TY - JOUR AB - The identification of traits that influence the responses of the species to environmental variation provides a mechanistic perspective on the assembly processes of ecological communities. While much research linking functional ecology with assembly processes has been conducted with animals and plants, the development of predictive or even conceptual frameworks for fungal functional community ecology remains poorly explored. Particularly, little is known about the contribution of traits to the occurrences of fungal species under different environmental conditions. Wood-inhabiting fungi are known to strongly respond to habitat disturbance, and thus provide an interesting case study for investigating to what extent variation in occurrence patterns of fungi can be related to traits. We apply a trait-based joint species distribution model to a data set consisting of fruit-body occurrence data on 321 wood-inhabiting fungal species collected in 22 460 dead wood units from managed and natural forest sites. Our results show that environmental filtering plays a big role on shaping wood-inhabiting fungal communities, as different environments held different communities in terms of species and trait compositions. Most importantly, forest management selected against species with large and long-lived fruit-bodies as well as late decayers, and promoted the occurrences of species with small fruit-bodies and early decayers. A strong phylogenetic signal in the data suggested the existence of also some other functionally important traits than the ones we considered. We found that those species groups that were more prevalent in natural conditions had more associations to other species than species groups that were tolerant to or benefitted from forest management. Therefore, the changes that forest management causes on wood-inhabiting fungal communities influence ecosystem functioning through simplification of interactive associations among the fungal species. Synthesis. Our results show that functional traits are linked to the responses of wood-inhabiting fungi to variation in their environment, and thus environmental changes alter ecosystem functions via promoting or reducing species with different fruit-body types. However, further research is needed to identify other functional traits and to provide conclusive evidence for the adaptive nature of the links from traits to occurrence patterns found here. AU - Abrego, Nerea AU - Norberg, Anna AU - Ovaskainen, Otso DO - 10.1111/1365-2745.12722 IS - 4 PY - 2017 TI - Measuring and predicting the influence of traits on the assembly processes of wood-inhabiting fungi T2 - Journal of Ecology VL - 105 ER - TY - GEN AB - Fungal ecology lags behind in the use of traits (i.e. phenotypic characteristics) to understand ecological phenomena. We argue that this is a missed opportunity and that the selection and systematic collection of trait data throughout the fungal kingdom will reap major benefits in ecological and evolutionary understanding of fungi. To develop our argument, we first employ plant trait examples to show the power of trait-based approaches in understanding ecological phenomena such as identifying species allocation resources patterns, inferring community assembly and understanding diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. Second, we discuss ecologically relevant traits in fungi that could be used to answer such ecological phenomena and can be measured on a large proportion of the fungal kingdom. Third, we identify major challenges and opportunities for widespread, coordinated collection and sharing of fungal trait data. The view that we propose has the potential to allow mycologists to contribute considerably more influential studies in the area of fungal ecology and evolution, as has been demonstrated by comparable earlier efforts by plant ecologists. This represents a change of paradigm, from community profiling efforts through massive sequencing tools, to a more mechanistic understanding of fungal ecology. AU - Aguilar-Trigueros, Carlos A. AU - Hempel, Stefan AU - Powell, Jeff R. AU - Anderson, Ian C. AU - Antonovics, Janis AU - Bergmann, Joana AU - Cavagnaro, Timothy R. AU - Chen, Baodong AU - Hart, Miranda M. AU - Klironomos, John AU - Petermann, Jana S. AU - Verbruggen, Erik AU - Veresoglou, Stavros D. AU - Rillig, Matthias C. DO - 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.03.001 IS - 1 PY - 2015 TI - Branching out: Towards a trait-based understanding of fungal ecology T2 - Fungal Biology Reviews VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fungi are important decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems, so their responses to climate change might influence carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. We investigated whether growth and activity of fungi under drought conditions were structured by trade-offs among traits in 15 fungal isolates from a Mediterranean Southern California grassland. We inoculated fungi onto sterilized litter that was incubated at three moisture levels (4, 27, and 50% water holding capacity, WHC). For each isolate, we characterized traits that described three potential lifestyles within the newly proposed “YAS” framework: growth yield, resource acquisition, and stress tolerance. Specifically, we measured fungal hyphal length per unit litter decomposition for growth yield; the potential activities of the extracellular enzymes cellobiohydrolase (CBH), β-glucosidase (BG), β-xylosidase (BX), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) for resource acquisition; and ability to grow in drought vs. higher moisture levels for drought stress tolerance. Although, we had hypothesized that evolutionary and physiological trade-offs would elicit negative relationships among traits, we found no supporting evidence for this hypothesis. Across isolates, growth yield, drought stress tolerance, and extracellular enzyme activities were not significantly related to each other. Thus, it is possible that drought-induced shifts in fungal community composition may not necessarily lead to changes in fungal biomass or decomposer ability in this arid grassland. AU - Alster, Charlotte J AU - Allison, Steven D AU - Glassman, Sydney I AU - Martiny, Adam C AU - Treseder, Kathleen K DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655987 PY - 2021 TI - Exploring Trait Trade-Offs for Fungal Decomposers in a Southern California Grassland T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.655987 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstract Decomposer fungi play a fundamental role in terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. In the southwestern United States, climate change is causing more frequent and severe droughts, which may alter fungal community composition and activity. Investigating relationships between fungal traits may improve the prediction of fungal responses to drought. In this dual field and laboratory experiment, we examine whether trade-offs occur between traits associated with drought. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that fungi sort into lifestyles specializing in growth yield, resource acquisition, and drought stress tolerance (?YAS? framework). For the field experiment, we constructed microbial ?cages? containing sterilized litter and 1 of 10 fungal isolates. These cages were placed in long-term drought and control plots in a southern Californian grassland for 6 and 12 months. We measured fungal hyphal length per unit litter mass loss for growth yield, the potential activities of four extracellular enzymes for resource acquisition, and the ability to grow in the drought versus control plots for drought stress tolerance. We compared these results with a laboratory microcosm experiment constructed with the same fungal isolates and that measured the same fungal traits. The field experiment corroborated our laboratory results, in that no trade-offs were observed between growth yield and resource acquisition traits. However, in contrast to the laboratory experiment, drought tolerance was negatively related to extracellular enzyme activity and growth yield in the field, implying a trade-off. Despite this observed trade-off in the field, growth yield was not hindered by drought. We propose a modification to the YAS framework, by combining the growth yield and resource acquisition lifestyles, which may be more appropriate for this arid system. This joint laboratory and field approach contextualizes a theoretical framework in microbial ecology and improves understanding of fungal community response to climate change. AU - Alster, Charlotte J AU - Allison, Steven D AU - Treseder, Kathleen K DA - 2022/6// DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4063 IS - 6 KW - YAS framework KW - drought KW - extracellular enzymes KW - fungal traits KW - litter decomposition KW - mesocosm KW - microcosm PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd PY - 2022 SP - e4063 EP - e4063 TI - Trait relationships of fungal decomposers in response to drought using a dual field and laboratory approach T2 - Ecosphere UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4063 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Nothing is more elusive and mysterious than the wild mushroom. David Arora celebrates the gathering and study of wild mushrooms with engaging style, wit and simple terminology. Mushrooms Demystified includes descriptions, photographs, and keys to over 2,000 species. There is a Beginner's Checklist of the 70 most distinctive and common mushrooms plus detailed chapters on terminology, classification, habitats, mushroom cookery, mushroom toxins, and the meanings of scientific mushroom names. AU - Arora.D PY - 1986 TI - Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi T2 - Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary: As the Earth's biota enters the sixth great mass extinction event recorded in the history of the planet, it is predicted that the erosion of biodiversity will result in the reduction of the goods and services that ecosystems provide. To mediate the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function associated with wood production in temperate forests in Europe, a near-to-nature strategy has been developed. Whether this strategy enables natural assembly mechanisms of fungi responsible for major ecosystem processes is unknown. We analysed variation in species richness and both the functional and phylogenetic structure of fungal assemblages of different trophic life histories (soil saprotrophic, wood saprotrophic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi) in 69 beech forest plots along a steep gradient of management intensity. We focused on reproductive traits to test the hypothesis that management intensity shifts community assembly mechanisms from limitations in niche overlap that promote the coexistence of dissimilar species to environmental filtering that selects for similar species. Specifically, we hypothesized that unpredictable resources in production forests filter the assemblages, promoting species with small fruit bodies and with small and elongated spores. As management intensity increased, functional diversity decreased from a random pattern to a clustered pattern, which indicated that management intensity increased the strength of environmental filtering. However, phylogenetic diversity increased from a random pattern to an overdispersed pattern. Combining phylogenetic diversity with functional diversity did not provide additional insight into the traits but revealed a contrasting pattern. Reproduction traits of the assemblages shifted, with a decrease in mean fruit body size and an increase in spore elongation. Synthesis and applications. Near-to-nature logging concepts are not able to mimic the major processes that shape fungal community assembly in protected forests. This could have severe consequences for important ecosystem functions provided by fungi. The phylogenetic overdispersion indicated that analyses of other traits in addition to reproductive traits are required to disentangle the factors affecting fungal community structure. © 2014 British Ecological Society. AU - Bässler, Claus AU - Ernst, Raffael AU - Cadotte, Marc AU - Heibl, Christoph AU - Müller, Jörg DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12267 IS - 4 PY - 2014 TI - Near-to-nature logging influences fungal community assembly processes in a temperate forest T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology VL - 51 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Organisms have evolved a fascinating variety of strategies and organs for successful reproduction. Fruit bodies are the reproductive organ of fungi and vary considerably in size and shape among species. