TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical characteristics of scleritis and episcleritis: Results from the pacific ocular inflammation study A1 - Homayounfar, Gelareh A1 - Borkar, Durga S. A1 - Tham, Vivien M. A1 - Nardone, Natalie A1 - Acharya, Nisha R. Y1 - 2014/// JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 403 EP - 404 DO - 10.3109/09273948.2013.854394 L1 - file:///C:/Users/mariale/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Homayounfar et al. - 2014 - Clinical characteristics of scleritis and episcleritis Results from the pacific ocular inflammation study.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sclera-Specific and non-sclera-specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with non-infectious anterior scleritis A1 - Aragaki, Wagner Koji A1 - de Sousa, Luciene Barbosa A1 - Trevisani, Virgínia Fernandes Moça A1 - Fuzzi, Hellen A1 - Andrade, Luís Eduardo Coelho Y1 - 2007/// KW - Autoantibodies KW - Autoantigens KW - Autoimmunity KW - Scleritis JF - Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 174 EP - 179 DO - 10.1590/s0482-50042007000300006 N2 - Objectives: to study the frequency and specificity of sclera- specific and non-sclera-specific autoantibodies in the sera of patients with anterior non-infectious scleritis. Methods: prospective study involving 25 patients examined at the sector of Cornea and External Disease of the Department of Ophthalmology and Immuno-Rheumatology Laboratory at Federal University of São Paulo/ Paulista Medicine School, during one year. The diagnosis of scleritis was according to Watson and Hayreh's (1976) classification criteria. The exclusion criterion was infectious scleritis. All the patients underwent a full clinical and ophthalmologic evaluation, including serological tests for syphilis and tuberculosis investigation. The following autoantibodies were tested: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, anticardiolipin antibodies, ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies), anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, anti-Sm, anti-DNA and anti-APF (antiperi- nuclear factor). For sclera-specific autoantibodies, sera of all patients were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot assays, using human sclera from eye banks as a substrate. Sera from 25 healthy individuals were used as a normal control in the immunologic assays. Results. as non-sclera-specific autoantibodies we detected one patient with positive rheumatoid factor, two patients with positive anti-nuclear antibodies, two patients with positive anticardiolipin antibody and two patients with positive anti-APF. Sclera-specific autoantibodies were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence in the serum of two patients with scleritis. The two patients with sclera-specific autoantibodies did not show non-sclera-specific autoantibodies and also presented no evidence of autoimmune rheumatic disease. Normal controls were negative for all tested autoantibodies. Conclusions: Sclera-specific autoantibodies were detected solely in the serum of patients with isolated non-infectious anterior scleritis. Non-sclera-specific autoantibodies were observed in patients with scleritis associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease and in patients with isolated scleritis. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Immune aging and autoimmunity A1 - Goronzy, Jörg J. A1 - Weyand, Cornelia M. Y1 - 2012/05// KW - epiblast KW - gfp fusion KW - histone h2b- KW - icm KW - lineage specification KW - live imaging KW - mouse blastocyst KW - pdgfr α KW - primitive endoderm JF - Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1615 EP - 1623 DO - 10.1007/s00018-012-0970-0 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3624763/pdf/nihms412728.pdf UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00018-012-0970-0 L1 - file:///C:/Users/mariale/Desktop/Investigación/Immune aging and autoimmunity.pdf N2 - Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Necrotizing scleritis after intraocular surgery associated with the use of polyester nonabsorbable sutures A1 - Stokes, John A1 - Wright, Mark A1 - Ramaesh, Kanna A1 - Smith, Colin A1 - Dhillon, Baljean Y1 - 2003/// JF - Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery VL - 29 IS - 9 SP - 1827 EP - 1830 DO - 10.1016/S0886-3350(03)00349-3 N2 - We present 2 elderly patients who developed necrotizing scleritis after cataract extraction in which the wound was sutured with polyester. In the first case, a 73-year-old woman who had right phacoemulsification via a limbal incision developed necrotizing scleritis 8 months after surgery. The eye became progressively painful and phthisical, necessitating enucleation. Microscopic examination of the enucleated globe showed a predominantly lymphocytic infiltration of the ocular tissues with no evidence of an infectious agent. In the second case, a 78-year-old woman had bilateral extracapsular cataract extraction through a limbal incision closed with a polyester suture. The patient presented 3 years later with bilateral necrotizing sclerokeratitis. No underlying systemic vasculitis or autoimmune condition was identified in either patient. To our knowledge, the association of necrotizing scleritis after intraocular surgery and polyester fiber suture material (Mersilene®) has not been described. © 2003 ASCRS and ESCRS. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical Features , Prognosis , and Treatment Results Centers in Turkey A1 - Erkanli, Leyla A1 - Akova, Yonca A A1 - Guney-tefekli, Esra A1 - Tugal-tutkun, Ilknur Y1 - 2009/// KW - autoimmunity KW - immunosuppressive KW - scleritis KW - uveitis SP - 26 EP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scleritis A1 - Cunningham, Emmett T. A1 - McCluskey, Peter A1 - Pavesio, Carlos A1 - Wakefield, Denis A1 - Zierhut, Manfred Y1 - 2016/01// JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 2 EP - 5 DO - 10.3109/09273948.2016.1136190 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09273948.2016.1136190 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Management of necrotizing scleritis after pterygium surgery with rituximab A1 - Fidelix, Tania Sales de Alencar A1 - Vieira, Luis Antonio A1 - Trevisani, Virginia Fernandes Moca Y1 - 2016/// KW - Antibodies KW - Monoclonal/administration and dosage KW - Pterygium/surgery KW - Rituximab/therapeutic use KW - Scleritis JF - Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - 339 EP - 341 DO - 10.5935/0004-2749.20160097 N2 - The authors present a case of necrotizing scleritis after pterygium excision successfully treated with rituximab after attempts with high doses of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. A literature review revealed case reports and a phase I/II dose-ranging randomized clinical trial using rituximab for necrotizing scleritis with or without association with autoimmune disease. This is the only case report on rituximab treatment for necrotizing scleritis after pterygium surgery. In cases with refractoriness to immunosuppressive drugs, a CD20 antibody can be used. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical correlates, outcomes, and predictors of inflammatory ocular disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the biologic era A1 - Caimmi, Cristian A1 - Crowson, Cynthia S. A1 - Smith, Wendy M. A1 - Matteson, Eric L. A1 - Makol, Ashima Y1 - 2018/// KW - Episcleritis KW - Eye Inflammation KW - Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis KW - Rheumatoid Arthritis KW - Scleritis KW - Uveitis JF - Journal of Rheumatology VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 595 EP - 603 DO - 10.3899/jrheum.170437 N2 - Objective. Inflammatory ocular disease (IOD) is a rare but severe extraarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (ExRA) with high mortality. The aim of our study was to examine clinical characteristics of IOD in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their effect on disease severity and outcomes in recent years. Methods. A retrospective cohort of RA patients with IOD evaluated between 1996 and 2013 was assembled and compared to RA comparators without IOD and matched for age, sex, and disease duration. Results. We identified 92 patients (69% female; mean age 62 yrs) with IOD: 33 scleritis, 23 episcleritis, 21 peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), 14 uveitis, and 1 with orbital inflammation. The majority of patients with scleritis, episcleritis, and PUK was seropositive versus uveitis (> 80% vs 62%, p = 0.048). PUK and scleritis were more symptomatic compared to episcleritis and uveitis, and often required systemic therapy. Time to esolution was longer in scleritis than episcleritis (p = 0.01). PUK, scleritis, and uveitis had severe ocular sequelae. Prevalence of severe ExRA (18% vs 4%, p = 0.004) and dry eye syndrome (42% vs 26%, p = 0.024) was higher among patients with IOD than comparators. The incidence of new ExRA over 5-year followup was also higher among cases (29% vs 11%, p = 0.022). Ten-year survival was similar among RA patients with and without IOD (66% vs 64%, p = 0.56), with no differences noted among IOD subtypes. Conclusion. This large single-center study highlights the variable presentation and outcomes of IOD in RA. Although ocular complications are associated with significant morbidity, it is reassuring that survival among those with IOD is now similar to those without ocular disease. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Incidence and Prevalence of Episcleritis and Scleritis in Metropolitan Melbourne A1 - Thong, Louisa P A1 - Rogers, Sophie L A1 - Hart, Colby A1 - Hall, Anthony Jhon A1 - Lim, Lyndell L Y1 - 2018/// JF - Investigative ophthalmology & visual science VL - 59 IS - 4168 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Visual outcome, treatment results, and prognostic factors in patients with scleritis A1 - Wieringa, Wietse G. A1 - Wieringa, Jaap E. A1 - Ten Dam-Van Loon, Ninette H. A1 - Los, Leonoor I. Y1 - 2013/// PB - Elsevier Inc. JF - Ophthalmology VL - 120 IS - 2 SP - 379 EP - 386 DO - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.005 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.005 N2 - Purpose: To analyze the visual outcome, systemic associations, effectiveness of treatment, and predicting features of 104 scleritis patients. Design: Retrospective case series. Participants: One hundred four patients treated for scleritis at the University Medical Centers of Groningen and Utrecht, The Netherlands. Methods: The clinical records of 104 patients diagnosed with scleritis between 1992 and 2011 at the University Medical Centers of Groningen (n = 64) and of Utrecht (n = 40) were analyzed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures: Loss of visual acuity, ocular complications, related systemic disease, type of treatment, time to treatment success, and predictive features. Results: Mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 51.5±13.6 years, and 63 (60.6 %) patients were female. Mean follow-up ± SD was 38.2±33.8 months. A loss of more than 2 lines of Snellen acuity was observed in 23 patients, 3 of whom had a final visual acuity of no light perception. In general, patients with necrotizing scleritis (n = 15) had a poorer outcome. Ocular complications were observed in 88 (84.6%) patients. Underlying systemic disease was identified in 34 (32.7%) patients. Steroid-sparing immunosuppressive medication was used in 47 patients, 36 of whom were treated with methotrexate (MTX). This treatment was successful in 17 (47.2%) patients over the course of a mean ± SD of 103.7±83.7 weeks. Mycophenolate mofetil was the treatment in 10 patients, and in 5 of these patients, treatment success was achieved in a mean ± SD of 65.3±37.4 weeks. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antagonists led to treatment success in a mean ± SD of 32.6±21.8 weeks in 5 of the 11 treated patients. Patients with loss of visual acuity or those treated with steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs more often had an underlying associated disease, bilateral scleritis, and a longer duration of symptoms at presentation. Conclusions: Scleritis is a severe ocular inflammatory disease often associated with ocular complications. In this population, roughly half of the patients were treated with systemic immunosuppressive medication. Mycophenolate mofetil and TNF-α antagonists can be used in case of MTX failure. Tumor necrosis factor α antagonists seemed to be more effective than MTX. Within this group, an underlying associated disease, bilateral scleritis, and a longer duration of symptoms at presentation were predictive features for a more severe disease course. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. © 2013 American Academy of Ophthalmology. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis after pterygium surgery A1 - Gokhale, Nikhil S A1 - Samant, Rohini Y1 - 2007/// KW - 144-6 KW - 55 KW - focal area of intense KW - immunosuppression KW - indian j ophthalmol 2007 KW - presents postoperatively as a KW - pterygium KW - scleral KW - scleritis KW - sins KW - surgically induced necrotizing scleritis KW - typically JF - Indian Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 144 EP - 146 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalencia de las enfermedades inflamatorias oculares A1 - Ortega-Larrocea, Gabriela A1 - Vizcaíno-López, Gerson Y1 - 2010/// KW - Anterior uveitis KW - Blindness KW - Intermediate uveitis KW - Mexico KW - Pan uveitis KW - Posterior uveitis JF - Revista Mexicana de Oftalmologia VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 153 EP - 158 N2 - Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with inflammatory eye diseases in the Ophthalmology Service in the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive series of cases of patients with inflammatory diseases were included. The classification of inflammation was according to the Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data of the international study group. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: We included 213 patients, 64% were women, the age was from 2 to 91 years old, and 60% were from Mexico City. In 59% of the patients the disease was bilateral. Anterior uveitis was present in 35%, intermediate uveitis in 9% posterior uveitis in 15% and pan uveitis in 11%. Other inflammations were 18% of the patients. In 37% we documented a systemic disease. In 21% the diagnosis was unknown and 15% were legally blind. Discussion: Inflammatory diseases can be diagnosed in any age and gender group of patients. According with some other authors the disease should be bilateral and the systemic disease is a strong association. Uveitis should be treated because it can cause blindness in an important number of cases. Conclusion: The inflammatory eye disease in this Referral Ophthalmology Center usually is bilateral and associated to systemic diseases with high morbidity and mortality. © 2010 Sociedad Mexicana de Oftalmología. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Experience of scleritis and episcleritis at a tertiary center in Southern Taiwan A1 - Chen, Yun Wen A1 - Poon, Yi Chieh A1 - Yu, Hun Ju A1 - Kuo, Ming Tse A1 - Fan, Po Chiung Y1 - 2015/// KW - Episcleritis KW - Infectious scleritis KW - Pterygium KW - Scleritis PB - Elsevier Taiwan LLC JF - Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 22 DO - 10.1016/j.tjo.2014.10.004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjo.2014.10.004 N2 - The purpose of this study was to review the clinical experiences of scleritis and episcleritis in Southern Taiwanese people during a 7-year period. Methods: The charts of 89 patients (representing 101 eyes) who had visited our clinic from January 2003 to July 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. They were diagnosed as having episcleritis or scleritis. The medical charts, slit lamp photographs, and laboratory data were reviewed. Age, gender, laterality, previous surgery history, systemic diseases, follow-up duration, and ocular complications were collected. The patients were classified as having clinically suspected noninfectious scleritis (CSNIS), clinically suspected infectious scleritis (CSIS), and episcleritis for analysis. Results: In the series of 89 patients (i.e., 101 eyes), 31 (34.8%; 32 eyes) patients had scleritis and 58 (65.2%; 69 eyes) patients had episcleritis. Episcleritis and scleritis occurred slightly more frequently in women than in men. In the 31 patients (32 eyes) diagnosed with scleritis, 12 (38.7%) patients had CSIS and 19 (61.3%) patients had CSNIS. Patients with scleritis were older than patients with episcleritis (p<0.001). Previous pterygium excision was associated with CSIS and necrotizing scleritis. Conclusion: Scleritis occurred in a more elderly population. It was more frequently associated with ocular complications, compared to episcleritis. Both CSNIS and CSIS were associated with a history of pterygium excisional surgery. Our series of patients had a high occurrence of necrotizing scleritis. All cases of necrotizing scleritis were associated with a history of previous ocular surgery. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical characteristics of scleritis patients with emphasized comparison of associated systemic diseases (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis) A1 - Yoshida, Atsushi A1 - Watanabe, Meri A1 - Okubo, Akira A1 - Kawashima, Hidetoshi Y1 - 2019/// KW - ANCA-associated vasculitis KW - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) KW - Episcleritis KW - Rheumatoid arthritis KW - Scleritis PB - Springer Japan JF - Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 417 EP - 424 SN - 0123456789 DO - 10.1007/s10384-019-00674-7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-019-00674-7 N2 - Purpose: We evaluated patient profiles, clinical features, associated systemic diseases, treatment modalities, and ocular complications in cases of scleritis and episcleritis. Study design: Retrospective. Methods: Clinical data of 128 patients referred to the ophthalmology clinic at Jichi Medical University Hospital during the 4-year period from April 2011 to March 2015, and diagnosed with scleritis or episcleritis were examined. Gender, average onset age, unilateral or bilateral manifestation, classification type, associated systemic diseases, and treatments were retrospectively investigated. Results: The cohort consisted of 57 men and 71 women. Average onset age was 54.3 ± 17.4 years. Diffuse anterior scleritis was the most common type. It was noted in 43 (32.8%) patients, followed by episcleritis in 35 (27.3%), nodular anterior scleritis in 23 (18.0%), necrotizing anterior scleritis in 22 (17.2%), and posterior scleritis in 6 (4.7%). Eighteen (81.8%) of 22 patients with necrotizing anterior scleritis required some type of systemic medication, including corticosteroid, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine, methotrexate, or rituximab administration. Forty (31.3%) had associated systemic diseases, which included 10 with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and 8 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis had a tendency to develop scleritis first and had significantly worse visual prognoses compared to those with RA. Conclusions: Approximately 30% of the patients with scleritis and episcleritis had complications involving systemic diseases, including ten patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and 8 with RA. ANCA-associated vasculitis was more often diagnosed after scleritis and patients suffered poorer visual prognoses than those with RA. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical Profile of Scleritis in Children A1 - Majumder, Parthopratim Dutta A1 - Ali, Sowkath A1 - George, Amala A1 - Ganesh, Sudha A1 - Biswas, Jyotirmay Y1 - 2019/05// JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 535 EP - 539 DO - 10.1080/09273948.2017.1423333 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09273948.2017.1423333 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Esclerite posterior: Características clínicas, associação sistêmica, tratamento e evolução de 23 pacientes A1 - de Oliveira Machado, Danuza A1 - Land Curi, André Luis A1 - Bessa, Thaís Fontes A1 - Campos, Wesley Ribeiro A1 - Oréfice, Fernando Y1 - 2009/// KW - Pain KW - Prednisolone/therapeutic use KW - Retinal detachment KW - Sclera/ultrasonography KW - Scleritis JF - Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia VL - 72 IS - 3 SP - 321 EP - 326 DO - 10.1590/s0004-27492009000300008 N2 - Purpose: To document the clinical features, systemic association, treatment and evolution of 23 patients with posterior scleritis evaluated in the Uveitis service of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Methods: 23 patients were identified with the diagnosis of posterior scleritis. Signals and symptoms, visual acuity, B-mode ultrasonography signals, systemic associations, treatment and evolution were described and analyzed. Results: Sixteen patients were female and seven were male with mean age of 44,7 years. Posterior scleritis occurred in association with anterior scleritis in 10 patients, unilateral involvement in 17 patients and simultaneous bilateral involvement in 6 patients. Posterior scleritis in association with systemic disease occurred in 8 patients (Cogan's syndrome, TBC, Wegener, Herpes simplex and Zoster, Apergilosis, inflamatory bowel disease and Sarcoidosis). The main symptoms were ocular pain and decrease of visual acuity and the main signal was retinal serous detachment. Increase of thickness choroidal tissue was the main signal in B-mode ultrasonography in 18 patients and the principal kind of treatment was the use of systemic corticosteroids. Only 4 patients required systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Conclusions: Posterior scleritis still represents a diagnostic challenge and is often associated with life threatening systemic disease and vision threatening ocular complications. Knowledge of posterior scleritis may aid in determining timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of both ocular and any systemic conditions associated, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality. Elevated suspicion rate is always required to detect this condition. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalencia de diferentes cuadros inflamatorios intraoculares en Santander, Colombia A1 - G., Carlos Mario Rangel A1 - Castellanos, Yuly Andrea Castellanos A1 - Velasquez, Gabriel Abdiel Frederick A1 - Vesga, Maria Fernanda Acuña A1 - Castro, Nathalia Juliana Moreno Y1 - 2018/// KW - Uveitis KW - Uveítis KW - epiescleritis KW - episcleritis KW - escleritis KW - prevalence KW - prevalencia KW - scleritis JF - Revista Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmología VL - 0 IS - 0 SP - 10 EP - 11 UR - https://scopublicaciones.socoftal.com/index.php/SCO/article/view/188/178 N2 - Introducción: Las enfermedades inflamatorias intraoculares son entidades frecuentes en nuestro medio; causando alteraciones visuales, que pueden llegar hasta la ceguera en un 10%. La incidencia anual de uveítis varía entre 17.4–52,4 por 100000 casos. Los cuadros inflamatorios pueden manifestarse a cualquier edad, pero con mayor frecuencia entre 20–59 años. Por tal motivo, es importante conocer la frecuencia, la etiología y los patrones clínicos para mejorar el enfoque terapéutico. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de cuadros inflamatorios intraoculares en un centro de referencia de oftalmología en Santander – Colombia. Diseño del estudio: Estudio analítico de tipo observacional longitudinal retrospectivo Métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de una base de datos de pacientes con uveítis, escleritis y epiescleritis en la Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander – FOSCAL entre julio del 2013 a junio del 2017. Resultados: Se encontró uveítis en 169 pacientes y en 22 pacientes escleritis y epiescleritis. 101 hombres (53.2%) y 89 mujeres (46.8%). La mediana de la edad fue de 50 años (41 – 69 años). En el 86.8% de los casos fue la presentación fue unilateral. Se presentó uveítis anterior (72.1%),  uveítis intermedia (2.6%), posterior (2.6%), panuveítis (8.9%), escleritis (7.4%) y epiescleritis (2.6%), El 85.3% de la uveítis fueron de tipo no granulomatosa, El 88.4% de las uveítis fueron de curso agudo. Dentro de las uveítis granulomatosas (3.7%), el 57.14% fueron uveítis anteriores y 42.86% panuveítis. La toxoplasmosis (64.28%) fue la causa infecciosa más frecuente en este estudio, seguida del virus del herpes simple (32.14%) y sífilis (3.57%). Conclusión : Los resultados del presente estudio son importantes, ya que las características de nuestra población son diferentes a los demás países, además, este tipo de estudios nos permiten conocer la epidemiologia de nuestra región para poder realizar un enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico adecuado en nuestra población. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Differences related to race and age onset A1 - Ballou, Stanley P A1 - Khan, Muhammad A A1 - Kushner, Irving Y1 - 1982/// JF - Arthritis and Rheumatism VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 60 L1 - file:///C:/Users/mariale/Desktop/Investigación/Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bilateral Posterior Scleritis: Analysis of 18 Cases from a Large Cohort of Posterior Scleritis A1 - González-López, Julio J. A1 - Lavric, Alenka A1 - Dutta Majumder, Parthopratim A1 - Bansal, Nishat A1 - Biswas, Jyotirmay A1 - Pavesio, Carlos A1 - Agrawal, Rupesh Y1 - 2016/01// JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 16 EP - 23 DO - 10.3109/09273948.2015.1045085 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09273948.2015.1045085 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Conjunctival Sensation in Scleritis A1 - Somkijrungroj, Thanapong A1 - Pimolrat, Weeraya A1 - Gonzales, John A. A1 - Keenan, Jeremy D. A1 - Margolis, Todd P. Y1 - 2016/01// JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 24 EP - 28 DO - 10.3109/09273948.2015.1057598 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09273948.2015.1057598 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical Features of Scleritis Across the Asia-Pacific Region A1 - Lane, Joshua A1 - Nyugen, Ethan A1 - Morrison, Julie A1 - Lim, Lyndell A1 - Stawell, Richard A1 - Hodgson, Lauren A1 - Bin Ismail, Muhammad Amir A1 - Ling, Ho Su A1 - Teoh, Stephen A1 - Agrawal, Rupesh A1 - Mahendradas, Padmamalini A1 - Hari, Parvathi A1 - Gowda, Poornachandra B. A1 - Kawali, Ankush A1 - McCluskey, Peter J. Y1 - 2019/// KW - Asia-Pacific KW - autoimmune scleritis KW - diffuse anterior scleritis KW - infective scleritis KW - necrotizing anterior scleritis KW - nodular anterior scleritis KW - posterior scleritis KW - scleritis PB - Taylor & Francis JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 920 EP - 926 DO - 10.1080/09273948.2018.1484496 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2018.1484496 N2 - Purpose: To examine the spectrum of scleritis in four tertiary institutions across the Asia-Pacific. Methods: Clinical records from 354 patients were reviewed from centers in Australia, Singapore, and India, excluding those with insufficient data (n = 24). Results: Indian patients presented younger (41.5 ± 13.4 years) than Australians (50.8 ± 17.5) and Singaporeans (48.6 ± 15.9), with fewer women (49% vs 62%/57%). Diffuse disease was universally most common. Autoimmune and infectious disease proportions were similar in Australia (31%/10.3%) and Singapore (27.5%/8.3%) but reversed in India (8.3%/30%). Necrotizing scleritis was most frequently associated with infection (27.3%). Presumed ocular tuberculosis accounted for 75% of infectious cases in India. Posterior scleritis had the highest complication rate (82.4%) and immunosuppressants used per patient (0.98 ± 0.31 95% CI). Conclusions: Clinical presentations of scleritis vary across the Asia-Pacific, particularly in endemic regions for tuberculosis such as India, where it affects younger men with a predominance of nodular and infectious disease. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Immunologic Markers as Potential Predictors of Systemic Autoimmune Disease in Patients with Idiopathic Scleritis A1 - Lin, Phoebe A1 - Bhullar, Shaminder S. A1 - Tessler, Howard H. A1 - Goldstein, Debra A. Y1 - 2008/// JF - American Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 145 IS - 3 SP - 463 EP - 472 DO - 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.09.024 N2 - Purpose: To determine the clinical value of serological testing in patients with idiopathic scleritis. Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of patients with scleritis seen at an institutional referral center over an 11-year period were reviewed. Results: Of 119 patients with scleritis seen at the University of Illinois Uveitis Clinic, 91 (76.5%) patients had no known etiology at initial presentation. Seventy of the 91 patients were tested for rheumatoid factor (RF), 19 (27.1%) of whom had a positive result. Ten (52.6%) of these RF positive patients were subsequently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during a mean follow-up of 10.6 months (range, zero to 72 months), whereas only one of 51 (2.0%) RF negative patients developed RA, producing an odds ratio for developing RA in RF positive patients of 55.