal radius is a safe treatment modality and a valuable adjunct in the setting of complex distal radius fractures, but patients should be counseled that there is a 28% chance that hardware removal may be required. Our retrospective review found evidence of few complications and objective scores consistent with return to normal function.
AU  - Chung, K. C.
AU  - Spilson, S. V.
AU  - Mauck, Benjamin M.
AU  - Swigler, Colin W.
AU  - Lawson, G M
AU  - Hajducka, C
AU  - Mcqueen, M M
AU  - Vogt, Molly T.
AU  - Cauley, Jane A.
AU  - Tomaino, Matthew M.
AU  - Stone, Katie
AU  - Williams, James R.
AU  - Herndon, James H.
AU  - Mandegaran, Ramin
AU  - Gidwani, Sam
AU  - Zavareh, Ali
AU  - Van Onselen, E. B.H.
AU  - Karim, R. B.
AU  - Hage, Joris
AU  - Ritt, M. J.P.F.
AU  - Handoll, Helen H.G.
AU  - Elliott, Joanne
AU  - MacIntyre, Norma J.
AU  - Dewan, Neha
AU  - Levin, L. Scott
AU  - Rozell, Joshua C.
AU  - Pulos, Nicholas
AU  - Gliatis, J. D.
AU  - Plessas, S. J.
AU  - Davis, T. R.C.
AU  - Glickel, Steven Z.
AU  - Catalano, Louis W.
AU  - Raia, Frank J.
AU  - Barron, O. Alton
AU  - Grabow, Ryan
AU  - Chia, Benjamin
AU  - Galle, Samuel E.
AU  - Harness, Neil G.
AU  - Hacquebord, Jacques H.
AU  - Burchette, Raoul J.
AU  - Peterson, Brett
AU  - Thomas, D.
AU  - Zanin, D.
AU  - Matsumoto, Kazu
AU  - Sumi, Hiroshi
AU  - Sumi, Yasuhiko
AU  - Shimizu, Katsuji
AU  - Rhee, Peter Charles
AU  - Medoff, Robert J.
AU  - Shin, Alexander Y.
AU  - Murray, Jayson
AU  - Gross, Leeaht
AU  - Bong, Choon Looi
AU  - Brasher, Christopher
AU  - Chikumba, Edson
AU  - Mcdougall, Robert
AU  - Mellin-Olsen, Jannicke
AU  - Enright, Angela
AU  - Davis, Derik L.
AU  - Spencer, Jayden
AU  - Hunt, Suzanne L.
AU  - Zhang, Chuanwu
AU  - Walter, Carissa
AU  - Everist, Brian
AU  - Sarabia Condés, J. M.
AU  - Ibañez Martínez, L.
AU  - Sánchez Carrasco, M. A.
AU  - Carrillo Julia, F. J.
AU  - Salmerón Martínez, E. L.
AU  - Mouzopoulos, G.
AU  - Vlachos, C.
AU  - Karantzalis, L.
AU  - Vlachos, K.
AU  - Scheufler, Oliver
AU  - Andresen, Reimer
AU  - Radmer, Sebastian
AU  - Erdmann, Detlev
AU  - Exner, Klaus
AU  - Germann, Günter
AU  - Lamas-Gómez, Claudia
AU  - Velasco-González, Laura
AU  - González-Osuna, Aranzazu
AU  - Almenara-Fernández, Marta
AU  - Trigo-Lahoz, Luis
AU  - Aguilera-Roig, Xavier
AU  - Xiong, G. Ge
AU  - Kadar, Assaf
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Suchyta, Marissa A.
AU  - Moran, Steven L.
AU  - Klausmeyer, Melissa A.
AU  - Mudgal, Chaitanya S.
AU  - Dashe, Jesse
AU  - Jones, Neil F.
AU  - Takeda, Shinsuke
AU  - Tatebe, Masahiro
AU  - Ishii, Hisao
AU  - Morita, Akimasa
AU  - Wakai, Kenji
AU  - Hirata, Hitoshi
AU  - Li, Shuang
AU  - Khan, Alick
AU  - Chen, Jing
AU  - Tan, Jun
AU  - Xiong, G. Ge
AU  - Dai, Lufei
AU  - Zheng, Wei
AU  - Sun, Yankun
AU  - Tian, Guanglei
AU  - Plöger, M. M.
AU  - Kabir, K.
AU  - Friedrich, M. J.
AU  - Welle, K.
AU  - Burger, C.
AU  - O'Shea, Kieran
AU  - Weiland, Andrew J.
AU  - Bachoura, Abdo
AU  - Wroblewski, Andrew
AU  - Jacoby, Sidney M.
AU  - Osterman, A. Lee
AU  - Culp, Randall W.
AU  - Bhalla, Sanjeev
AU  - Higgs, Philip E.
AU  - Gilula, Louis A.
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Beckenbaugh, Robert D.
AU  - Carroll, Robert E.
AU  - Lakin, Jeffrey F.
AU  - Cockenpot, Eric
AU  - Lefebvre, Guillaume
AU  - Demondion, Xavier
AU  - Chantelot, Christophe
AU  - Cotton, Anne
AU  - David, Tal S.
AU  - Zemel, Norman P.
AU  - Mathews, Peter V.
AU  - Devers, Brandon N.
AU  - Douglas, Keith C.
AU  - Naik, Rishi D.
AU  - Lee, Donald H.
AU  - Watson, Jeffry T.
AU  - Weikert, Douglas R.
AU  - Gaillard, J.
AU  - Roy-Maillot, S.
AU  - Masmejean, E. H.
AU  - Hirano, Kenichi
AU  - Inoue, Goro
AU  - Norman, A.
AU  - Nelson, J.
AU  - Green, S.
AU  - Shimizu, Hiroyuki
AU  - Beppu, Moroe
AU  - Matsusita, Kazuhiko
AU  - Arai, Takeshi
AU  - Naito, Toshihito
AU  - Suh, Nina
AU  - Ek, Eugene T.
AU  - Wolfe, Scott W.
AU  - Tolat, A. R.
AU  - Humphrey, J. A.
AU  - McGovern, P. D.
AU  - Compson, J.
AU  - Whalen, Joseph L.
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Linscheid, Ronald L.
AU  - Wharton, D. M.
AU  - Casaletto, J. A.
AU  - Choa, R.
AU  - Brown, D. J.
AU  - Wright, Thomas W.
AU  - Moser, Michael W.
AU  - Sahajpal, Deenesh T.