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differences in fruit body size among species is still limited. Fruit bodies of saprotrophic fungi are smaller than those of mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi. If differences in fruit body size are determined by carbon acquisition, then mean reproductive traits of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi assemblages should vary differently along gradients of resource availability as carbon acquisition seems more unpredictable and costly for saprotrophs than for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here, we used 48 local inventories of fungal fruit bodies (plot size: 0.02 ha each) sampled along a gradient of resource availability (growing stock) across 3 years in the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany to investigate regional and local factors that might influence the distribution of species with different reproductive traits, particularly fruit body size. As predicted, mean fruit body size of local assemblages of saprotrophic fungi was smaller than expected from the distribution of traits of the regional species pool across central and northern Europe, whereas that of ectomycorrhizal fungi did not differ from random expectation. Furthermore and also as expected, mean fruit body size of assemblages of saprotrophic fungi was significantly smaller than for assemblages of ectomycorrhizal species. However, mean fruit body sizes of not only saprotrophic species but also ectomycorrhizal species increased with resource availability, and the mean number of fruit bodies of both assemblages decreased. Our results indicate that the differences in carbon acquisition between saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal species lead to differences in basic reproductive strategies, with implications for the breadth of their distribution. However, the differences in resource acquisition cannot explain detailed species distribution patterns at a finer, local scale based on their reproductive traits. AU - Bässler, Claus AU - Halbwachs, Hans AU - Karasch, Peter AU - Holzer, Heinrich AU - Gminder, Andreas AU - Krieglsteiner, Lothar AU - Gonzalez, Ramiro Silveyra AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Brandl, Roland DO - 10.1002/ece3.1911 IS - 2 PY - 2016 TI - Mean reproductive traits of fungal assemblages are correlated with resource availability T2 - Ecology and Evolution VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Statistical models of ecosystem functioning based on species traits are valuable tools for predicting how nutrient cycling will respond to global change. However, species such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have evolved high intraspecific trait variation, making trait characterization and inclusion in functional trait models difficult. We present a five-part framework based on experimental designs from the phenotypic plasticity literature to quantify AMF intraspecific trait variation in a nutrient cycling context. Framework experiments involve exposing AMF replicates to different environmental conditions and recording trait values to quantify the (i) degree of variation, (ii) reversibility of traits, (iii) relationships among traits, (iv) adaptive nature of traits and (v) potential for trait variation to evolve. We include a phenotypic trajectory analysis of a simulated data set to illustrate relationships among traits. To focus future research, we provide a synthesis of AMF traits whose evolution is particularly relevant to nutrient cycling and environmental factors that induce variation in those traits. Synthesis. Characterizing the depth and range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal trait variation is essential for predicting responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, as well as understanding past and future fungal trait evolutionary trajectories in the Tree of Life. Characterizing the depth and range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal trait variation is essential for predicting responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, as well as understanding past and future fungal trait evolutionary trajectories in the Tree of Life. Here, we present an experimental framework for characterizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal trait variation. © 2014 British Ecological Society. AU - Behm, Jocelyn E. AU - Kiers, E. Toby DO - 10.1111/1365-2745.12194 IS - 2 PY - 2014 TI - A phenotypic plasticity framework for assessing intraspecific variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal traits T2 - Journal of Ecology VL - 102 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This book is a comprehensive field guide to the mushrooms of the southeastern United States. Although it will stand on its own, it is intended to complement and serve as a companion to "Mushrooms of Northeastern North America", also published by Syracuse University Press. Together these volumes form a foundation and reference for identifying mushrooms found in eastern North America from Canada to the subtropics of Florida and Texas. Featuring more than 450 species, this volume includes detailed descriptions and rich color photographs. The photographs were selected for high-quality color fidelity and documentary merit and reflect some of the aesthetic appeal of the subject. The number of species described and illustrated in color is substantially more than has previously appeared in any other single work devoted to the mushrooms of the southeastern United States. Although this book contains the necessary detail required by advanced students and professional mycologists, it emphasizes identification based primarily on macroscopic field characters for easier use by a general audience. AU - Bessette, Alan E. AU - Roody, William C. AU - Bessette, Arleen R. AU - Dunaway, Dail L. DO - 10.5860/choice.45-2025 IS - 04 PY - 2007 TI - Mushrooms of the southeastern United States T2 - Choice Reviews Online VL - 45 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although climate change and variability can impact fungal phenology, the effects on community composition are less understood. Additionally, climatic variability might modify trait selection in fungi, including spore size and dispersal characteristics. Compositional and trait modifications of fungal communities would have important consequences for fungal biogeography, interactions with plant communities, and ecosystem functions. In this study, we analysed long-term fungal sporocarp community structure and dynamics in response to climate change and variability. We tested whether observed changes in the fungal sporocarp community related to climate, temporal or spatial differences among plots. Fungal trait associations with climatic variables were tested. Climate and endogenous patterns of succession each significantly affected composition, with regional variance in the affecting climate variables. Evidence for climate-driven reproductive trait selection related to spore dimensions, spore-bearing surfaces, and mode of fungal nutrition. Future research should then prioritize examining the impacts of climate on spore production and dispersal, plus other fungal traits. AU - Boddy, Lynne AU - Büntgen, Ulf AU - Kauserud, Håvard DO - 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.03.005 PY - 2016 TI - Climate impacts on fungal community and trait dynamics T2 - Fungal Ecology VL - 22 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Boddy, Lynne AU - Frankland, Juliet C. AU - van West, Pieter DO - 10.1016/S0275-0287(08)80001-X IS - C PY - 2008 SP - 3 EP - 372 TI - Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes T2 - British Mycological Society Symposia Series VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite the ecological and economic importance of wood-degrading fungi, little is known about the array of metabolites that fungi produce during wood decomposition. This study provides an in-depth insight into the wood decomposition process by analyzing and comparing the changes of >100 compounds produced by fungi with metabolic distinct nutritional modes (white and brown rot fungi) at different decay stages. White and brown rot fungi efficiently deconstruct lignocellulose in wood, Earth’s largest pool of aboveground biotic carbon and an important natural resource. Despite its vital importance, little is known about the metabolomic signatures among fungal species and nutritional modes (rot types). In this study, we used GC-MS metabolomics in solid wood substrates ( in planta ) to compare brown rot fungi ( Rhodonia placenta and Gloeophylum trabeum ) and white rot fungi ( Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus ) at two decay stages (earlier and later), finding identifiable patterns for brown rot fungi at later decay stages. These patterns occurred in highly reducing environments that were not observed in white rot fungi. Metabolomes measured among the two white rot fungi were notably different, but we found a potential biomarker compound, galactitol, that was characteristic to white rot taxa. In addition, we found that white rot fungi were more efficient at catabolizing phenolic compounds that were originally present in wood. Collectively, white rot fungi were characterized by measured sugar release relative to higher carbohydrate solubilization by brown rot fungi, a distinction in soluble sugar availability that might shape success in the face of “cheater” competitors. This need to protect excess free sugars may explain the differentially high brown rot fungal production of pyranones and furanones, likely linked to an expansion of polyketide synthase genes. IMPORTANCE Despite the ecological and economic importance of wood-degrading fungi, little is known about the array of metabolites that fungi produce during wood decomposition. This study provides an in-depth insight into the wood decomposition process by analyzing and comparing the changes of >100 compounds produced by fungi with metabolic distinct nutritional modes (white and brown rot fungi) at different decay stages. We found a unique pattern of metabolites that correlated well with brown rot (carbohydrate selective mode) in later decay. These compounds were in line with some of the physiochemical and genetic features previously seen in these fungi such as a faster sugar release, lower pH, and the expansion of polyketide-synthase genes compared to white rot fungi (lignin-degrading mode). This study provides spatiotemporally resolved mechanism insights as well as critical groundwork that will be valuable for studies in basic biology and ecology, as well as applied biomass deconstruction