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8 to 369.8, P = .00001). Of the 70 patients who were tested for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), seven (10.0%) tested positive. Three (42.9%) of the ANCA positive patients subsequently developed Wegener granulomatosis (WG), whereas only two of 63 ANCA negative patients (3.2%) developed WG during a mean follow-up of 8.4 months (range, zero to 72 months). The odds ratio for developing WG in patients with idiopathic scleritis and a positive ANCA screen compared with a negative ANCA was 22.9 (95% CI 3.4 to 154.2, P = .006). Conclusions: The likelihood of patients with idiopathic scleritis developing RA and WG was increased if they had a positive RF or ANCA, supporting the role of immunologic marker testing in patients who present without systemic disease. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Epidemiology of episcleritis and scleritis in urban Australia A1 - Thong, Louisa P. A1 - Rogers, Sophie L. A1 - Hart, Colby T. A1 - Hall, Anthony J. A1 - Lim, Lyndell L. Y1 - 2020/// JF - Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology VL - Ahead of p DO - 10.1111/ceo.13761 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of patients with scleritis for systemic disease A1 - Akpek, E Y1 - 2004/03// JF - Ophthalmology VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 501 EP - 506 DO - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.06.006 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016164200301234X ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical features of patients with episcleritis and scleritis in an Italian tertiary care referral center A1 - Berchicci, Luigi A1 - Miserocchi, Elisabetta A1 - Di Nicola, Maura A1 - La Spina, Carlo A1 - Bandello, Francesco A1 - Modorati, Giulio Y1 - 2013/// KW - Clinical features KW - Episcleritis KW - Scleritis KW - Systemic diseases KW - Treatment JF - European Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 293 EP - 298 DO - 10.5301/ejo.5000394 N2 - Purpose: To evaluate demographic characteristics, clinical features, systemic disease associations, visual outcomes, and treatment modalities of patients with episcleritis and scleritis in an Italian tertiary care referral center. Methods: Data from 25 patients with episcleritis and from 85 patients with scleritis followed from 2003 to 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The main outcome measures were demographics, ocular disease characteristics, presence of systemic associated disease, treatment regimen, and follow-up period. Results: Episcleritis and scleritis were found bilaterally in 24% and 31% of patients, respectively (p<0.521). The episcleritis was diffuse in 15 and focal in 10 patients, while the scleritis was diffuse in 49, nodular in 28, necrotizing in 6, and posterior in 2 patients. Anterior uveitis (4% vs 31%; p<0.006), peripheral ulcerative keratitis (0% vs 14%; p<0.167), ocular hypertension (0% vs 7%; p<0.333), and a decrease in visual acuity (4% vs 19%; p<0.112) were encountered as ocular complications in patients with episcleritis and patients with scleritis, respectively. An associated systemic disease was found in 20% and 52% of patients with episcleritis and patients with scleritis (p<0.004). Among patients with episcleritis, 76% required topical corticosteroid treatment to achieve disease resolution, 16% oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and 8% antivirals; 39% of patients with scleritis required systemic NSAIDs, 12% oral corticosteroids, 34% immunosuppressive drugs, and 15% antibiotics or antivirals. Conclusions: The importance of differentiating scleritis from episcleritis is remarkable given the significant difference in the degree of ocular complications and associated systemic diseases between these ocular conditions. Prompt diagnosis, systemic assessment, and treatment are fundamental in all patients with scleral inflammation. © 2013 Wichtig Editore. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scleritis: clinical characteristics, systemic associations, treatment and outcome in 100 patients A1 - de Oliveira Machado, Danuza A1 - Curi, André Luis Land A1 - Fernandes, Raphael Stehling A1 - Bessa, Thais Fontes A1 - Campos, Wesley Ribeiro A1 - Oréfice, Fernando Y1 - 2009/// KW - Cyclosoporins/therapeutic use KW - Eye infections KW - Scleritis/drug therapy JF - Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 231 EP - 235 DO - 10.1590/S0004-27492009000200019 N2 - Purpose: To document the clinical features, systemic association, treatment and evolution of 100 patients with scleritis evaluated at the Uveitis Service of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Patients and Methods: 100 patients were identified with the diagnosis of scleritis. Signals and symptoms, visual acuity, B-mode ultrasonography signals, systemic associations, treatment and evolution were described and analyzed. Results: 69 patients were female and 31 were male. Diffuse and nodular anterior scleritis occurred in 71 patients, necrotizing anterior scleritis in 3, posterior scleritis in 24 and escleromalacia perforans in 2 patients. Unilateral involvement occurred in 79 patients and bilateral involvement in 21 patients. The main symptoms were ocular pain and redness and the main signal in posterior scleritis was the serous detachment of the retina. Scleritis in association with systemic disease occurred in 35 patients and the principal kind of treatment was the use of oral NSAIDs. Only 18 patients required systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Ocular complications were detected in 35 patients. Conclusions: Scleritis may represent a diagnostic challenge and is often associated with life threatening systemic disease and vision threatening ocular complications. Knowledge of scleritis may aid in determining timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of both the ocular and any associated systemic conditions, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scleritis and episcleritis A1 - Watson, Peter G. A1 - Hayreh, Sohan Singh Y1 - 1976/// JF - British Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 163 EP - 191 DO - 10.1136/bjo.60.3.163 N2 - The data from 159 patients (217 eyes) with episscleritis and 207 patients (301 eyes) with scleritis have been investigated in detail and the results analysed with the help of a computer. Of these patients, 91 per cent were followed-up during a period of one to eight years. A new classification is presented which is as follows: Episcleritis (217 eyes) Simple episcleritis (170 eyes) Nodular episcleritis (47 eyes) Scleritis (301 eyes) Diffuse anterior scleritis (I 19 eyes) Nodular anterior scleritis (134 eyes) Necrotizing scleritis (42 eyes). Of these, 13 were regarded as scleromalacia perforans. Posterior scleritis (6 eyes) The diagnosis is based on an exact clinical examination which is fully described. Episcleritis has been shown to be a benign recurring condition, a mild keratitis being the only occasional complication. Episcleritis does not progress to scleritis, except in the case of herpes zoster which sometimes starts as an episcleritis with the vesicular stage of the eruption, to reappear three months later as a scleritis in the same site. No clear conclusions could be drawn as to the aetiology of episcleritis. Scleritis is always accompanied by episcleral inflammation which must be ignored in making the diagnosis. Scleritis is a much more severe disease than episcleritis, leading to loss of visual acuity from corneal