DA  - 2019/6//
DO  - 10.1016/0363-5023(88)90217-1
IS  - 1
KW  - 1
KW  - 3
KW  - 3d reconstruction
KW  - Aged
KW  - Amateur
KW  - Approach to hook of hamate
KW  - Athlete
KW  - Barton fracture
KW  - Baseball
KW  - Bipartite
KW  - Carpal fracture
KW  - Carpal tunnel approach
KW  - Carpus
KW  - Clinical test
KW  - Coalition
KW  - Colle fracture
KW  - Computerized axial tomography
KW  - Coronal plane
KW  - Delay in diagnosis
KW  - Distal radial fractures
KW  - Distal radius
KW  - Distal radius fracture
KW  - Distal radius fractures
KW  - Epidemiology
KW  - Flexor tendon
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Fractures hamate
KW  - Guyon's canal
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hamate fracture
KW  - Hand fractures
KW  - Hand rehabilitation
KW  - Hook
KW  - Hook of hamate
KW  - Hook of hamate fracture
KW  - Hook of the hamate
KW  - Hook of the hamate neuritis
KW  - Incidence
KW  - Large database analysis
KW  - Literature review
KW  - Management
KW  - Non-union
KW  - Outcome
KW  - Outcomes
KW  - Pisiform
KW  - Prevalence and distribution
KW  - Professional athlete
KW  - Prognosis
KW  - Radiograph
KW  - Radiographic signs
KW  - Review
KW  - Risk factors
KW  - Rupture
KW  - Scaphoid
KW  - Smith fracture
KW  - Splints
KW  - Sports career
KW  - Treatment
KW  - Ulnar nerve
KW  - Women
KW  - Wrist
KW  - Wrist fracture
KW  - Wrist fracture treatment
KW  - Wrist injuries
KW  - a prospective survey of
KW  - body of hamate
KW  - classification
KW  - clinical classification
KW  - clinical test
KW  - club sport injury
KW  - computed tomography
KW  - design
KW  - despite the rarity of
KW  - distal radial fracture
KW  - distal radius fracture
KW  - excision
KW  - fixation
KW  - follow-up
KW  - fracture
KW  - fractures
KW  - fragment height ratio
KW  - general population
KW  - hamate
KW  - hamate fracture
KW  - hamate hook
KW  - hamate hook fracture
KW  - hamate hook injuries are
KW  - hook
KW  - hook of hamate
KW  - hook of hamate excision
KW  - hook of hamate fracture
KW  - hook of hamate nonunion
KW  - long-term outcomes
KW  - lunate
KW  - nonunion
KW  - of all carpal fractures
KW  - open reduction and internal
KW  - open reduction internal fixation
KW  - outcomes
KW  - pinning
KW  - racquet sport injury
KW  - radial column plating
KW  - radiography
KW  - radius
KW  - reported to comprise 2
KW  - snowboarders with distal radial
KW  - snowboarding
KW  - survey
KW  - tendon injury
KW  - these fractures in the
KW  - they are quite
KW  - to 4
KW  - trapezium
KW  - treatment
KW  - triquetrum
KW  - wrist injury
PB  - Elsevier Inc
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0025601903
SP  - 151
EP  - 157
TI  - Outcome of distal radial fractures in young adults
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.08.024
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.008
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.10.030
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2014.10.147
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.011
UR  - http://journals.lww.com/0000
VL  - 35
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Twenty-one cases of hamulus fracture are presented. Diagnosis depends on clinical acuity. The most common symptom is pain in the palm that is aggravated by grasp. Weakness of grasp and dorsal wrist pain are also common. Ulnar nerve paresthesia or weakness and mild carpal tunnel syndrome are frequently present. Tenderness directly over the hamulus is always present, and grip strength typically is diminished. Tenosynovitis, tendon fraying, or tendon rupture may be demonstrated in 25% of the cases and is not related to the use of steroids. Lateral trispiral tomography is clearly superior to the other diagnostic methods. Excision produced generally excellent results, particularly in patients with an athletic injury or with no associated additional injury. A nonathletic injury or the presence of associated trauma adversely affected results. Immediate immobilization of acute fractures may result in fracture healing and obviate operative intervention. Open reduction and internal fixation is feasible but offers little advantage over excision. © 1988.
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Beckenbaugh, Robert D.
DO  - 10.1016/0363-5023(88)90217-1
IS  - 1
PY  - 1988
SP  - 135
EP  - 139
TI  - Fracture of the hamate hook
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 13
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Osseous injuries to the ulnar aspect of the carpus are increasing in frequency because of greater participation in sporting activities. Hamate body fractures are subdivided into coronal, sagittal oblique, proximal pole, and medial tuberosity fractures. Successful treatment of coronal fractures requires identification and treatment of associated disruption or instability of the ulnar 2 carpometacarpal joints. Displaced hamate hook fractures are optimally treated with early excision to avoid sequelae such as flexor tendon and nerve injury, and to allow early return to activity. Undisplaced pisiform fractures are managed nonoperatively, whereas displaced fractures and nonunions are treated by simple excision. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
AU  - O'Shea, Kieran
AU  - Weiland, Andrew J.
DO  - 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.05.010
IS  - 3
KW  - Athlete
KW  - Carpus
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hook
KW  - Pisiform
PY  - 2012
SP  - 287
EP  - 300
TI  - Fractures of the Hamate and Pisiform Bones
T2  - Hand Clinics
VL  - 28
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Injuries to the hand and wrist are common sports injuries. The diagnosis and therapy of wrist injuries are becoming more important, especially in increasingly more popular ball-hitting sports, such as golf, tennis and baseball. Ulnar-sided wrist pain is initially often misdiagnosed and treated as tenosynovitis or tendinitis but tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and fractures of the hook of hamate bone, which can also occur in these sports are seldomly diagnosed. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature focussing on TFCC lesions and fractures of the hook of the hamate bone in racquet sports, baseball and golf. A systematic review of the literature was performed in PubMed on the occurrence of TFCC lesions and fractures of the hook of the hamate bone. All studies and case reports were included. Because of the rarity of these injuries there were no exclusion criteria concerning the number of cases. Injuries associated with ball-hitting sports, such as TFCC lesions and fractures of hook of the hamate bone are still underrepresented in the current literature on sports injuries. The diagnosis and treatment of these injuries are often delayed and can severely handicap the performance and career of affected professional as well as amateur athletes.
AU  - Plöger, M. M.
AU  - Kabir, K.
AU  - Friedrich, M. J.
AU  - Welle, K.
AU  - Burger, C.