and bioremediation. AU - Castaño, J. D. AU - Muñoz-Muñoz, N. AU - Kim, Y. M. AU - Liu, J. AU - Yang, L. AU - Schilling, J. S. DA - 2022/12// DO - 10.1128/MSPHERE.00545-22 IS - 6 KW - Carbohydrates KW - Extramural KW - J D Castaño KW - J S Schilling KW - Life History Traits* KW - MEDLINE KW - N Muñoz-Muñoz KW - N.I.H. KW - NCBI KW - NIH KW - NLM KW - National Center for Biotechnology Information KW - National Institutes of Health KW - National Library of Medicine KW - Non-P.H.S. KW - Non-U.S. Gov't KW - PMC9769625 KW - PubMed Abstract KW - Research Support KW - Sugars / analysis KW - Sugars / metabolism KW - Trametes KW - U.S. Gov't KW - Wood / chemistry KW - doi:10.1128/msphere.00545-22 KW - pmid:36468887 PB - mSphere PY - 2022 TI - Metabolomics Highlights Different Life History Strategies of White and Brown Rot Wood-Degrading Fungi T2 - mSphere UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36468887/ VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fungal communities are structured across time and space by abiotic and biotic factors. We use amplicon-based genetic sequencing techniques to identify unculturable and culturable fungi in airborne spore assemblages across a vegetation mosaic and over the course of a rainy season in coastal California, USA. We found that the assemblages of fungal species varied over time, but with little spatial structure associated with habitat types. For airborne spores collected from different vegetation types, we also measured physical traits that may be important for survival, dispersal, or response to environmental change. We found larger and more elongated spores in dry and structurally open, shrub-like vegetation (chaparral) compared to smaller and rounder spores in wet and structurally closed vegetation (forests). Fungi in chaparral possess spore traits that allow them to persist and disperse in harsh, dry, open conditions. These results are useful for forest and land managers who are interested in restoring habitats with native plant species that are associated with a range of fungal symbionts. AU - Crandall, Sharifa G AU - Saarman, Norah AU - Gilbert, Gregory S DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100920 KW - Chaparral KW - Diversity KW - Fungi KW - Mixed-evergreen forest KW - Redwood forest KW - Spore KW - Traits PY - 2020 SP - 100920 EP - 100920 TI - Fungal spore diversity, community structure, and traits across a vegetation mosaic T2 - Fungal Ecology UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504818301739 VL - 45 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fungi are prominent components of most terrestrial ecosystems, both in terms of biomass and ecosystem functioning, but the hyper-diverse nature of most communities has obscured the search for unifying principles governing community organization. In particular, unlike plants and animals, observational studies provide little evidence for the existence of niche processes in structuring fungal communities at broad spatial scales. This limits our capacity to predict how communities, and their functioning, vary across landscapes. We outline how a shift in focus, from taxonomy toward functional traits, might prove to be valuable in the search for general patterns in fungal ecology. We build on theoretical advances in plant and animal ecology to provide an empirical framework for a trait-based approach in fungal community ecology. Drawing upon specific characteristics of the fungal system, we highlight the significance of drought stress and combat in structuring free-living fungal communities. We propose a conceptual model to formalize how trade-offs between stress-tolerance and combative dominance are likely to organize communities across environmental gradients. Given that the survival of a fungus in a given environment is contingent on its ability to tolerate antagonistic competitors, measuring variation in combat trait expression along environmental gradients provides a means of elucidating realized, from fundamental niche spaces. We conclude that, using a trait-based understanding of how niche processes structure fungal communities across time and space, we can ultimately link communities with ecosystem functioning. Our trait-based framework highlights fundamental uncertainties that require testing in the fungal system, given their potential to uncover general mechanisms in fungal ecology. AU - Crowther, Thomas W. AU - Maynard, Daniel S. AU - Crowther, Terence R. AU - Peccia, Jordan AU - Smith, Jeffrey R. AU - Bradford, Mark A. DA - 2014/10// DO - 10.3389/FMICB.2014.00579/BIBTEX IS - OCT KW - Community ecology KW - Dominance-tolerance trade-off KW - Functional traits KW - Fungal biogeogoraphy KW - Fungal niche PB - Frontiers Media S.A. PY - 2014 SP - 579 EP - 579 TI - Untangling the fungal niche: The trait-based approach T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00579/full VL - 5 ER - TY - GEN AU - Dancho, Matt AU - Vaughan, Davis DA - 2022/11// PB - Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) PY - 2022 TI - Tidy Quantitative Financial Analysis [R package tidyquant version 1.0.6] UR - https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyquant ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dawson, Samantha Katherine AU - Boddy, Lynne AU - Halbwachs, Hans AU - Bässler, Claus AU - Andrew, Carrie AU - Crowther, Thomas Ward AU - Heilmann‐Clausen, Jacob AU - Nordén, Jenni AU - Ovaskainen, Otso AU - Jönsson, Mari AU - Hart, Miranda DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.13239 IS - 3 PY - 2019 SP - 372 EP - 387 TI - Handbook for the measurement of macrofungal functional traits: A start with basidiomycete wood fungi. T2 - Functional Ecology UR - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=135060194&site=eds-live VL - 33 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Días-Rivera, Eduardo AU - Montejo-Mayo, Wilber AU - Martínez-Pacheco, Mauro AU - Munro-Rojas, Abril AU - Ambriz-Parra, Enrique AU - Velázquez-Becerra, Crisanto DO - 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.05.033 IS - 2 PY - 2021 SP - 199 EP - 214 TI - Chemical-mechanical damage caused by the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill on Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. wood. T2 - Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales UR - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fua&AN=151867165&site=eds-live VL - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AB - ABSTRACTTwenty-four unique genotypes of Lentinus edodes were evaluated for their biological efficiency (BE), mushroom size and mushroom quality on a nutrient enriched sawdust substrate. Significant differences among lines were found for these parameters. Biological efficiencies ranged from 124\% (WC 305) to 6.1\% (WC 295). Percentages of mushrooms produced with abnormal morphology ranged from a low of 0\% to a high of 88\%. Breeding and selection of shiitake lines for improved biological efficiency, size and quality would reduce production costs and may help to increase consumption of fresh shiitake mushrooms. AU - Diehle, Douglas A. AU - Royse, Daniel J. DO - 10.1080/00275514.1986.12025352 IS - 6 PY - 1986 TI - Shiitake Cultivation on Sawdust: Evaluation of Selected Genotypes for Biological Efficiency and Mushroom Size T2 - Mycologia VL - 78 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An experiment was conducted to increase oyster mushroom production and to evaluate the effect of different treatments on the quantitative and qualitative growth of Pleurotus florida. Two substrates (sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw) were tested, supplemented with different levels of N (0, 500, 750 μg/g), and Mn (0, 100, 200 μg/g). Different levels of nitrogen and manganese significantly affected mycelia lineal growth rate, spawn running, pinhead and fruit body formation, protein content, yield and biological efficiency but there was no significant effect on ash, dry matter and manganese content of fruit bodies. Substrate type had a significantly effect on all characters with the exception of manganese content of the fruit body. The most positive effect of N and Mn on measured characters was observed at 750 and 100 μg/g, respectively. Wheat straw substrate caused an increase in yield and reduced fruiting time compared to sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse, on the other hand, had a higher feed value (content of protein, ash, and dry matter) than wheat straw when used as a substrate. AU - Elhami, Behnam AU - Ansari, Naser Alemzadeh AU - Dehcordie, Farideh Sedighie IS - 1 PY - 2008 TI - Effect of Substrate Type, Different Levels of Nitrogen and Manganese on Growth and Development of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) T2 - Dynamic Biochemistry, Process Biotechnology and Molecular Biology VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - I summarize current knowledge about the ecosystem functions of wood decomposition in forests with a particular focus on the effects of fungal wood decay types (traditionally categorized into white-, brown-, and soft-rot) on the community composition of saproxylic organisms, forest tree regeneration, and carbon seques-tration. Deadwoods of different decay types show markedly different physico-chemical and biological properties. High carbohydrate availability in white-rotted wood promotes the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria; thus white-rotted wood is a good dietary source for many wood-eating invertebrates. In contrast, brown-rotted wood is unattractive to saproxylic communities due to the high recalci-trance of accumulated lignin, low nutrient content, and low pH. Nevertheless, some species have adapted to these conditions and form distinctive communities on brown-rotted wood. Tree seedlings that are associated with brown-rotted wood are symbiotic with arbuscular and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal species, but not ectomycorrhizal species. Thus, the diversity of fungal communities associated with a variety of wood decay types produces habitat diversity for saproxylic communities and promotes biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Wood decay type also affects carbon sequestration in forests as brown-rotted wood might be more instrumental in soil organic matter accumulation than white-rotted wood. An important aspect of wood decay type is that the wood decay activities of fungi can have indirect long-lasting cascading impacts on forest biodiversity by altering the physicochemi-cal properties of deadwood. Including the effects of wood decay type in ecological models is thus important for predicting the long-term dynamics of biodiversity, vegetation, and carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. AU - Fukasawa, Yu DA - 2021/7// DO - 10.1111/1440-1703.12260 KW - carbon cycling KW - deadwood KW - ecological networks KW - forest biodiversity KW - wood decay fungi PY - 2021 SP - 910 EP - 931 TI - Ecological impacts of fungal wood decay types: A review of current knowledge and future research directions T2 - Ecological Research UR - https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1440-1703.12260 VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio on six biocontrol fungal strains are reported in this paper. All fungal strains had extensive growth on the media supplemented with 6–12gl−1 carbon and C:N ratios from 10:1 to 80:1, and differed in nutrient requirements for sporulation. Except for the two strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, all selected fungi attained the highest spore yields at a C:N ratio of 160:1 when the carbon concentration was 12gl−1 for Metarhizium anisopliae SQZ-1-21, 6gl−1 