DO  - 10.1007/s00113-015-0002-2
IS  - 6
KW  - Amateur
KW  - Literature review
KW  - Professional athlete
KW  - Sports career
KW  - Wrist injuries
PY  - 2015
SP  - 484
EP  - 489
TI  - Ulnarer Handgelenkschmerz beim Schlagsport: TFCC-Läsionen und Frakturen des Hamulus ossis hamati als seltene Diagnosen
T2  - Unfallchirurg
VL  - 118
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hook of the hamate fractures can be treated by various methods including cast immobilization, open reduction, and internal fixation and excision. Usually, those individuals who elect for excision have acute fractures and need to return to sporting activity or work quickly or have nonunions with persistent symptoms. There is a paucity of descriptions in the literature and textbooks of a technique to safely excise the hook of the hamate. The authors present a method of safely exposing and removing the hook of the hamate by visualizing the potential structures at risk: the motor branch of the ulnar nerve, the ulnar digital nerve to the little finger, and the flexor tendons to the ring and little fingers by an approach through Guyon's canal and the proximal ulnar border of the carpal tunnel.
AU  - Dashe, Jesse
AU  - Jones, Neil F.
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.07.015
IS  - 12
KW  - Approach to hook of hamate
KW  - hook of hamate excision
KW  - hook of hamate fracture
KW  - hook of hamate nonunion
PB  - Elsevier Inc
PY  - 2019
SP  - 1101.e1
EP  - 1101.e5
TI  - A Modified Surgical Approach Through Guyon's Canal and the Proximal Ulnar Border of the Carpal Tunnel Allows for Safe Excision of the Hook of the Hamate
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.07.015
VL  - 44
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - A review of the literature shows that 3% to 9% of all athletic injuries occur to the hand or wrist. Also, hand and wrist injuries are more common in pubescent and adolescent athletes than adults. Although knee and shoulder injuries are more common athletic injuries, an injury to the hand or wrist significantly can impair the athlete's ability to throw or catch a ball, or swing a bat or racquet. A college football player trains year round for just 11 or 12 hours of playing time. An athletic injury that occurs during the season can have profound consequences for the athlete's career and emotions. When defining a management plan for a particular wrist athletic injury, the time to heal the injury and the time to rehabilitate fully must be considered. The athlete must be informed fully of the length of recovery. The continued advancement of fixation methods and techniques are diminishing fracture morbidity considerably. Small-cannulated compression screws that provide rigid fixation can be inserted with decreased surgical dissection, thus preserving critical vascular supply and promoting accelerated healing and earlier rehabilitation. The arthroscope as a valuable adjunct in the management of wrist fractures was virtually unheard of years ago, but is now common. The ability to arthroscopically guide a cannulated compression screw to stabilize a scaphoid fracture without a formal open volar approach can reduce surgical morbidity significantly and allow the athlete to return to competition more quickly. Mechanisms of injury that cause osseous fractures of the wrist are fairly high energy. A high index of suspicion for associated soft tissue injuries should be kept in mind when fractures of the wrist are identified. The wrist is composed of eight carpal bones tightly interwoven with each other by intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligaments. The management of carpal fractures depends on prompt diagnosis, stable and anatomic alignment of the involved carpal bone, protective immobilization of the injury, and thorough rehabilitation. Displaced fractures of the hook of the hamate, trapezial ridge fractures, and comminuted pisiform fractures are managed best by early excision to promote uncomplicated recovery and early return to sport. For most athletes, return to competition can be expedited safely with the use of padded gloves and custom playing splints or casts.7, 10 The sports medicine physician always must put the athlete's safety first when deciding the appropriate time for return to competition.
AU  - Geissler, William B.
DO  - 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70254-4
IS  - 1
PY  - 2001
SP  - 167
EP  - 188
TI  - Carpal fractures in athletes
T2  - Clinics in Sports Medicine
VL  - 20
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Open fixation of acute fractures, delayed union and non-union of the hamate hook through a palmar approach has been reported. Minimal invasive fixation using a dorsal percutaneous approach and a headless cannulated mini-screw is another option not commonly considered. The authors present their case series of patients who underwent dorsal percutaneous fixation of acute fractures and delayed union of the hamate hook. This study retrospectively reviewed six consecutive patients (five male patients and one female patient) with non-displaced acute fractures (< 8 weeks) and delayed union (8 to 12 weeks) of the hamate hook treated with dorsal percutaneous cannulated mini-screw fixation. The indications for surgery included wrist pain, patient refusal of conservative treatment, and prevention of non-union and hook excision. Exclusion criteria included displacement or inadequate size of the hamate hook, previous surgery, associated carpal injury, flexor tendon rupture, and median or ulnar nerve lesion in the carpal tunnel and Guyon's canal respectively. Each fracture was visualized by radiography and computed tomography before and after the intervention. Anatomically correct fixation of the hamate hook with central screw positioning was achieved in all patients. No displacement or disruption of the cortical shell of the hook was observed. The union rate was 100% with all patients being able to resume their pre-injury activities after an average of seven weeks from surgery. This pilot study demonstrates that non-displaced acute fractures and delayed union of the hamate hook can be treated successfully by dorsal percutaneous cannulated mini-screw fixation with minimal morbidity and complications.
AU  - Scheufler, Oliver
AU  - Radmer, Sebastian
AU  - Andresen, Reimer
DO  - 10.1142/S0218810412970039
IS  - 2
KW  - 3005 bern
KW  - 31-331-8650
KW  - 31-333-0107
KW  - aare klinik
KW  - cannulated mini-screw
KW  - ch
KW  - correspondence to
KW  - dorsal percutaneous approach
KW  - dr-scheu fl er
KW  - e-mail
KW  - fax
KW  - florastrasse 13
KW  - hamate hook fracture
KW  - med
KW  - minimally invasive surgery
KW  - oliver
KW  - oliver scheu fl er
KW  - pd dr
KW  - plastic and aesthetic surgery
KW  - scheu fl er
KW  - switzerland
KW  - tel
KW  - þ 41
PY  - 2012
SP  - 287
EP  - 293
TI  - Dorsal percutaneous cannulated mini-screw fixation for fractures of the hamate hook.
T2  - Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand
VL  - 17
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Six patients with acute and two patients with subacute nondisplaced fractures of the hamate hook were treated with immobilization. The patients with acute fractures were treated within 7 days of the injury, and those with subacute fractures were treated after 7 days. Seven of the eight patients showed documented healing of their fractures. At follow-up (average 8 months) all seven were free of symptoms. One patients with a subacute fracture did not comply with treatment and had a painful nonunion. Our results show that hamate hook fractures that are diagnosed early may heal with nonoperative management. Fractures that fail to heal with immobilization or those with chronic nonunion should be treated with excision of the hook fragment. © 1992.
AU  - Whalen, Joseph L.
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Linscheid, Ronald L.
DO  - 10.1016/0363-5023(92)90363-T
IS  - 3
PY  - 1992
SP  - 507
EP  - 511
TI  - Nonoperative treatment of acute hamate hook fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 17
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Introduction: Direct excision of a symptomatic ununited hook of hamate fracture is the gold standard, most frequently via a Guyon space approach. The open carpal tunnel approach is another option, which has not previously been commonly considered and not reported in a peer review journal. Our study aims to highlight the carpal tunnel approach as a successful technique in a consecutive series of ununited hook of hamate fractures. Patients and methods: Seven patients (all male and mean age 30.7 years) were reviewed with symptomatic ununited fractures following a period of cast immobilization. All the patients operated on underwent excision of the hook of hamate fragment via the open carpal tunnel approach. Results: All patients successfully returned to their pre-injury level of functioning after 8-12 weeks and there were no complications. Conclusions: Our study highlights the open carpal tunnel approach as a successful technique for open excision of symptomatic ununited hook of hamate fractures, because of its familiarity, ease of performance, excellent visualization and low morbidity. Level of Evidence IV Case Series.
AU  - Tolat, A. R.
AU  - Humphrey, J. A.
AU  - McGovern, P. D.
AU  - Compson, J.
DO  - 10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.008
IS  - 10
KW  - Carpal tunnel approach
KW  - Hook of hamate fracture
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
PY  - 2014
SP  - 1554
EP  - 1556
TI  - Surgical excision of ununited hook of hamate fractures via the carpal tunnel approach
T2  - Injury
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.008
VL  - 45
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hook of hamate fractures are often missed despite a distinct history. The purpose of this report was to describe a specific physical examination test that is diagnostic for a hook of hamate fracture, the hook of hamate pull test. It is highly sensitive and was positive in a consecutive series of 5 patients treated for a hook of hamate fracture. These patients also had a distinctive history of playing racket- or club-type sports and presented with longstanding wrist or palm pain. © 2010 American Society for Surgery of the Hand All rights reserved.
AU  - Wright, Thomas W.
AU  - Moser, Michael W.
AU  - Sahajpal, Deenesh T.
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.08.024
IS  - 11
KW  - Clinical test
KW  - club sport injury
KW  - hamate fracture
KW  - hook of hamate
KW  - racquet sport injury
PB  - Elsevier Inc.
PY  - 2010
SP  - 1887
EP  - 1889
TI  - Hook of hamate pull test
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.08.024
VL  - 35
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - This is a case series of 14 hamate body fractures, in the coronal plane, with 12 patients having an associated metacarpal injury. Treatment was either conservative or operative and was decided according to the degree of fracture displacement and presence of carpometacarpal subluxation. Patient follow-up was 14.8 months on average, using DASH scores and postoperative radiographs to determine functional and anatomical outcomes. Undisplaced fractures were treated in a cast with good outcome. Postoperative radiographs of patients treated with Kirschner wires for displaced fractures showed incomplete reduction and the outcomes were less favourable. Rigid internal fixation gave excellent radiographic results, although these did not correlate with functional outcome in all patients. © 2010 The British Society for Surgery of the Hand.
AU  - Wharton, D. M.
AU  - Casaletto, J. A.
AU  - Choa, R.
AU  - Brown, D. J.
DO  - 10.1177/1753193408098907
IS  - 2
KW  - Coronal plane
KW  - Hamate fracture
KW  - Management
KW  - Outcome
PY  - 2010
SP  - 146
EP  - 149
TI  - Outcome following coronal fractures of the hamate
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery: European Volume
VL  - 35
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Isolated fractures of the hamulus, formerly considered rare, are being seen more frequently. Many of these injuries are sports related, particularly in golf, tennis, racquetball and baseball players. Failure to make an early diagnosis can result in severe pain and sometimes incapacitating disability. We studied the clinical and radiological findings in 12 patients who had fracture of the hook of the hamate. We propose three radiographic signs of fracture that are readily seen on routine PA projections: 'absence' of the hook of the hamate; 'sclerosis' of the hook; and lack of cortical density, i.e., a barely visible outline, of the hamulus.
AU  - Norman, A.
AU  - Nelson, J.
AU  - Green, S.
DO  - 10.1148/radiology.154.1.3964951
IS  - 1
PY  - 1985
SP  - 49
EP  - 53
TI  - Fractures of the hook of hamate: Radiographic signs
T2  - Radiology
VL  - 154
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carpal fractures are exceedingly rare clinical entities and are often associated with concomitant injuries. In this review, we focus on fractures of the carpus, excluding the scaphoid, and provide an update on the current consensus as to mechanism, diagnosis, management, outcomes, and complications after such injuries. © 2014 ASSH r Published by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
AU  - Suh, Nina
AU  - Ek, Eugene T.
AU  - Wolfe, Scott W.
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.10.030
IS  - 4
KW  - Carpal fracture
KW  - hamate
KW  - lunate
KW  - trapezium
KW  - triquetrum
PB  - Elsevier Inc
PY  - 2014
SP  - 785
EP  - 791
TI  - Carpal fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.10.030
VL  - 39
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with hamate fractures were treated. The two main types of hamate fractures are hook fractures (type 1) and body fractures (type 2). We sub-divided type 2 fractures according to the fracture line into coronal, type 2a and transverse, type 2b. There were 15 type 1, 11 type 2a and three type 2b fractures. For type 1, nine were treated with excision, one with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and five with cast immobilisation, in which two resulted in non-union followed by excision. For type 2, five type 2a cases were treated with ORIF and the others with closed reduction and pinning. Most of the patients had satisfactory results at the seventh month follow-up. However, those with associated neurovascular and musculotendinous injuries were likely to have unfavourable results. On the basis of study findings, it appears that functional results are influenced mainly by the associated soft tissue damage.
AU  - Hirano, Kenichi
AU  - Inoue, Goro
DO  - 10.1142/s0218810405002747
IS  - 2-3
KW  - body of hamate
KW  - classification
KW  - hamate fracture
KW  - hook of hamate
KW  - treatment
PY  - 2005
SP  - 151
EP  - 157
TI  - Classification and treatment of hamate fractures.
T2  - Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand
VL  - 10
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - We report the usefulness of hook of hamate pull test (HHPT), described by Wright et al. in 2010, along with therapeutic outcomes of hook of hamate fractures. Eleven patients (two with fresh fractures and nine with nonunion) were studied. The fractures were diagnosed with HHPT for recently encountered 4 patients and a definitive diagnosis was made by a carpal canal view and a computed tomography (CT) scan. Treatment involved cast immobilization for one fresh fracture case, and bone fragment removal immediately over the hook for ten others. HHPT was positive in all the four cases. Union was achieved by conservative treatment, and hypothenar pain disappeared after surgery. Patients returned to work/sports two months postoperatively. HHPT was useful for diagnosing both fresh fractures and nonunion. If HHPT is positive, CT should be performed even if the fracture is obscure on a carpal canal view.