for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 and Trichoderma viride TV-1, and 8gl−1 for Lecanicillium lecanii CA-1-G. The optimal conditions for P. lilacinus sporulation were 8gl−1 carbon with a C:N ratio of 10:1 for M-14 and 12gl−1 carbon with a C:N ratio of 20:1 for IPC-P, respectively. The results indicated that the influence of carbon concentration and C:N ratio on fungal growth and sporulation is strain dependent; therefore, consideration for the complexity of nutrient requirements is essential for improving yields of fungal biocontrol agents. AU - Gao, Li AU - Sun, Man H AU - Liu, Xing Z AU - Che, Yong S DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.07.019 IS - 1 KW - Nutrition PY - 2007 SP - 87 EP - 92 TI - Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the growth and sporulation of several biocontrol fungi T2 - Mycological Research UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756206002607 VL - 111 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We have designed two taxon‐selective primers for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal repeat unit. These primers, ITS1‐F and ITS4‐B, were intended to be specific to fungi and basidiomycetes, respectively. We have tested the specificity of these primers against 13 species of ascomycetes, 14 of basidiomycetes, and 15 of plants. Our results showed that ITS4‐B, when paired with either a ‘universal’ primer ITS1 or the fungal‐specific primer ITS1‐F, efficiently amplified DNA from all basidiomycetes and discriminated against ascomycete DNAs. The results with plants were not as clearcut. The ITS1‐F/ITS4‐B primer pair produced a small amount of PCR product for certain plant species, but the quantity was in most cases less than that produced by the ‘universal’ ITS primers. However, under conditions where both plant and fungal DNAs were present, the fungal DNA was amplified to the apparent exclusion of plant DNA. ITS1‐F/ITS4‐B preferential amplification was shown to be particularly useful for detection and analysis of the basidiomycete component in ectomycorrhizae and in rust‐infected tissues. These primers can be used to study the structure of ectomycorrhizal communities or the distribution of rusts on alternate hosts. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved AU - Gardes, M. AU - Bruns, T. D. DA - 1993/4// DO - 10.1111/J.1365-294X.1993.TB00005.X IS - 2 KW - PCR KW - fungal ecology KW - specific primer KW - taxon PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd PY - 1993 SP - 113 EP - 118 TI - ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts T2 - Molecular Ecology UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Traditional classifications of agaric fungi involve gross morphology of their fruit bodies and meiospore print-colour. However, the phylogeny of these fungi and the evolution of their morphological and ecological traits are poorly understood. Phylogenetic analyses have already demonstrated that characters used in traditional classifications of basidiomycetes may be heavily affected by homoplasy, and that non-gilled taxa evolved within the agarics several times. By integrating molecular phylogenetic analyses including domains D1-D3 and D7-D8 of nucLSU rDNA and domains A-C of the RPB1 gene with morphological and chemical data from representative species of 88 genera, we were able to resolve higher groups of agarics. We found that the species with thick-walled and pigmented basidiospores constitute a derived group, and hypothesize that this specific combination of characters represents an evolutionary advantage by increasing the tolerance of the basidiospores to dehydration and solar radiation and so opened up new ecological niches, e.g. the colonization of dung substrates by enabling basidiospores to survive gut passages through herbivores. Our results confirm the validity of basidiospore morphology as a phylogenetic marker in the agarics. © 2007 The British Mycological Society. AU - Garnica, Sigisfredo AU - Weiss, Michael AU - Walther, Grit AU - Oberwinkler, Franz DO - 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.019 IS - 9 PY - 2007 TI - Reconstructing the evolution of agarics from nuclear gene sequences and basidiospore ultrastructure T2 - Mycological Research VL - 111 ER - TY - GEN AB - Mushroom-forming fungi exhibit a tremendous variety of morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. Though science had taken up the challenge to relate these traits to functions in the 20th century, such deliberations became much rarer in recent decades. In the review presented here we aim at reviving this research area, particularly in regard to ecological implications. We have therefore compiled fruit body traits with their evidenced or suggested functions. Some traits have no immediate functional meaning, but many are suggestive of some ecological importance. Many traits serve more than one function, and traits interact in the sense of trade-offs, patterns that reflect the economy of fungal design. In conclusion, the review comes up with well and little-known mushroom properties, and the numerous gaps in attributing traits to functions. AU - Halbwachs, Hans AU - Simmel, Josef AU - Bässler, Claus DO - 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.04.002 IS - 2 PY - 2016 TI - Tales and mysteries of fungal fruiting: How morphological and physiological traits affect a pileate lifestyle T2 - Fungal Biology Reviews VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Field mycologists have a deep understanding of the morphological traits of basidiospores with regard to taxonomical classification. But often the increasing evidence that these traits have a biological meaning is overlooked. In this review we have therefore compiled morphological and ecological facts about basidiospores of agaricoid fungi and their functional implications for fungal communities as part of ecosystems. Readers are introduced to the subject, first of all by drawing attention to the dazzling array of basidiospores, which is followed by an account of their physical and chemical qualities, such as size, quantity, structure and their molecular composition. Continuing, spore generation, dispersal and establishment are described and discussed. Finally, possible implications for the major ecological lifestyles are analysed, and major gaps in the knowledge about the ecological functions of basidiospores are highlighted. Copyright. AU - Halbwachs, Hans AU - Bässler, Claus DO - 10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/10 IS - 1 PY - 2015 TI - Gone with the wind - A review on basidiospores of lamellate agarics T2 - Mycosphere VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - One of the most common classes of bio-aerosols is fungal spores. While there is considerable species-specific variation in the morphological traits of fungal spores, their effect on spore dispersal is not well understood. Due to their super micron size, fungal spores deposit via inertial mechanisms. In this study, we combine experimental, theoretical, and statistical approaches to investigate the effects of spore morphology, airflow conditions, and surface structure on dry deposition of spores of forest-dwelling basidiomycete fungi. Firstly, we measured the spore aerodynamic diameter (Da) of 66 species and spore equivalent diameter (De) of 37 species. De combined with spore wall thickness was the best predictor of Da. We also derived a parameterization to calculate the spore density (ρspore); it ranged between 0.51 and 3.92g/cm3 (mean 1.57g/cm3). Assuming that spores are prolate-ellipsoids and using calculated values of De instead of the measured ones would under estimate ρspore. Secondly, we measured the inertial deposition of spores for 21 species in an experimental setup where spores were carried by turbulent airflow through a vertical pipe containing an obstacle (spruce twigs or a metal mesh). The deposition velocity on spruce twigs was 0.4–21mm/s depending on the airflow velocity, spore size, and twig density. Evaluations of a three-layer deposition model suggested that the roughness length (F) of the twigs was 10–93μm and it depended on the friction velocity. The deposition velocity of spores on the metal mesh was 24–53 times higher than that on the twigs. Spore shape did not have an unambiguous effect on Da or deposition on the mesh. Our study will facilitate the development of mechanistic dispersal models that incorporate the effect of species-specific spore traits as well as a physically realistic description of deposition to environmental surfaces. AU - Hussein, Tareq AU - Norros, Veera AU - Hakala, Jani AU - Petäjä, Tuukka AU - Aalto, Pasi P AU - Rannik, Üllar AU - Vesala, Timo AU - Ovaskainen, Otso DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.03.004 KW - Basidiomycetes KW - Bioaerosol KW - Dispersal KW - Norway spruce KW - Settling velocity KW - Spore density PY - 2013 SP - 81 EP - 98 TI - Species traits and inertial deposition of fungal spores T2 - Journal of Aerosol Science UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850213000542 VL - 61 ER - TY - GEN AB - Provides a simple and intuitive pipe-friendly framework, coherent with the 'tidyverse' design philosophy, for performing basic statistical tests, including t-test, Wilcoxon test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and correlation analyses. The output of each test is automatically transformed into a tidy data frame to facilitate visualization. Additional functions are available for reshaping, reordering, manipulating and visualizing correlation matrix. Functions are also included to facilitate the analysis of factorial experiments, including purely 'within-Ss' designs (repeated measures), purely 'between-Ss' designs, and mixed 'within-and-between-Ss' designs. It's also possible to compute several effect size metrics, including "eta squared" for ANOVA, "Cohen's d" for t-test and 'Cramer V' for the association between categorical variables. The package contains helper functions for identifying univariate and multivariate outliers, assessing normality and homogeneity of variances. AU - Kassambara, Alboukadel PY - 2022 TI - rstatix:Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R package version 0.7.1. T2 - https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most basidiomycete fungi produce annual shortlived sexual fruit bodies from which billions of microscopic spores are spread into the air during a short time period. However, little is known about the selective forces that have resulted in some species fruiting early and others later in the fruiting season. This study of relationships between morphological and ecological characteristics, climate factors and time of fruiting are based upon thorough statistical analyses of 66 520 mapped records from Norway, representing 271 species of autumnal fruiting mushroom species. We found a strong relationship between spore size and time of fruiting; on average, a doubling of spore size (volume) corresponded to 3 days earlier fruiting. Small-spored species dominate in the oceanic parts of Norway, whereas large-spored species are typical of more continental parts. In separate analyses, significant relationships were observed between spore size and climate factors. We hypothesize that these relationships are owing to water balance optimization, driven by water storage in spores as a critical factor for successful germination of primary mycelia in the drier micro-environments found earlier in the fruiting season and/or in continental climates. © 2011 The Royal Society. AU - Kauserud, Håvard AU - Heegaard, Einar AU - Halvorsen, Rune AU - Boddy, Lynne AU - Høiland, Klaus AU - Chr. Stenseth, Nils DO - 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0820 