AU  - Shimizu, Hiroyuki
AU  - Beppu, Moroe
AU  - Matsusita, Kazuhiko
AU  - Arai, Takeshi
AU  - Naito, Toshihito
DO  - 10.1142/S0218810412500293
IS  - 3
KW  - clinical test
KW  - hamate fracture
KW  - hook of hamate
PY  - 2012
SP  - 347
EP  - 350
TI  - Clinical outcomes of hook of hamate fractures and usefulness of the hook of hamate pull test.
T2  - Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand
VL  - 17
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - To delineate a hamate hook fracture, a radiograph was obtained with maximal radial deviation of the wrist and maximal abduction of the thumb. This view is easy and cost-effective to obtain, and it may prove helpful in diagnosing suspected hamate hook fractures or locating the cause of unexplained ulnar wrist pain.
AU  - Bhalla, Sanjeev
AU  - Higgs, Philip E.
AU  - Gilula, Louis A.
DO  - 10.1148/radiology.209.1.9769833
IS  - 1
KW  - Wrist, fractures
KW  - Wrist, radiography
PY  - 1998
SP  - 203
EP  - 207
TI  - Utility of the radial-deviated, thumb-abducted lateral radiographic view for the diagnosis of hamate hook fractures: Case report
T2  - Radiology
VL  - 209
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Many clinicians believe that after fracture of the hook of the hamate, nonunions are the rule rather than the exception. Purpose: To describe a previously unreported condition in which the fractured hook of the hamate unites only along its ulnar column and causes pain similar to that in cases of nonunion. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Eight patients who had sustained a hook of the hamate fracture were identified, on the basis of their persistent pain, as having achieved only partial union. This diagnosis was made despite evidence on computed tomography of healed bone across a significant portion of the fracture. All eight patients underwent subperiosteal excision of the hamulus because of persistent pain. At an average of 4 years after excision, each patient was evaluated by dynamometer grip strength testing and a subjective outcome assessment. Results: All patients were able to return to their preinjury level of sports participation at an average 8 weeks after excision of the hook of the hamate. Grip strength was not adversely affected in any patient. Subjective evaluation of each patient revealed no residual pain. Conclusions: Chronic or unresolved pain on the ulnar side of the wrist after hook of the hamate fracture can be due to partial union. This condition should be managed no differently from a symptomatic nonunion, with excision of the hook of the hamate and repair of the ligament attachments. © 2003 American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine.
AU  - David, Tal S.
AU  - Zemel, Norman P.
AU  - Mathews, Peter V.
DO  - 10.1177/03635465030310010201
IS  - 1
PY  - 2003
SP  - 106
EP  - 111
TI  - Symptomatic, partial union of the hook of the hamate fracture in athletes
T2  - American Journal of Sports Medicine
VL  - 31
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hand and wrist injuries are common occurrences in amateur and professional sports and many of them are sportspecific. These can be divided into two categories: traumatic injuries and overuse injuries. The aim of this article is to review the most common hand and wrist sports-related lesions. Acute wrist injuries are predominantly bone fractures, such as those of the scaphoid, hamate hook, and ulnar styloid. Ligament lesions are more challenging for radiologists and may lead to carpal instability if undiagnosed. Overuse wrist injuries are mainly represented by tendinous disorders, with De Quervain syndrome and extensor carpi ulnaris tendon disorders being the most common among them; however, there are other possible disorders such as impaction syndromes, stress fractures, and neurovascular lesions. Finally, finger lesions, including closed-tendon injuries (mallet and boutonniere injuries, jersey finger, and boxer's knuckle), flexor pulley injuries, and skier's thumb, should also be detected.
AU  - Cockenpot, Eric
AU  - Lefebvre, Guillaume
AU  - Demondion, Xavier
AU  - Chantelot, Christophe
AU  - Cotton, Anne
DO  - 10.1148/radiol.2016150995
IS  - 3
PY  - 2016
SP  - 674
EP  - 692
TI  - Imaging of sports-related hand and wrist injuries: Sports imaging series
T2  - Radiology
VL  - 279
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Several cases of hamate fracture and non-union have been reported. The hook of the hamate acts as a pulley for the flexor tendons for the little and ring fingers. Hamate non-union is frequently associated with irritation of the adjacent soft tissues. We report the case of hamate non-union that was only detected because of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon rupture in the little finger, associated with tendinopathy of both flexor tendons of the ring finger.
AU  - Gaillard, J.
AU  - Roy-Maillot, S.
AU  - Masmejean, E. H.
DO  - 10.1016/j.main.2014.10.147
IS  - 1
KW  - Carpus
KW  - Flexor tendon
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Non-union
KW  - Rupture
PB  - Elsevier Masson SAS
PY  - 2015
SP  - 44
EP  - 48
TI  - Tendon rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus of the little finger secondary to hamate non-union
T2  - Chirurgie de la Main
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.main.2014.10.147
VL  - 34
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Purpose: To determine the overall long-term postoperative clinical and functional results of high-level amateur athletes after hook of hamate excision, based on complications; return to sport; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score; and a self-reported questionnaire. Methods: We evaluated 11 patients representing 12 cases of hook of hamate excision. All patients were high-level amateur athletes (rising collegiate or collegiate level). We performed a retrospective chart review to elicit information pertaining to the patient's injury. We assessed long-term postoperative outcomes with a self-reported questionnaire, the DASH form, and the DASH Sport/Performing Arts Module form. Results: All patients successfully returned to full participation in their respective sports an average of 6 weeks after surgery. The average postoperative DASH score was less than 1, and all patients scored a 0 on the DASH Sports form. There was a significant improvement in preoperative pain after surgical intervention. There was no significant difference between preinjury and postoperative performance scores. Finally, every patient was very satisfied with the surgical outcome. There was only 1 postoperative complication in which a patient developed transient ulnar nerve paresthesias, which completely resolved by 6 weeks after surgery. Conclusions: Surgical excision of hook of hamate fractures in high-level amateur athletes allows for successful return to sports participation at preinjury performance levels, achievement of normal function as measured by validated objective outcome measures, significant reduction in pain, and high overall patient satisfaction. We consider surgical excision to be a safe and effective technique to restore normal function and hasten return to play for high-level amateur athletes. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic IV. © 2013 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
AU  - Devers, Brandon N.
AU  - Douglas, Keith C.
AU  - Naik, Rishi D.
AU  - Lee, Donald H.
AU  - Watson, Jeffry T.
AU  - Weikert, Douglas R.
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.011
IS  - 1
KW  - Athlete
KW  - excision
KW  - hamate
KW  - hook
PB  - Elsevier Inc.