IS - 2 PY - 2011 TI - Mushroom's spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: Is moisture important? T2 - Biology Letters VL - 7 ER - TY - GEN AB - Users often rely on realtime predictions in everyday contexts like riding the bus, but may not grasp that such predictions are subject to uncertainty. Existing uncertainty visualizations may not align with user needs or how they naturally reason about probability. We present a novel mobile interface design and visualization of uncertainty for transit predictions on mobile phones based on discrete outcomes. To develop it, we identified domain specific design requirements for visualizing uncertainty in transit prediction through: 1) a literature review, 2) a large survey of users of a popular realtime transit application, and 3) an iterative design process. We present several candidate visualizations of uncertainty for realtime transit predictions in a mobile context, and we propose a novel discrete representation of continuous outcomes designed for small screens, quantile dotplots. In a controlled experiment we find that quantile dotplots reduce the variance of probabilistic estimates by ∼1.15 times compared to density plots and facilitate more confident estimation by end-users in the context of realtime transit prediction scenarios. AU - Kay, Matthew AU - Kola, Tara AU - Hullman, Jessica R. AU - Munson, Sean A. DA - 2016/5// DO - 10.1145/2858036.2858558 KW - Dotplots KW - End-user visualization KW - Mobile interfaces KW - Transit predictions KW - Uncertainty visualization PB - Association for Computing Machinery PY - 2016 SN - 9781450333627 SP - 5092 EP - 5103 TI - ggdist: Visualizations of Distributions and Uncertainty T2 - Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings UR - https://mjskay.github.io/ggdist/ ER - TY - JOUR AB - If we better understand how fungal responses to global change are governed by their traits, we can improve predictions of fungal community composition and ecosystem function. Specifically, we can examine trade-offs among traits, in which the allocation of finite resources towards one trait reduces the investment in others. We hypothesized that trade-offs among fungal traits relating to rapid growth, resource capture, and stress tolerance sort fungal species into discrete life history strategies. We used the Biolog Filamentous Fungi database to calculate maximum growth rates of 37 fungal species and then compared them to their functional traits from the funfun database. In partial support of our hypothesis, maximum growth rate displayed a negative relationship with traits related to resource capture. Moreover, maximum growth rate displayed a positive relationship with amino acid permease, forming a putative Fast Growth life history strategy. A second putative life history strategy is characterized by a positive relationship between extracellular enzymes, including cellobiohydrolase 6, cellobiohydrolase 7, crystalline cellulase AA9, and lignin peroxidase. These extracellular enzymes were negatively related to chitosanase 8, an enzyme that can break down a derivative of chitin. Chitosanase 8 displayed a positive relationship with many traits that were hypothesized to cluster separately, forming a putative Blended life history strategy characterized by certain resource capture, fast growth, and stress tolerance traits. These trait relationships complement previously explored microbial trait frameworks, such as the Competitor-Stress Tolerator-Ruderal and the Yield-Resource Acquisition-Stress Tolerance schemes. AU - Lovero, Karissa G. AU - Treseder, Kathleen K. DA - 2021/11// DO - 10.3389/FFGC.2021.756650 KW - CSR framework KW - Fungal traits KW - Maximum growth rate KW - YAS framework KW - ecosystem function KW - life history strategy KW - trade-offs PB - Frontiers PY - 2021 SP - 197 EP - 197 TI - Trade-Offs Between Growth Rate and Other Fungal Traits T2 - Frontiers in Forests and Global Change UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.756650/full VL - 0 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the primary decomposers of organic material in terrestrial ecosystems, fungi are critical agents of the global carbon cycle. Yet our ability to link fungal community composition to ecosystem functioning is constrained by a limited understanding of the factors accounting for different wood decomposition rates among fungi. Here we examine which traits best explain fungal decomposition ability by combining detailed trait-based assays on 34 saprotrophic fungi from across North America in the laboratory with a 5-y field study comprising 1,582 fungi isolated from 74 decomposing logs. Fungal growth rate (hyphal extension rate) was the strongest single predictor of fungal-mediated wood decomposition rate under laboratory conditions, and accounted for up to 27% of the in situ variation in decomposition in the field. At the individual level, decomposition rate was negatively correlated with moisture niche width (an indicator of drought stress tolerance) and with the production of nutrient-mineralizing extracellular enzymes. Together, these results suggest that decomposition rates strongly align with a dominance-tolerance life-history tradeoff that was previously identified in these isolates, forming a spectrum from slow-growing, stress-tolerant fungi that are poor decomposers to fast-growing, highly competitive fungi with fast decomposition rates. Our study illustrates how an understanding of fungal trait variation could improve our predictive ability of the early and midstages of wood decay, to which our findings are most applicable. By mapping our results onto the biogeographic distribution of the dominance-tolerance trade-off across North America, we approximate broad-scale patterns in intrinsic fungal-mediatedwood decomposition rates. AU - Lustenhouwer, Nicky AU - Maynard, Daniel S. AU - Bradford, Mark A. AU - Lindner, Daniel L. AU - Oberle, Brad AU - Zanne, Amy E. AU - Crowther, Thomas W. DA - 2020/5// DO - 10.1073/PNAS.1909166117/-/DCSUPPLEMENTAL IS - 21 KW - Carbon cycle KW - Decay rate KW - Functional biogeography KW - Fungal traits KW - Wood decomposition PB - National Academy of Sciences PY - 2020 SP - 11551 EP - 11558 TI - A trait-based understanding of wood decomposition by fungi T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America UR - https://www.pnas.org/content/117/21/11551 VL - 117 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Malik, Ashish A. AU - Martiny, Jennifer B.H. AU - Brodie, Eoin L. AU - Martiny, Adam C. AU - Treseder, Kathleen K. AU - Allison, Steven D. DO - 10.1038/s41396-019-0510-0 IS - 1 PY - 2020 TI - Defining trait-based microbial strategies with consequences for soil carbon cycling under climate change T2 - ISME Journal VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Matsuoka, Shunsuke AU - Doi, Hideyuki AU - Masumoto, Shota AU - Kitagawa, Ryo AU - Nishizawa, Keita AU - Tanaka, Kaho AU - Hasegawa, Motohiro AU - Hobara, Satoru AU - Osono, Takashi AU - Mori, Akira S AU - Uchida, Masaki DO - 10.1016/j.polar.2020.100594 PY - 2021 TI - Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of fungi in a forest-tundra ecotone in Québec T2 - Polar Science UR - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S1873965220301122&site=eds-live VL - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fungi are the primary agents of terrestrial decomposition, yet our understanding of fungal biogeography lags far behind that of plants, animals and bacteria. Here, we use a trait-based approach to quantify the niches of 23 species of basidiomycete wood decay fungi from across North America, and explore the linkages among functional trait expression, climate and phylogeny. Our analysis reveals a fundamental trade-off between abiotic stress tolerance and competitive ability, whereby fungi with wide thermal and moisture niches exhibit lower displacement ability. The magnitude of this dominance-tolerance trade-off is partially related to the environmental conditions under which the fungi were collected, with thermal niche traits exhibiting the strongest climate relationships. Nevertheless, moisture and thermal dominance-tolerance patterns exhibited contrasting phylogenetic signals, suggesting that these trends are influenced by a combination of niche sorting along taxonomic lines in tandem with acclimation and adaptation at the level of the individual. Collectively, our work reveals key insight into the life history strategies of saprotrophic fungi, demonstrating consistent trait trade-offs across broad spatial scales. AU - Maynard, Daniel S. AU - Bradford, Mark A. AU - Covey, Kristofer R. AU - Lindner, Daniel AU - Glaeser, Jessie AU - Talbert, Douglas A. AU - Tinker, Paul Joshua AU - Walker, Donald M. AU - Crowther, Thomas W. DO - 10.1038/s41564-019-0361-5 IS - 5 PY - 2019 TI - Consistent trade-offs in fungal trait expression across broad spatial scales T2 - Nature Microbiology VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sexual reproduction is important because it generates genetic variation, offers an escape from DNA parasites and provides a means to repair DNA damage. Many fungi exhibit particular patterns of sexual fruit body morphogenesis but the characteristics differ between species. However, it is possible to generalise that within developing fruit body tissues, fungal cells embark on a particular course of differentiation in response to the interaction of their intrinsic genetic programme with external physical signals (light, temperature, gravity, humidity), and/or chemical signals from the environment and other regions of the developing structure. Fruit body morphogenesis is affected by carbon and mineral nutrient availability and environmental variables including temperature, water availability, CO2, light and interactions with other fungi and bacteria. Changes in the seasonal pattern of fruiting in the UK can be detected from field records made in the last 50 years, and while not all species behave in the same way, mean first fruiting date is now significantly earlier and mean last fruiting date is now significantly later, which results in an extended fruiting season. Significant numbers of species that previously only fruited in autumn now also fruit in spring. Such analyses show that relatively simple field observations of fungi can detect climate change, and that fungal responses are sufficiently sensitive to react to the climate change that has already occurred by adapting their pattern of development. Unfortunately, though it is possible to deduce the decisive steps in development that are open to influence, the molecular controls that normally regulate those steps remain unknown. Extensive genomic analysis shows that sequences crucial to multicellular development in animals or plants do not occur in fungal genomes, so we are ignorant of the basic control processes of fungal multicellular developmental biology. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Moore, David AU - Gange, Alan C. AU - Gange, Edward G. AU - Boddy, Lynne DO - 10.1016/S0275-0287(08)80007-0 IS - C PY - 2008 TI - Chapter 5 Fruit bodies: Their production and development in relation to environment T2 - British Mycological Society Symposia Series VL - 28 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Biodiversity of Fungi is essential for anyone collecting and/or monitoring any fungi. Fascinating and beautiful, fungi are vital components of nearly all ecosystems and impact human health and our economy in a myriad of ways. Standardized methods for documenting diversity and distribution have been lacking. A wealth of information, especially regrading sampling protocols, compiled by an international team of fungal biologists, make Biodiversity of Fungi an incredible and fundamental resource for the study of organismal biodiversity. Chapters cover everything from what is a fungus, to maintaining and organizing a permanent study collection with associated databases; from protocols for sampling slime molds to insect associated fungi; from fungi growing on and in animals and plants to mushrooms and truffles. The chapters are arranged both ecologically and by sampling method rather than by taxonomic group for ease of use. The information presented here is intended for everyone interested in fungi, anyone who needs tools to study them in nature including naturalists, land managers, ecologists, mycologists, and even citizen scientists and sophiscated amateurs. Covers all groups of fungi - from molds to mushrooms, even slime molds Describes sampling protocols for many groups of fungi Arranged by sampling method and ecology to coincide with users needs Beautifully illustrated to document the range of fungi treated and techniques discussed Natural history data are provided for each group of fungi to enable users to modify suggested protocols to meet their needs AU - Mueller, Gregory M. AU - Bills, Gerald F. AU - Foster, Mercedes S. DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-509551-8.X5000-4 PY - 2004 TI - Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods T2 - Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods ER - TY - JOUR AB - The loss of suitable habitats is one of the main causes behind the loss of species and communities. Habitat fragmentation, that is, the division of the remaining habitat into small and isolated fragments, often co-occurs with the process of habitat loss. The spatial division of habitats decreases connectivity among local populations and generally has a negative effect on population viability, but it can also have a positive effect for some species, for example, due to released competition pressure. In both animals and plants, certain characteristics such as low dispersal ability and narrow ecological niche are known to be associated with fragmentation vulnerability, but in fungi, systematic analyses have so far been lacking. With their small and highly dispersive spores, fungi could be mainly resource-limited, not dispersal-limited. In this study, we analysed spatial occurrence data on 119 species of wood-inhabiting fungi to identify the species characteristics that are associated with high extinction risk and fragmentation vulnerability in particular. We modelled resource use and connectivity dependence separately for each species using the presence-absence data on 98 318 dead trees in 496 sites located on a gradient in the duration and intensity of land use in eastern Fennoscandia. We then related species' responses to connectivity to their resource-use patterns, life-history characteristics and red-list status. Our results show that red-listed species are highly specialized in their resource use and suffer from loss of connectivity at three spatial scales: along the large-scale gradient, at the landscape scale and at the scale of a forest stand. In contrast, many of the non-red-listed generalist species are actually more likely to occur (per resource unit) in fragmented managed forests than well-connected natural forests. Synthesis. We show that the expected number of red-listed species per a fixed amount of similar resources (dead trees) can be even more than 10 times higher in well-connected than in fragmented surroundings, and thus, protecting high-quality areas that are well connected is conservationally more effective than protecting small fragments distributed across the landscape. We show that the expected number of red-listed species per a fixed amount of similar resources (dead trees) can be even more than 10 times higher in well-connected than in fragmented surroundings, and thus protecting high-quality areas that are well connected is conservationally more effective than protecting small fragments distributed across the landscape. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society. AU - Nordén, Jenni AU - Penttilä, Reijo AU - Siitonen, Juha AU - Tomppo, Erkki AU - Ovaskainen, Otso DO - 10.1111/1365-2745.12085 IS - 3 PY - 2013 TI - Specialist species of wood-inhabiting fungi struggle while generalists thrive in fragmented boreal forests T2 - Journal of Ecology VL - 101 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Assessment of the costs and benefits of dispersal is central to understanding species' life-history strategies as well as explaining and predicting spatial population dynamics in the changing world. While mortality during active movement has received much attention, few have studied the costs of passive movement such as the airborne transport of fungal spores. Here, we examine the potential of extreme environmental conditions to cause dispersal mortality in wood-decay fungi. These fungi play a key role as decomposers and habitat creators in forest ecosystems and the populations of many species have declined due to habitat loss and fragmentation. We measured the effect of simulated solar radiation (including ultraviolet A and B) and freezing at -25°C on the spore germinability of 17 species. Both treatments but especially sunlight markedly reduced spore germinability in most species, and species with thin-walled spores were particularly light sensitive. Extrapolating the species' laboratory responses to natural irradiance conditions, we predict that sunlight is a relevant source of dispersal mortality at least at larger spatial scales. In addition, we found a positive effect of spore size on spore germinability, suggesting a trade-off between dispersal distance and establishment. We conclude that freezing and particularly sunlight can be important sources of dispersal mortality in wood-decay fungi which can make it difficult for some species to colonize isolated habitat patches and habitat edges. AU - Norros, Veera AU - Karhu, Elina AU - Nordén, Jenni AU - Vähätalo, Anssi V. AU - Ovaskainen, Otso DO - 10.1002/ece3.1589 IS - 16 PY - 2015 TI - Spore sensitivity to sunlight and freezing can restrict dispersal in wood-decay fungi T2 - Ecology and Evolution VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In species that disperse by airborne propagules an inverse relationship is often assumed between propagule size and dispersal distance. However, for microscopic spores the evidence for the relationship remains ambiguous. Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models that have been successful in predicting seed dispersal appear to predict similar dispersal for all spore sizes up to ̃40 μm diameter. However, these models have assumed that spore size affects only the downwards drift of particles due to gravitation and have largely omitted the highly size-sensitive deposition process to surfaces such as forest canopy. On the other hand, they have assumed that spores are certain to deposit when the air parcel carrying them touches the ground. Here, we supplement a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model with a mechanistic deposition model parameterized by empirical deposition data for 1-10 μm spores. The inclusion of realistic deposition improved the ability of the model to predict empirical data on the dispersal of a wood-decay fungus (aerodynamic spore size 3.8 lm). Our model predicts that the dispersal of 1-10 μm spores is in fact highly sensitive to spore size, with 97-98% of 1 lm spores but only 12-58% of 10-μm spores dispersing beyond 2 km in the simulated range of wind and canopy conditions. Further, excluding the assumption of certain deposition at the ground greatly increased the expected dispersal distances throughout the studied spore size range. Our results suggest that by evolutionary adjustment of spore size, release height and timing of release, fungi and other organisms with microscopic spores can change the expected distribution of dispersal locations markedly. The complex interplay of wind and canopy conditions in determining deposition resulted in some counterintuitive predictions, such as that spores disperse furthest under intermediate wind, providing intriguing hypotheses to be tested empirically in future studies. © 2014 by the Ecological Society of America. AU - Norros, Veera AU - Rannik, Üllar AU - Hussein, Tareq AU - Petäjä, Tuukka AU - Vesala, Timo AU - Ovaskainen, Otso DO - 10.1890/13-0877.1 IS - 6 PY - 2014 TI - Do small spores disperse further than large spores? T2 - Ecology VL - 95 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Life history traits are key to why species occur when and where they do and how their populations will respond to environmental changes. However, dispersal-related traits of fungi are generally poorly known. We studied how spore release height from the ground, an important determinant of airborne dispersal, is connected to other traits in polypores. We collected expert evaluations of fruit body growth sites for 140 species and found that experts generally provided consistent estimates of height above the ground. Height was correlated with other traits: species fruiting on living trees, earlier decay stages and deciduous hosts tend to fruit higher above the ground. While our data do not allow mechanistic explanations, our study demonstrates the potential of expert knowledge and identifies fruit body height above the ground as one consistent trait relevant to species’ life history strategies. We recommend a more comprehensive expert survey as one cost-efficient way towards a more trait-based fungal ecology. AU - Norros, Veera AU - Halme, Panu DO - 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.04.004 PY - 2017 TI - Growth sites of polypores from quantitative expert evaluation: Late-stage decayers and saprotrophs fruit closer to ground T2 - Fungal Ecology VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - [The nitrogen content of the sporocarp pilei of Lactarius rufus (Fr.) Fr. and Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze was measured on unfertilized and fertilized (5 different fertilizers) plots in four forest stands of different types in Pudasjärvi in 1978-1984. In all the trials the amount of nitrogen added was 200 kg/ha. The nitrogen concentration of the pilei was determined by the Kjeldahl method. On the unfertilized plots the nitrogen concentration of L. rufus was 2.6-3.8 % dw and that of S. variegatus 2.2-4.0 % dw. The fertilizers commonly increased the nitrogen level of the sporocarps. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer increased the nitrogen concentration of L. rufus to at most 1.4 times the control value, and usually to 1.2 times. The effect of urea and nitroform was somewhat more than half of the effect of ammonium nitrate. The mixed fertilizers, UAB (urea-apatite-biotite) and UABM (urea-apatite-biotite-micronutrients), had the smallest effect. In S. variegatus the effect of urea was commonly small. Nitroform had the greatest effect, a 1.4-fold increase of the control value in dryish forest. In mesic forest the effect of nitroform was small and ammonium nitrate and UABM caused the greatest increase. The nitrogen concentration of the sporocarps usually decreased to near the control level 1-2 years after fertilization, but remained above that level for 5 years. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer absorbed by the fungus sporocarps was estimated to be fairly small.] AU - Ohtonen, Rauni IS - 3 PB - Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board PY - 1986 SP - 189 EP - 203 TI - The effect of forest fertilization on the nitrogen content of the fruit-bodies of two mycorrhizal fungi, Lactarius rufus and Suillus variegatus T2 - Annales Botanici Fennici UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/23726182 VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Graphical displays can reveal problems in a statistical model that might not be apparent from purely numerical summaries. Such visualizations can also be helpful for the reader to evaluate the validity of a model if it is reported in a scholarly publication or report. But, given the onerous costs involved, researchers often avoid preparing information-rich graphics and exploring several statistical approaches or tests available. The ggstatsplot package in the R programming language (R Core Team, 2021) provides a one-line syntax to enrich ggplot2-based visualizations with the results from statistical analysis embedded in the visualization itself. In doing so, the package helps researchers adopt a rigorous, reliable, and robust data exploratory and reporting workflow. AU - Patil, Indrajeet DO - 10.21105/joss.03167 IS - 61 PY - 2021 TI - Visualizations with statistical details: The 'ggstatsplot' approach T2 - Journal of Open Source Software VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of eight fungal isolates obtained from soils in rice crops for straw degradation in situ. From the initial eight isolates, Pleurotus ostreatus T1.1 and Penicillium sp. HC1 were selected for further characterization based on qualitative cellulolytic enzyme production and capacity to use rice straw as a sole carbon source. Subsequently, cellulolytic, xylanolytic, and lignolytic (Pleurotus ostreatus) activity on carboxymethyl cellulose, oat xylan, and rice straw with different nitrogen sources was evaluated. From the results obtained it was concluded both isolates are capable to produce enzymes necessary for rice straw degradation. However, their production is dependent upon carbon and nitrogen source. Last, it was established that Pleurotus ostreatus T1.1 and Penicillium sp. HC1 capability to colonize and mineralize rice straw, in mono-and co-culture, without affecting nitrogen soil content. AU - Pedraza-Zapata, Diana Catalina AU - Sánchez-Garibello, Andrea Melissa AU - Quevedo-Hidalgo, Balkys AU - Moreno-Sarmiento, Nubia AU - Gutiérrez-Rojas, Ivonne DO - 10.1007/s12275-017-6282-1 IS - 9 PY - 2017 TI - Promising cellulolytic fungi isolates for rice straw degradation T2 - Journal of Microbiology VL - 55 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Although relatively little known, fungi provide the links between the various organisms and ecosystems that underpin our functioning planet. The Allure of Fungi presents fungi through multiple perspectives - those of mycologists and ecologists, foragers and forayers, naturalists and farmers, aesthetes and artists, philosophers and Traditional Owners. It explores how a history of entrenched fears and misconceptions about fungi has led to their near absence in Australian ecological consciousness and biodiversity conservation. Through the combination of engaging text and stunning photography, the author reflects on how aesthetic, sensate experience deepened by scientific knowledge offers the best chance for understanding fungi, the forest and human interactions with them. AU - Pouliot, Alison DO - 10.1071/9781486308583 PY - 2019 TI - Allure of Fungi T2 - Allure of Fungi ER - TY - JOUR AB - Different methods available for size measurements of fungal and actinomycete spores were compared for four fungal species (Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium melinii, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Aspergillus versicolor) and two actinomycete species (Streptomyces albus and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris). The physical size of spores was measured with three microscopic methods: with an optical microscope from stained (wet) slides, with an optical microscope from unstained (dry) slides and with an environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) directly from the microbial culture. The aerodynamic diameter, da, of airborne spores was measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer. The respiratory deposition of spores was calculated with a computer-based model. The environmental SEM measurements indicated larger size for fungal spores than the optical microscope, whereas for actinomycete spores, both microscopes gave comparable results. Optical microscopic measurements showed that the stained fungal spores were 1.1-1.2 times larger than the unstained ones, which was attributed to the different hydration status of spores. There was no clear trend in the relationship between the da and the physical diameter measured with any of three tested microscopic methods. For example, the physical diameter of Cladosporium cladosporioides spores was larger than the da by a factor ranging from 2.0 to 2.2, whereas the da of Streptomyces albus spores was larger than the physical diameter by a factor of 1.3-1.5. Thus, the aerodynamic diameter of microbial spores cannot be accurately estimated solely based on the physical diameter but needs information on the density of the spores that may vary considerably. The results on the spore size were utilized to calculate respiratory deposition of spores. The errors in the size measurement were found to result in overestimation of the respiratory deposition of C. cladosporioides spores by a factor of 1.2-1.8, and underestimation of the respiratory deposition of S. albus spores by a factor of 0.6-0.7. These errors in the size measurement cause bias in the exposure assessment and in the estimation of the efficiency of control devices. More research is needed to standardize the method for particle diameter estimates applicable for airborne spores. AU - Reponen, T. AU - Grinshpun, S. A. AU - Conwell, K. L. AU - Wiest, J. AU - Anderson, M. DO - 10.1080/00173130152625851 IS - 3 PY - 2001 TI - Aerodynamic versus physical size of spores: Measurement and implication for respiratory deposition T2 - Grana VL - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Microbial respiration in dead wood contributes substantially to the long-lived forest carbon (C) pool and has a significant role in the forest nitrogen (N) cycle. Wood N content has been found to increase during the decay process; however, temporal dynamics and the sources of this external N remain unclear. To examine N dynamics at various stages of decomposition, we combined high variety of analytical methods on Norway spruce logs, including wood δ15N, N%, 14C-dating, fungal composition and N2 fixation rate. For N2 fixation rate, we also determined its dependency on ambient temperature and decay class, when estimating annual N2 fixation rates for our study site. N2 fixation was observed to have a major role in increasing wood N content during decay. For the most decayed wood, it accounted for 60% of the total N accumulation. Compared to other reports, where the annual temperature was similar to our site, the calculated annual fixation rate of 85 g N ha−1 year−1 is a low estimate. However, previous studies have not taken appropriately into account the dependency of N2 fixation rate on ambient temperature and decay class. Our δ15N model describing the sources of external N, statistical analysis and the fungal DNA composition of decayed wood suggest that other sources of external N accumulating in wood were soil-foraging wood-decay fungi and mycorrhizal fungi. Our study improves knowledge of the temporal dynamics of N accumulation in wood with advancing wood decay, the potential sources of external N and their relative significance. All of these factors are important for nitrogen as well as carbon models dealing with ecosystem responses to climate change. AU - Rinne, Katja T. AU - Rajala, Tiina AU - Peltoniemi, Krista AU - Chen, Janet AU - Smolander, Aino AU - Mäkipää, Raisa DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.12734 IS - 2 PY - 2017 TI - Accumulation rates and sources of external nitrogen in decaying wood in a Norway spruce dominated forest T2 - Functional Ecology VL - 31 ER - TY - RPRT AB - 2020. Evaluación del estado de los desarrollos bioeconomicos colombianos en plantas y hongos. AU - Rojas, Mabel Tatiana AU - Cortés, Carlos Alberto AU - Noguera, Mariana AU - Ullian, Tiziana AU - Diazgranados, Mauricio PY - 2020 TI - Evaluación del estado de los desarrollos bioeconómicos colombianos en plantas y hongos ER - TY - JOUR AB - The forcibly launched spores of ascomycete fungi must eject through several millimeters of nearly still air surrounding fruiting bodies to reach dispersive air flows. Because of their microscopic size, spores experience great fluid drag, and although this drag can aid transport by slowing sedimentation out of dispersive air flows, it also causes spores to decelerate rapidly after launch. We hypothesize that spores are shaped to maximize their range in the nearly still air surrounding fruiting bodies. To test this hypothesis we numerically calculate optimal spore shapes - shapes of minimum drag for prescribed volumes - and compare these shapes with real spore shapes taken from a phylogeny of >100 species. Our analysis shows that spores are constrained to remain within 1% of the minimum possible drag for their size. From the spore shapes we predict the speed of spore launch, and confirm this prediction through high-speed imaging of ejection in Neurospora tetrasperma. By reconstructing the evolutionary history of spore shapes within a single ascomycete family we measure the relative contributions of drag minimization and other shape determinants to spore shape evolution. Our study uses biomechanical optimization as an organizing principle for explaining shape in a mega-diverse group of species and provides a framework for future measurements of the forces of selection toward physical optima. © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA. AU - Roper, Marcus AU - Pepper, Rachel E. AU - Brenner, Michael P. AU - Pringle, Anne DO - 10.1073/pnas.0805017105 IS - 52 PY - 2008 TI - Explosively launched spores of ascomycete fungi have drag-minimizing shapes T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America VL - 105 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fruiting bodies of wild mushrooms and forest soil samples were collected and analyzed for macro- (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and microelement (Al, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb) contents in pine stands of the Notecka Forest in west-central Poland. Elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in 160 samples of 8 fungal species and 15 underlying soil samples. Macro- and microelement contents in soil were low and characteristic of the poor and acidic sandy soils of the Polish lowlands not influenced by industrial pollution. In fruiting bodies, the highest mean concentration of macroelements (dry mass basis) was found for N (40.0 g kg-1), followed by K (33.0 g kg-1), P (5.4 g kg-1), S (2.2 g kg-1), Ca (1.0 g kg-1) and Mg (0.7 g kg-1). All macroelements (except for Ca) were concentrated in considerably higher levels in the fruiting bodies than in the forest soil. Nitrogen, P, K, S and Mg were preferably translocated into the cap rather than the stipes. Calcium, however, was often found in higher concentration in stipes than in caps. The mean microelement concentrations, across all tested fungi, were in the following order: Al > Zn > Fe > Mn > Pb > Cd. Microelements showed different distributions, depending on the part of the fruiting body. Some were more concentrated in the caps and some in stipes and distributions varied among species. Xerocomus badius is the most often harvested edible mushroom in the Notecka Forest. Pb and Cd distributions in fruiting bodies of this mushroom were evaluated in order to assess health risks to consumers. The estimated dietary exposures to Pb and Cd for consumers of this mushroom were in excess of guidelines on safe exposures. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Rudawska, Maria AU - Leski, Tomasz DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.017 IS - 3 PY - 2005 TI - Macro- and microelement contents in fruiting bodies of wild mushrooms from the Notecka forest in west-central Poland T2 - Food Chemistry VL - 92 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The main objective of this study was to optimize a culture media for low scale biomass production of Pleurotus spp. Future applications of this optimization will be implemented for "in situ" rice straw degradation, increase soil nutrients availability, and lower residue and rice culture management costs. Soil samples were taken from different points in six important rice production cities in Colombia. For carbon and nitrogen source selection a factorial 42 design was carried out. The Plackett-Burman design permitted to detect carbon, nitrogen and inducer effects on fungus growth (response variable for all designs). This optimization was carried out by a Box-Behnken design. Finally a re-optimization assay for glucose concentration was performed by means of a One Factor design. Only 4/33 (12 %) isolates showed and important laccase or manganese peroxidase activity compared to Pleurotus ostreatus (HPB/P3). We obtained an increased biomass production in Pleurotus spp. (T1. 1.) with glucose, followed by rice husk. Rice straw was considered an inducing agent for lignin degradation. Glucose was a significant component with positive effects, whereas Tween 80 and pH had negative effects. On the contrary, rice husk, yeast extract and CaCl2 were not significant components for increase the biomass production. Final media composition consisted of glucose 25 g L-1, yeast extract 5 g L-1, Tween 80 0.38 % (v/v), Rice husk 10 g L-1, CaCl2 1 g L-1, and pH 4.88 ± 0.2. The Box-Behnken polynomial prediction resulted to be lower than the experimental validation of the model (6.59 vs. 6.91 Log10 CFU ml-1 respectively). © 2013 Association of Microbiologists of India. AU - Sarria-Alfonso, Viviana AU - Sánchez-Sierra, John AU - Aguirre-Morales, Mauricio AU - Gutiérrez-Rojas, Ivonne AU - Moreno-Sarmiento, Nubia AU - Poutou-Piñales, Raúl A. DO - 10.1007/s12088-013-0358-3 IS - 2 PY - 2013 TI - Culture Media Statistical Optimization for Biomass Production of a Ligninolytic Fungus for Future Rice Straw Degradation T2 - Indian Journal of Microbiology VL - 53 ER - TY - GEN AB - The R package 'ggplot2' is a plotting system based on the grammar of graphics. 'GGally' extends 'ggplot2' by adding several functions to reduce the complexity of combining geometric objects with transformed data. Some of these functions include a pairwise plot matrix, a two group pairwise plot matrix, a parallel coordinates plot, a survival plot, and several functions to plot networks. AU - Schloerke, Barret AU - Cook, Di AU - Larmarange, Joseph AU - Briatte, Francois AU - Marbach, Moritz AU - Thoen, Edwin AU - Elberg, Amos AU - Toomet, Ott AU - Crowley, Jason AU - Hofmann, Heike AU - Wickham, Hadley PY - 2020 TI - Ggally: Extension to ggplot2 T2 - R package version 0.5.0. ER - TY - GEN AB - In this case study analysis, we identified fungal traits that were associated with the responses of taxa to 4 global change factors: elevated CO2, warming and drying, increased precipitation, and nitrogen (N) enrichment. We developed a trait-based framework predicting that as global change increases limitation of a given nutrient, fungal taxa with traits that target that nutrient will represent a larger proportion of the community (and vice versa). In addition, we expected that warming and drying and N enrichment would generate environmental stress for fungi and may select for stress tolerance traits. We tested the framework by analyzing fungal community data from previously published field manipulations and linking taxa to functional gene traits from the MycoCosm Fungal Portal. Altogether, fungal genera tended to respond similarly to 3 elements of global change: increased precipitation, N enrichment, and warming and drying. The genera that proliferated under these changes also tended to possess functional genes for stress tolerance, which suggests that these global changes—even increases in precipitation—could have caused environmental stress that selected for certain taxa. In addition, these genera did not exhibit a strong capacity for C breakdown or P acquisition, so soil C turnover may slow down or remain unchanged following shifts in fungal community composition under global change. Since we did not find strong evidence that changes in nutrient limitation select for taxa with traits that target the more limiting nutrient, we revised our trait-based framework. The new framework sorts fungal taxa into Stress Tolerating versus C and P Targeting groups, with the global change elements of increased precipitation, warming and drying, and N enrichment selecting for the stress tolerators. AU - Treseder, Kathleen K. AU - Alster, Charlotte J. AU - Cat, Linh Anh AU - Gorris, Morgan E. AU - Kuhn, Alexander L. AU - Lovero, Karissa G. AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Kerekes, Jennifer F. AU - McHugh, Theresa A. AU - Solly, Emily F. DO - 10.1525/elementa.2020.00144 IS - 1 PY - 2021 TI - Nutrient and stress tolerance traits linked to fungal responses to global change: Four case studies T2 - Elementa VL - 9 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Urcelay, Carlos AU - Robledo, Gerardo AU - Heredia, Federico AU - Morera, Guillermo AU - Montaño, Francisco DA - 2012/1// PY - 2012 SN - 978-987-28741-0-0 TI - Hongos de la madera en el arbolado urbano de Córdoba ER - TY - JOUR AB - At a high level, the tidyverse is a language for solving data science challenges with R code. Its primary goal is to facilitate a conversation between a human and a computer about data. Less abstractly, the tidyverse is a collection of R packages that share a high-level design philosophy and low-level grammar and data structures, so that learning one package makes it easier to learn the next. The tidyverse encompasses the repeated tasks at the heart of every data science project: data import, tidying, manipulation, visualisation, and programming. We expect that almost every project will use multiple domain-specific packages outside of the tidyverse: our goal is to provide tooling for the most common challenges; not to solve every possible problem. Notably, the tidyverse doesn't include tools for statistical modelling or communication. These toolkits are critical for data science, but are so large that they merit separate treatment. The tidyverse package allows users to install all tidyverse packages with a single command. There are a number of projects that are similar in scope to the tidyverse. The closest is perhaps Bioconductor (Gentleman et al., 2004; Huber et al., 2015), which provides an ecosystem of packages that support the analysis of high-throughput genomic data. AU - Wickham, Hadley AU - Averick, Mara AU - Bryan, Jennifer AU - Chang, Winston AU - McGowan, Lucy AU - François, Romain AU - Grolemund, Garrett AU - Hayes, Alex AU - Henry, Lionel AU - Hester, Jim AU - Kuhn, Max AU - Pedersen, Thomas AU - Miller, Evan AU - Bache, Stephan AU - Müller, Kirill AU - Ooms, Jeroen AU - Robinson, David AU - Seidel, Dana AU - Spinu, Vitalie AU - Takahashi, Kohske AU - Vaughan, Davis AU - Wilke, Claus AU - Woo, Kara AU - Yutani, Hiroaki DO - 10.21105/joss.01686 IS - 43 PY - 2019 TI - Welcome to the Tidyverse T2 - Journal of Open Source Software VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The digestion of straw by nine higher fungi and the influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation was investigated using loss of organic matter, degradation of lignin and in vitro digestibility as indices of digestion. The decomposition rates of organic matter were influenced differently by ammonium nitrate supplementation. The rates of decomposition by Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus and Pleurotus eryngii decreased, while those of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus sp. 'Florida' increased at low NH4NO3 concentrations, but decreased at higher concentrations. The decomposition rates of Agrocybe aegerita, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, and Ganoderma applanatum were generally higher than those of the control at all NH4NO3 levels. The ability to degrade lignin varied greatly. Flammulina velutipes did not attack lignin at all while Agrocybe aegerita did only slightly. The highest lignin degradation rate was found with Pleurotus sp. 'Florida'. The lignin decomposition rates of Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus were depressed at all NH4NO3 levels. No correlation between lignin degradation and nitrogen supplementation was found with Ganoderma applanatum and Pleurotus sp. 'Florida'. Only Agrocybe aegerita could be stimulated with NH4NO3. The in vitro digestibility of the substrate with and without nitrogen supplementation was decreased with Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina velutipes, and Ganoderma applanatum. All the other fungi enhanced the in vitro digestibility when no NH4NO3 was added to the substrate. At all NH4NO3 levels, the in vitro digestibility was lower than that of the unsupplemented control. At 1.25% NH4NO3 it fell below the fungus free control value. The results are explained in terms of altered relative decomposition rates for organic matter and lignin after nitrogen supplementation. © 1980 Springer-Verlag. AU - Zadražil, F. AU - Brunnert, H. DO - 10.1007/BF00500000 IS - 1 PY - 1980 TI - The influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation on degradation and in vitro digestibility of straw colonized by higher fungi T2 - European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Surveys of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios are available now for major groups of biota and for various aquatic and terrestrial biomes. However, while fungi play an important role in nutrient cycling in ecosystems, relatively little is known about their C:N:P stoichiometry and how it varies across taxonomic groups, functional guilds, and environmental conditions. Here we present the first systematic compilation of C:N:P data for fungi including four phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota). The C, N, and P contents (percent of dry mass) of fungal biomass varied from 38 to 57%, 0.23 to 15%, and 0.040 to 5.5%, respectively. Median C:N:P stoichiometry for fungi was 250:16:1 (molar), remarkably similar to the canonical Redfield values. However, we found extremely broad variation in fungal C:N:P ratios around the central tendencies in C:N:P ratios. Lower C:P and N:P ratios were found in Ascomycota fungi than in Basidiomycota fungi while significantly lower C:N ratios (p < 0.05) and higher N:P ratios (p < 0.01) were found in ectomycorrhizal fungi than in saprotrophs. Furthermore, several fungal stoichiometric ratios were strongly correlated with geographic and abiotic environmental factors, especially latitude, precipitation, and temperature. The results have implications for understanding the roles that fungi play in function in symbioses and in soil nutrient cycling. Further work is needed on the effects of actual in situ growth conditions of fungal growth on stoichiometry in the mycelium. AU - Zhang, Ji AU - Elser, James J. DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01281 IS - JUL PY - 2017 TI - Carbon: Nitrogen: Phosphorus stoichiometry in fungi: A meta-analysis T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology VL - 8 ER -