PY  - 2013
SP  - 72
EP  - 76
TI  - Outcomes of hook of hamate fracture excision in high-level amateur athletes
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.011
VL  - 38
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Baseball players are susceptible to a number of specific upper extremity injuries secondary to batting, pitching, or fielding. Fractures of the hook of hamate have been known to occur in batters. The purpose of this study is to present our experience with the surgical management of hook of hamate fractures and their short-term impact on the playing capability of competitive baseball players. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with hook of hamate fractures between the years 2000 and 2012. The inclusion criteria were (1) hook of hamate fracture, (2) competitive baseball players, and (3) surgical treatment of the injury. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, surgical treatment, and outcome were collected from the medical records. Information on return to play was collected from the Internet when applicable. Results: There were seven male patients that underwent eight procedures. The mechanism of injury was attributed to batting in six cases and rogue pitches in two cases. All surgeries consisted of hamate hook excision and ulnar tunnel decompression. One patient had concomitant carpal tunnel release. The median time between surgery and return to play was 5.7 weeks (range, 4.3 to 10.4 weeks). Conclusions: The mechanism of hook of hamate fractures in baseball players is predictable, most often developing secondary to repetitive swinging. This injury may occur at all levels of competition. Ulnar tunnel decompression with hook of hamate excision provides good outcomes, with minimal complications and early return to play. © 2013 American Association for Hand Surgery.
AU  - Bachoura, Abdo
AU  - Wroblewski, Andrew
AU  - Jacoby, Sidney M.
AU  - Osterman, A. Lee
AU  - Culp, Randall W.
DO  - 10.1007/s11552-013-9527-4
IS  - 3
KW  - Baseball
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hook of hamate
PY  - 2013
SP  - 302
EP  - 307
TI  - Hook of hamate fractures in competitive baseball players
T2  - Hand
VL  - 8
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - To explore the clinical classification of hamate hook fracture and the treatment strategy for different type of fractures, 12 patients who suffered from hamate hook fractures were followed up retrospectively. According to the fracture sites and the prognosis, we classified the hamate hook fractures into 3 types. Type I referred to an avulsion fracture at the tip of hamate hook, type II was a fracture in the middle part of hamate hook, and type III represented a fracture at the base of hamate hook. By the classification, in our series, only 1 fell into type I, 7 type II, and 4 type III. The results were evaluated with respect to the functional recovery, recovery time and the association among the clinical classification, pre-operative complications and treatment results. The average follow-up time of this group was 8.4±3.9 months. Two cases were found to have fracture non-union and both of them were type II fractures. Six patients had complications before operation. Five cases were type II fractures and 1 case type III fracture. All the patients were satisfied with the results at the time of the last follow-up. Their pain scale and grip strength improved significantly after treatment. All the pre-operative complications were relieved. The recovery time of hamate hook excision was significantly shorter than that of the other two treatments. The incidences of both pre-operative complications and non-union in type II fractures were higher than those in type I and type III fractures. It was concluded that, generally, the treatment effects with hamate hook fracture are quite good. The complication incidence and prognosis of the fracture are closely related to the clinical classification. Early intervention is critical for type II fractures.
AU  - Xiong, G.
AU  - Dai, Lufei
AU  - Zheng, Wei
AU  - Sun, Yankun
AU  - Tian, Guanglei
DO  - 10.1007/s11596-010-0654-7
IS  - 6
KW  - 1
KW  - 3
KW  - clinical classification
KW  - despite the rarity of
KW  - follow-up
KW  - fracture
KW  - general population
KW  - hamate hook
KW  - hamate hook injuries are
KW  - of all carpal fractures
KW  - reported to comprise 2
KW  - these fractures in the
KW  - they are quite
KW  - to 4
KW  - treatment
PY  - 2010
SP  - 762
EP  - 766
TI  - Clinical classification and treatment strategy of hamate hook fracture.
T2  - Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban
VL  - 30
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Li, Shuang
AU  - Khan, Alick
AU  - Chen, Jing
AU  - Tan, Jun
DO  - 10.3233/xst-190497
IS  - 4
KW  - 3d reconstruction
KW  - computed tomography
KW  - fixation
KW  - hamate hook fracture
KW  - open reduction and internal
PY  - 2019
SP  - 765
EP  - 772
TI  - Diagnosis of a hamate hook fracture with 3D reconstruction of computed tomography images: A case report and review of literature
T2  - Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
VL  - 27
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - We reviewed computerized axial tomography of 28 patients with hamate hook fractures who had surgical resection of the hook. We analysed the relationship between the fragment height ratio, fragment gap, and intraoperative findings of the tendons. We determined whether parameters in the images can predict complication of tear or disruption of the flexor tendons to the ring or little fingers. Of 28 patients, 16 had fragment height ratios between 50–74; ten among them had worn (eight patients) or ruptured (two patients) flexor tendons. Nine of the ten patients had fragment gaps greater than 2 mm. The remaining 12 patients had fragment height ratios between 75–100 and had intact tendons. We conclude that a fragment height ratio greater than 75 and fragment gap less than 2 mm in computer tomography may rule out tear or disruption of the flexor tendons of the ring and little fingers after hamate hook fractures, and a fragment height ratio between 50–74 with fragment gap greater than 2 mm indicates a high risk of flexor tendon tear or disruption. Level of evidence: IV.
AU  - Takeda, Shinsuke
AU  - Tatebe, Masahiro
AU  - Ishii, Hisao
AU  - Morita, Akimasa
AU  - Wakai, Kenji
AU  - Hirata, Hitoshi
DO  - 10.1177/1753193418823503
IS  - 4
KW  - Computerized axial tomography
KW  - fragment height ratio
KW  - hamate
KW  - hamate hook fracture
KW  - tendon injury
PY  - 2019
SP  - 367
EP  - 371
TI  - Computerized tomographic prediction of flexor tendon injuries complicating hamate hook fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery: European Volume
VL  - 44
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Klausmeyer, Melissa A.
AU  - Mudgal, Chaitanya S.
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.004
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2013
SP  - 2457
EP  - 2460
TI  - Hook of hamate fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.004
VL  - 38
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time to diagnosis and management of hook of hamate fractures in an era of advanced imaging. We performed a retrospective study of 51 patients treated for hook of hamate fractures. Patients were sent a quickDASH questionnaire regarding the outcomes of their treatment. Hook of hamate fractures were diagnosed with advanced imaging at a median of 27 days. Clinical findings of hook of hamate tenderness had better sensitivity than carpal tunnel-view radiographs. Nonunion occurred in 24% of patients with non-operative treatment and did not occur in the operative group. Both treatment groups achieved good clinical results, with a grip strength of 80% compared with the non-injured hand and a median quickDASH score of 2. Advanced imaging improved the time to diagnosis and treatment compared to historical case series. Nonunion is common in patients treated non-operatively. Level of evidence: IV.
AU  - Kadar, Assaf
AU  - Bishop, Allen T.
AU  - Suchyta, Marissa A.
AU  - Moran, Steven L.
DO  - 10.1177/1753193417729603
IS  - 5
KW  - Hook of hamate fracture
KW  - excision
KW  - nonunion
KW  - open reduction internal fixation
KW  - outcomes
KW  - survey
PY  - 2018
SP  - 539
EP  - 545
TI  - Diagnosis and management of hook of hamate fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery: European Volume
VL  - 43
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Xiong, Ge
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.11.020
IS  - 1
PB  - American Society for Surgery of the Hand
PY  - 2014
SP  - 175
EP  - 176
TI  - Hook of hamate fractures: Location and tendon rupture
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.11.020
VL  - 39
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in hamate hook fractures and review the literature on this surgical procedure. Methods: We report the outcomes of ORIF of hamate hook fractures in 13 consecutive patients (12 men and 1 woman; mean age: 32 years (range, 22–48 years)). In eight patients (61%) the fracture was associated with ulnar nerve neuritis in Guyon's canal. We assessed the following clinical data: age, sex, mechanism of injury, side of the injured hand and associated lesions, fracture classification, average time from injury to correct diagnosis, surgical technique, complications, and length of follow-up. All patients underwent radiological imaging, including standard radiographs in two planes (anteroposterior and lateral projections), and a CT study. Functional outcomes evaluated were pain, range of motion, grip strength, Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and Mayo wrist score. Results: The mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 12–144 months). All 13 cases were treated with ORIF of the hook of the hamate. Mean VAS pain score was 5 preoperatively (4–9) and 1 (0–2) postoperatively. All patients returned to pre-injury level and only one patient felt pain on activity. Preoperative modified Mayo wrist score was 51 and the postoperative value was 94. All outcomes scores improved significantly from preoperative values. The patients who participated in sports postoperatively were able to do so at or near pre-injury levels. Postoperative average range of wrist motion was 76° in extension, 71° in flexion, 14° in ulnar deviation, and 21° in radial deviation. Mean grip strength in the hand with the hook fracture was 58 kg compared with 53 Kg in the unaffected hand. All patients returned to their pre-injury level of functioning after 10–12 weeks and there were no complications. Analysis of grip strength revealed values comparable with the unaffected hand. Conclusion: ORIF of hamate hook fractures is a safe and effective technique to restore normal grip strength and return to pre-injury level. In cases of ulnar nerve neuritis, neurolysis of the deep palmar branch is mandatory. Level of evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic study.
AU  - Lamas-Gómez, Claudia
AU  - Velasco-González, Laura
AU  - González-Osuna, Aranzazu
AU  - Almenara-Fernández, Marta
AU  - Trigo-Lahoz, Luis
AU  - Aguilera-Roig, Xavier
DO  - 10.1016/j.aott.2018.12.005
IS  - 2
KW  - Guyon's canal
KW  - Hamate fracture
KW  - Hook of the hamate neuritis
KW  - Ulnar nerve
PY  - 2019
SP  - 115
EP  - 119
TI  - Evaluation of grip strength in hook of hamate fractures treated with osteosynthesis. Is this surgical treatment necessary?
T2  - Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica
VL  - 53
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - The treatment of choice in nondisplaced hook of hamate fractures is conservative, with lower arm splinting. Displaced fractures should be treated operatively, whereby excision of the fragment or open reduction and internal fixation are described. A hamulus ossis hamati fracture was verified in 14 patients (mean age, 42 years; range, 21 to 73 years) including 11 men and three women. In six patients (42.9 percent), conservative treatment was initiated immediately after trauma with a lower arm cast for 6 weeks, and eight patients (57.1 percent) were operated on primarily. In five patients (35.7 percent), the fragment was excised, and in three patients (21.4 percent), an open reduction and internal fixation was performed using a screw. In five of six patients treated conservatively, nonunion of the fracture with persisting clinical symptoms developed. All of those patients were treated operatively, whereby three patients underwent excision and two patients underwent screw fixation, which led to elimination of the symptoms. One patient was asymptomatic despite non-union of the fracture and rejected surgery. All of the eight patients operated on primarily were asymptomatic 3 months after surgery. Therefore, the success rate of primary surgical treatment (eight of eight) was significantly higher compared with conservative treatment (one of six). Finally, all 14 patients were asymptomatic at late postoperative follow-up. The clinical outcome of patients with hook of hamate fractures treated conservatively was disappointing. Therefore, primary surgical treatment is recommended. In our patients, excision and open reduction and internal fixation led to comparable results.
AU  - Scheufler, Oliver
AU  - Andresen, Reimer
AU  - Radmer, Sebastian
AU  - Erdmann, Detlev
AU  - Exner, Klaus
AU  - Germann, Günter
DO  - 10.1097/01.PRS.0000149480.25248.20
IS  - 2
PY  - 2005
SP  - 488
EP  - 497
TI  - Hook of hamate fractures: Critical evaluation of different therapeutic procedures
T2  - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
VL  - 115
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - A retrospective survey of the medical charts of all 36,518 patients attending the Accident and Emergency Department of the VU University Medical Centre, in Amsterdam, from January 1 to December 31, 1996 was performed. Of these, 4303 sustained one or more fractures, and hand fractures accounted for 19% of all fractures. Patients with hand fractures were typically men aged between 15 and 35 years. The right hand was involved as often as the left. Most of the hand fractures involved the metacarpals but, as a group of bones, the combined phalanges were most commonly fractured. The little finger ray was most commonly injured of the hand. We found no seasonal variability in the incidence of hand fractures.
AU  - Van Onselen, E. B.H.
AU  - Karim, R. B.
AU  - Hage, Joris
AU  - Ritt, M. J.P.F.
DO  - 10.1016/S0266-7681(03)00103-7
IS  - 5
KW  - Hand fractures
KW  - Prevalence and distribution
PY  - 2003
SP  - 491
EP  - 495
TI  - Prevalence and distribution of hand fractures
T2  - Journal of Hand Surgery
VL  - 28 B
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hamate fractures are exceedingly rare clinical entities. However, the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries are often delayed and can severely handicap the performance of affected laborers or athletes. This review focuses on fractures of the hamate and provides an update on the current consensus as to mechanism, diagnosis, management, and complications after such injuries.
AU  - Mouzopoulos, G.
AU  - Vlachos, C.
AU  - Karantzalis, L.
AU  - Vlachos, K.
DO  - 10.1007/s12306-018-0543-y
IS  - 1
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hook
PB  - Springer Milan
PY  - 2019
SN  - 1230601805
SP  - 15
EP  - 21
TI  - Fractures of hamate: a clinical overview
T2  - Musculoskeletal Surgery
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-018-0543-y
VL  - 103
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: The purpose of this paper is to present our experience in the treatment of the fractures of the hamate and to make a review of the literature on this topic. Material and method: We retrospectively reviewed 10 patients treated in our clinic between 2005-2012 suffering from fractures of the hamate. Six cases were fractures of the body and four were fractures of the hamate. Five cases were of associated injuries. Diagnostic delay ranged from 30 days to 2 years. Patient follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using the DASH questionnaire. Five patients with a fracture of the body underwent surgery, and one was treated conservatively. Two patients with fracture of the hook of the hamate were treated with immobilization, and two more patients had the fragment removed. Results: The grip strength and the digital clip were reduced in 2 cases. Flexion and extension of the wrist was limited in 3 cases. The mobility of the fingers was normal in all the cases, except in one. The results obtained from the DASH questionnaire were normal in all the cases, except in one case of fracture of the hamate, and in two cases of fracture of the body. Conclusions: The surgical treatment should reduce the dislocation and stabilize the injuries with osteosynthesis. The fractures of the hamate are usually diagnosed late, and the most recommended treatment is removal of the fragment, although it cannot be deduced from this study.
AU  - Sarabia Condés, J. M.
AU  - Ibañez Martínez, L.
AU  - Sánchez Carrasco, M. A.
AU  - Carrillo Julia, F. J.
AU  - Salmerón Martínez, E. L.
DO  - 10.1016/j.recot.2015.02.003
IS  - 5
KW  - Fractures hamate
KW  - Outcomes
KW  - Treatment
PY  - 2015
SP  - 299
EP  - 306
TI  - Fracturas del ganchoso
T2  - Revista Espanola de Cirugia Ortopedica y Traumatologia
VL  - 59
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: Hook of hamate fracture, the most common swing-related wrist fracture, is commonly seen in high-level athletes. The fracture is rarely diagnosed on routine wrist radiographs, thus generally requiring CT or MR for diagnosis. Surgical excision has a high success rate, however diagnostic delay contributes to a high complication rate. Radiographic signs of hook of hamate fracture have been published, but uncertainty of the diagnostic accuracy limits application. The purpose of this study is to determine accuracy and interobserver reliability of radiographic signs of hook of hamate. Materials and methods: This retrospective case-control study evaluated wrist radiographs of 50 patients, including 24 positive and 26 negative, for hook of hamate fracture, each proven by CT or MR. Five reviewers performed blinded, randomized evaluation of radiographs documenting whether the hook of hamate was normal or fractured, and if fractured, the radiographic signs present (ring sign, ghostly shadow, and diffuse sclerosis) and views that contributed to diagnosis. Results: Radiographic signs demonstrated high sensitivity (85%; 95% CI: 77–91), specificity (92%; 95% CI: 86–96), and accuracy (89%; 95% CI: 84–92) with substantial interobserver reliability (k = 0.652). The ring sign was the most sensitive radiographic sign. Diagnosis was most often supported by the oblique view (38%) and rarely the lateral view (15%). Conclusions: Radiographic signs of hook of hamate fracture on routine radiographs can accurately and reliably diagnose hook of hamate fractures. Evaluation for discontinuity of the cortical ring will optimize sensitivity, allowing for timely diagnosis and treatment, and a reduction of complications.
AU  - Spencer, Jayden
AU  - Hunt, Suzanne L.
AU  - Zhang, Chuanwu
AU  - Walter, Carissa
AU  - Everist, Brian
DO  - 10.1007/s00256-019-03221-0
IS  - 12
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hook of hamate
KW  - Radiograph
KW  - Radiographic signs
PB  - Skeletal Radiology
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0025601903
SP  - 1891
EP  - 1898
TI  - Radiographic signs of hook of hamate fracture: evaluation of diagnostic utility
T2  - Skeletal Radiology
VL  - 48
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to review hook of the hamate anatomy, describe the imaging features of the spectrum of pathologic conditions, and discuss the pearls and pitfalls of imaging for clinical decision making for pathologic entities affecting the hook of the hamate. CONCLUSION. Knowledge of the anatomy, imaging appearance, and clinical management of hook of the hamate abnormalities is important for radiologists in guiding the care of patients with ulnar-sided wrist symptoms.
AU  - Davis, Derik L.
DO  - 10.2214/AJR.17.18043
IS  - 5
KW  - Bipartite
KW  - Coalition
KW  - Delay in diagnosis
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hook of the hamate
KW  - Wrist
PY  - 2017
SP  - 1110
EP  - 1118
TI  - Hook of the hamate: The spectrum of often missed pathologic findings
T2  - American Journal of Roentgenology
VL  - 209
ER  -
TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. The presence of a concomitant hook of hamate fracture is of particular relevance given that it is often occult on routine wrist/scaphoid radiographs and that hook of hamate fractures are prone to symptomatic non-union, resulting in chronic ulnar wrist pain. Prompt diagnosis and immobilisation/fixation may minimise such complications. Our study is aimed at assessing the frequency of concomitant hook of hamate fractures in patients with scaphoid fractures. Methods: Hook of hamate fracture is often occult on wrist/scaphoid radiographs. Hence, we identified all 2,568 CT and MRI studies performed to investigate scaphoid fracture at our institution from April 2005 to March 2016. Three hundred and twelve out of 2,568 cases were confirmed to have a scaphoid fracture. Images were then retrospectively reviewed by a Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist and Musculoskeletal Radiologist Trainee to assess for the presence of concomitant hook of hamate fracture and, if present, whether this was identified on initial reporting. Results: Concomitant hook of hamate fracture was identified in 10.3% of cases (32 out of 312, 30 on CT, 2 on MRI); most were minimally/non-displaced. Sixty percent of fractures identified on CT were missed on the initial review (18 out of 30). Both cases identified on MRI had been initially reported. Conclusion: Scaphoid fracture is associated with higher than expected rates of concomitant hook of hamate fracture. Given the potential morbidity associated with hook of hamate fracture, this should be considered a review area when investigating scaphoid injury. These fractures are often minimally displaced, hence easily overlooked on CT. MRI may therefore be superior when investigating radiographically occult scaphoid fractures.
AU  - Mandegaran, Ramin
AU  - Gidwani, Sam
AU  - Zavareh, Ali
DO  - 10.1007/s00256-017-2814-3
IS  - 4
KW  - Fracture
KW  - Hamate
KW  - Hook of hamate
KW  - Scaphoid
PB  - Skeletal Radiology
PY  - 2018
SP  - 505
EP  - 510
TI  - Concomitant hook of hamate fractures in patients with scaphoid fracture: more common than you might think
T2  - Skeletal Radiology
VL  - 47
ER  -