changes, uveitis, cataract, or retinal detachment if not treated. Necrotizing scleritis with inflammation is the severest form of the disease and 21 per cent of the patients with this condition died within the eight-year-period of follow-up. Connective-tissue disease was the commonest associated general condition; the incidence of necrotizing scleritis was higher in this group and 21 per cent of these patients were among those that died. It is probable that necrotizing scleritis represents the eye changes of the malignant phase of systemic connective-tissue disease. Treatment is unnecessary in episcleritis but in scleritis systemic treatment with anti-inflammatory agents or corticosteroids is obligatory. Using these routines of treatment only three patients (o-6 per cent) have lost an eye. Apart from ourselves, the following have worked in the Scleritis Clinic during the past io years: A. Atkinson, P. Awdry, P. E. Cleary, R. S. Clemett, P. Fowler, A. Freedman, B. Hazleman, P. Henderson, A. D. Holt-Wilson, D. Jones, S. Lachmann, D. Lloyd-Jones, D. Lobascher, A. J. Lyne, and D. A. R. Mackay, and we would like to thank them all for their help and ideas. We are sure many of these ideas are incorporated in this article but it is impossible to acknowledge them properly because we have forgotten where they originated. We should also like to thank all those surgeons who have referred patients to us: without them there would be no clinic. The computer analysis was completed at the Institute of Ophthalmology and many of the illustrations were reproduced there; the rest were done in the Medical Illustration Department of Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. Figs 6 and 14 were reproduced from the Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom; Fig. 16 from Connective-tissue disease in the eye, in Recent Advances in Ophthalmology, ed. P. Trevor-Roper, published by Blackwell; and Fig. 20 from the British Journal of Ophthalmology. Last but not least we should like to thank all those who have at various times typed part or all of this manuscript, in particular Mrs J. Field and Mrs J. McCombie. 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A1 - Ritch, Robert A1 - Lee, Raymond T A1 - Seo, Bosu A1 - Hladkyj, Steven A1 - Lovell, Brenda L A1 - Schwartzmann, Laura A1 - Wu, Ming-Yue A1 - Wu, Yang A1 - Zhang, Yong Yadi Yan Yimin A1 - Liu, Cai-Yun A1 - Deng, Chun-Yan A1 - Peng, Le A1 - Zhou, Lan A1 - Rageh, IbrahimM A1 - Sharaawy, AhmedA A1 - Fouda, AliI A1 - Abdelgawad, EmanR A1 - Abdel Halim, WalidA A1 - Sharkawy, ReemA A1 - Farahat, TamerE A1 - Nematallah, EhabH A1 - Msaouel, Pavlos A1 - Keramaris, Nikolaos C A1 - Tasoulis, Athanasios A1 - Kolokythas, Dimitrios A1 - Syrmos, Nikolaos A1 - Pararas, Nikolaos A1 - Thireos, Eleftherios A1 - Lionis, Christos A1 - Aboulnasr, TarekT A1 - Elfiky, HazemM A1 - Mohamed, YasserA A1 - Yoo, Han Soo A1 - Park, Eunjeong A1 - Rhiu, Soolienah A1 - Chang, Hyuk-Jae A1 - Kim, Kyoungsub A1 - Yoo, Joonsang A1 - Heo, Ji Hoe A1 - Nam, Hyo Suk A1 - Tham, Clement C Y A1 - Giannakaki-Zimmermann, Helena A1 - Querques, Giuseppe A1 - Munch, Inger Christine A1 - Shroff, Daraius A1 - Sarraf, David A1 - Chen, XiangWu Xuejing Xuling Xinyi A1 - Cunha-Souza, Eduardo A1 - Mrejen, Sarah A1 - Capuano, Vittorio A1 - Rodrigues, Murilo W. 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A1 - Erb, Carl A1 - Elagouz, Mohammed A1 - Press, Dove A1 - Abozaid, Mortada Ahmed A1 - Mohammed, Usama Ali A1 - Sahanne, Sari A1 - Tuuminen, Raimo A1 - Haukka, Jari A1 - Loukovaara, Sirpa Y1 - 2017/// KW - *Blindness/ep [Epidemiology] KW - 1 KW - 1 normal range of KW - 10 KW - 110 KW - 12 KW - 13 KW - 14 KW - 152-5 KW - 163 KW - 175-182 KW - 2 KW - 2011 KW - 2017 KW - 2017 benha medical journal KW - 2017 journal of the KW - 2017 kasr al ainy KW - 2017 the egyptian journal KW - 207016 KW - 21 KW - 216-7 KW - 22 KW - 234 8109319220 KW - 2542-4157 KW - 27 KW - 31 KW - 33 KW - 36 KW - 37 KW - 38 KW - 41 KW - 4103 KW - 41379226 KW - 42 KW - 50 KW - 53 KW - 54 KW - 55 KW - 8 KW - 80 and over KW - 85-90 KW - A KW - Acceptability KW - Acute kidney injury KW - Acute ocular injury KW - Adolescent KW - Adult stem cells KW - Age-related macular de KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Aging: genetics KW - Amniotic membrane KW - Anesthesia KW - Anti-VEGF KW - Antibiotics KW - Anxiety KW - Aqueous insufficiency KW - 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pilocarpine KW - pitfalls KW - plate KW - polymerase chain reaction KW - polymorphism KW - post-traumatic stress disorder KW - posterior capsule opacification KW - posterior vitreous detachment KW - postopera- KW - postoperative analgesia KW - postoperative complication KW - postoperative full abduction KW - postural change KW - poverty KW - power KW - practices KW - precision KW - prediction error KW - predictive analysis KW - predictive health KW - pregnancy outcomes KW - preschool child KW - preservative-free medication KW - prevalence KW - prevalence study KW - primary angle KW - primary open-angle glaucoma KW - primary pterygium KW - prismatic glasses KW - prk KW - probability statements KW - progress KW - proliferative vitreoretinopathy KW - proparacaine group topical KW - propionibacterium acnes KW - prostaglandin KW - prostaglandin analog KW - providers - hospitals and KW - pter 4 KW - pulmonary tuberculosis KW - punctate inner choroidopathy KW - qq KW - quantification KW - questionnaires KW - rabbit KW - randomization KW - randomized controlled trial KW - ranibizumab KW - rapoport KW - rare diseases KW - recent advances KW - refers to the pressure KW - refrac- KW - refraction KW - refractory glaucoma KW - register KW - regression KW - reliability KW - remains a KW - residential school KW - resource persons KW - retinal KW - retinal detachment KW - retinal dysfunction KW - retinal dystrophy KW - retinal imaging KW - retinal imaging offers a KW - retinal imaging potential KW - retinal microvasculature KW - retinal vasculitis KW - retinoblastoma KW - retinopathy KW - retroequatorial myopexy KW - review KW - review article KW - rflp KW - rhegmatogenous retinal detachment KW - ripasudil KW - risk factors KW - rium which exists between KW - robert lehmann KW - rocuronium KW - rpe tear KW - rpe-aperture KW - rural KW - rvo KW - s education KW - saitama KW - sample KW - sample size KW - sample size calculator KW - sample specialists KW - sampling distribution KW - sarah KW - saudi KW - science key laboratory KW - scleral buckling KW - scotoma KW - self-care KW - semi-urban population KW - sensitivity KW - serum uric acid concentration KW - shindy ie KW - short KW - sicca KW - signal-to-noise ratios KW - singapore KW - slanted KW - small-incision lenticule extraction KW - smile KW - smoc2 KW - socioeconomics KW - sonata KW - spectral-domain optical KW - staphylococcus KW - staphylococcus aureus carriage KW - staphylococcus epidermidis KW - statistics KW - stem cells KW - straylight KW - structural equation modeling KW - students KW - study KW - study protocol for a KW - subconjunctival bevacizumab KW - subconjunctival mitomycin c KW - subgaleal haematoma KW - sudan KW - suicide KW - surface keratopathy KW - surgery KW - surgical KW - surgically-induced astigmatism KW - survey KW - swept-source optical coherence tomography KW - syphilis KW - systemic lupus erythematosus KW - tafluprost KW - tarsal KW - tb t-spot KW - teachers KW - tear osmolarity KW - tearlab osmolarity system KW - tears and ocular surface KW - tel KW - that may cause visual KW - the authors have no KW - the eyeball KW - the gambia KW - the ocular surface including KW - the tear film maintains KW - therapeutic KW - therapeutics KW - therapy KW - thermal pulsation KW - this technical chapter 1 KW - timolol KW - tive macular edema KW - to infectious agents KW - to the equilib- KW - tonometry KW - toothbrush KW - topiramate KW - topographic KW - topographic guided ablation KW - trabecular micro-bypass KW - trachoma KW - transantral KW - transconjunctival KW - translation KW - traumatic cataract KW - treatment KW - trichiasis KW - trifocal intraocular lens KW - tuberculosis KW - tumor necrosis factor KW - tumor necrosis factor alpha KW - type i error KW - type ii error KW - uk KW - uniform cornea KW - unique perspective into the KW - university KW - unpreserved KW - urrently KW - usb KW - uveitis KW - vaccine KW - validation KW - validity KW - various conditions such as KW - vascular KW - vascular endothelial growth factor KW - vegf switch KW - versus transorbital surgical approach KW - virus - kap - KW - visual analog scale KW - visual field KW - visual field defect progression KW - visual impairment KW - visual outcomes KW - vitamin d3 KW - vitrectomy KW - vitreous surgery KW - vulnerable population KW - waizel KW - wavefront analysis KW - wavefront analyzer KW - wavelight contoura KW - wellness KW - west africa KW - whole exome sequencing KW - work engagement KW - world health organization KW - worldwide about 15 per KW - yuna KW - ziehl JF - BMC Ophthalmology VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 1 SN - 1177-5467 DO - 10.4103/ijo.IJO UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28331284%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5354527%5Cnhttp://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-11-49%5Cnhttp://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886 N2 - Often the literature makes assertions of medical product effects on the basis of ' p < 0.05'. The underlying premise is that at this threshold, there is only a 5% probability that the observed effect would be seen by chance when in reality there is no effect. In observational studies, much more than in randomized trials, bias and confounding may undermine this premise. To test this premise, we selected three exemplar drug safety studies from literature, representing a case-control, a cohort, and a self-controlled case series design. We attempted to replicate these studies as best we could for the drugs studied in the original articles. Next, we applied the same three designs to sets of negative controls: drugs that are not believed to cause the outcome of interest. We observed how often p < 0.05 when the null hypothesis is true, and we fitted distributions to the effect estimates. Using these distributions, we compute calibrated p-values that reflect the probability of observing the effect estimate under the null hypothesis, taking both random and systematic error into account. An automated analysis of scientific literature was performed to evaluate the potential impact of such a calibration. Our experiment provides evidence that the majority of observational studies would declare statistical significance when no effect is present. Empirical calibration was found to reduce spurious results to the desired 5% level. Applying these adjustments to literature suggests that at least 54% of findings with p < 0.05 are not actually statistically significant and should be reevaluated. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparative study of ophthalmological and serological manifestations and the therapeutic response of patients with isolated scleritis and scleritis associated with systemic diseases A1 - de Sousa, Jacqueline Martins A1 - Trevisani, Virgínia Fernandes Moça A1 - Modolo, Rodrigo Pilon A1 - Gabriel, Luís Alexandre Rassi A1 - Vieira, Luis Antonio A1 - de Freitas, Denise Y1 - 2011/// KW - Autoantibodies KW - Immunosuppressive agents KW - Inflammation KW - Rheumatic diseases KW - Scleritis JF - Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 405 EP - 409 DO - 10.1590/S0004-27492011000600004 N2 - Introduction: Scleritis is a rare, progressive and serious disease, the signs of which are inflammation and edema of episcleral and scleral tissues and is greatly associated with systemic rheumatoid diseases. Purpose: To perform a prospective and comparative study between ophthalmologic manifestations, serologic findings and therapeutic response of patients with isolated scleritis and scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease. Methods: Thirty-two outpatients with non-infectious scleritis were studied, from March 2006 to March 2008. The treatment was corticoid eye drops associated with antiinflammatory agents, followed by systemic corticoids and immunosuppressive drugs if necessary, was considered successful after six months without scleritis recurrence. Results: Fourteen of 32 patients had scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease, of which nine had rheumatoid arthritis, two systemic lupus erythematosus, one Crohn's disease, one Behçet's disease and one gout. There were no difference in relation to involvement and ocular complications, there was predominance of nodular anterior scleritis and scleral thinning was the most frequent complication. The scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease group had 64.3% of autoantibodies, versus 27.8% among those with isolated scleritis and this difference was statistically significant. In the isolated scleritis group 16.7% used anti-inflammatory, 33.3% corticosteroids, 27.8% corticosteroids with one immunosuppressive drug, 5.5% two immunosuppressive drugs, 16.7% corticosteroids with two immunosuppressive drugs and 33.3% pulse of immunosuppressive drugs, there was remission in 88.9%. In the scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease group 7.1% used anti-inflammatory, 7.1% corticosteroids, 50% corticosteroids with one immunosuppressive drug, 7.1% two immunosuppressive drugs and 22.2% pulse of immunosuppressive drugs, 100% had treatment success. Conclusion: Prevalence of unilateral nodular scleritis was noted in both groups and higher rates of all the parameters tested were noted in the scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease group. There were no differences between the groups with respect to the use of immunosuppressive drugs and therapeutic response, which was fully satisfactory in the scleritis associated with systemic rheumatoid disease group and satisfactory in the isolated scleritis group. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in Wegener′s Granulomatosis A1 - Christakopoulos, Christos A1 - Heegaard, Steffen A1 - Saunte, Jon Peiter Y1 - 2014/// JF - Acta Ophthalmologica VL - 92 IS - 7 SP - e588 EP - e589 DO - 10.1111/aos.12421 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Necrotizing Scleritis after Ocular Surgery: A Clinicopathologic Study A1 - de la Maza, Matte Sainz A1 - Foster, C. Stephen Y1 - 1991/// JF - Ophthalmology VL - 98 IS - 11 SP - 1720 EP - 1726 DO - 10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32062-1 N2 - Necrotizing scleritis may appear after trauma to the sclera. The authors studied 10 patients in whom necrotizing scleritis developed after ocular surgery. The interval between surgery and onset of scleritis varied from 2 weeks to 6 months. Nine patients (90%) were found to have an underlying autoimmune vasculitic systemic disease, which was subsequently treated with immunosuppression. One patient was found to have a local infectious process, which was treated with antibiotics. Appropriate studies led to the discovery and subsequent treatment of a systemic disease or an infectious process in 6 of the 10 patients; the other 4 patients had been previously diagnosed. Results of immunohistochemical studies on resected conjunctival and/or sclera suggest local immune complex deposition, increased HLA-DR expression, and increased helper T-cell participation in conjunctiva and/or scleral tissues after trauma in patients with underlying systemic autoimmune vasculitic disease. The results emphasize the need for meticulous diagnostic pursuit of potentially lethal systemic autoimmune vasculitic disease in patients with necrotizing scleritis after intraocular surgery. © 1991, American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis A1 - Sainz De La Maza, Maite A1 - Molina, Nicolas A1 - Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Luis Alonso A1 - Doctor, Priyanka P. A1 - Tauber, Joseph A1 - Foster, C. Stephen Y1 - 2012/// PB - Elsevier Inc. JF - Ophthalmology VL - 119 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 50 DO - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.013 N2 - Objective: To evaluate the demographic characteristics, clinical features, ocular complications, and disease associations of patients with scleritis and episcleritis; as well as to delineate the risk factors for decreased vision in patients with scleritis. Design: Retrospective case series. Participants: Five hundred patients with scleritis and 85 patients with episcleritis. Methods: The electronic health records of 500 patients with scleritis and 85 patients with episcleritis seen at 2 tertiary referral centers were reviewed and their clinical features were studied. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical features (pain, scleral inflammation), ocular complications (decrease in vision, anterior uveitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, ocular hypertension), and disease associations. Results: In a series of 585 patients, 500 patients had scleritis (85.5%) and 85 patients had episcleritis (14.2%). Ocular complications were more frequent overall in patients with scleritis versus in those with episcleritis (45.0% vs. 19.0%), including decrease in vision (15.8% vs. 2.3%), anterior uveitis (26.4% vs. 16.5%), peripheral ulcerative keratitis (7.4% vs. 0%), and ocular hypertension (14.2% vs. 3.5%; P<0.0001 for each). Disease association was observed in 35.8% of patients with scleritis versus 27.1% of episcleritis patients, including connective tissue or vasculitic diseases in 24.8% versus 15.3%, respectively. Scleritis preceded systemic disease diagnosis in 38.7% of patients. Ocular complications (90.0%) and disease association (80.0%) occurred most often in patients with necrotizing scleritis (P<0.0001 for each). Risk factors for decrease in vision in patients with scleritis included necrotizing scleritis (odds ratio [OR], 6.63; P<0.001), posterior scleritis (OR, 2.33; P = 0.042), degree of scleral inflammation of more than 2+ (range, 0-4+; OR, 3.60; P<0.001), anterior uveitis (OR, 1.78; P = 0.033), ocular hypertension (OR, 3.19; P<0.001), and associated disease (OR, 2.66; P<0.001), mainly infectious (OR, 4.44; P<0.001). Conclusions: Scleritis is associated more often with ocular complications than episcleritis, and necrotizing scleritis is the type of scleritis most often associated with ocular complications and disease association. Risk factors for decrease in vision in patients with scleritis include necrotizing scleritis, posterior scleritis, scleral inflammation of more than 2+, anterior uveitis, ocular hypertension, and associated infectious disease. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. © 2012 American Academy of Ophthalmology. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Efficacy of infliximab therapy in two patients with refractory Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease A1 - Niccoli, L. A1 - Nannini, C. A1 - Cassarà, E. A1 - Gini, G. A1 - Lenzetti, I. A1 - Cantini, F. Y1 - 2009/// JF - British Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 93 IS - 11 SP - 1553 EP - 1554 DO - 10.1136/bjo.2008.153981 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scleritis A1 - Okhravi, Narciss A1 - Odufuwa, Bola A1 - McCluskey, Peter A1 - Lightman, Susan Y1 - 2005/07// JF - Survey of Ophthalmology VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 363 DO - 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.04.001 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039625705000391 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Experience of scleritis and episcleritis at a tertiary center in Southern Taiwan A1 - Chen, Yun Wen A1 - Poon, Yi Chieh A1 - Yu, Hun Ju A1 - Kuo, Ming Tse A1 - Fan, Po Chiung Y1 - 2015/// KW - Episcleritis KW - Infectious scleritis KW - Pterygium KW - Scleritis PB - Elsevier Taiwan LLC JF - Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 22 DO - 10.1016/j.tjo.2014.10.004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjo.2014.10.004 N2 - The purpose of this study was to review the clinical experiences of scleritis and episcleritis in Southern Taiwanese people during a 7-year period. Methods: The charts of 89 patients (representing 101 eyes) who had visited our clinic from January 2003 to July 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. They were diagnosed as having episcleritis or scleritis. The medical charts, slit lamp photographs, and laboratory data were reviewed. Age, gender, laterality, previous surgery history, systemic diseases, follow-up duration, and ocular complications were collected. The patients were classified as having clinically suspected noninfectious scleritis (CSNIS), clinically suspected infectious scleritis (CSIS), and episcleritis for analysis. Results: In the series of 89 patients (i.e., 101 eyes), 31 (34.8%; 32 eyes) patients had scleritis and 58 (65.2%; 69 eyes) patients had episcleritis. Episcleritis and scleritis occurred slightly more frequently in women than in men. In the 31 patients (32 eyes) diagnosed with scleritis, 12 (38.7%) patients had CSIS and 19 (61.3%) patients had CSNIS. Patients with scleritis were older than patients with episcleritis (p<0.001). Previous pterygium excision was associated with CSIS and necrotizing scleritis. Conclusion: Scleritis occurred in a more elderly population. It was more frequently associated with ocular complications, compared to episcleritis. Both CSNIS and CSIS were associated with a history of pterygium excisional surgery. Our series of patients had a high occurrence of necrotizing scleritis. All cases of necrotizing scleritis were associated with a history of previous ocular surgery. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sjögren’s syndrome A1 - Venables, Patrick J.W. Y1 - 2004/06// JF - Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 313 EP - 329 DO - 10.1016/j.berh.2004.02.010 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521694204000361 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Análise de 29 casos de esclerite. Experiência de um serviço de Reumato-Oftalmologia A1 - Gehlen, Marcelo Luis A1 - Skare, Thelma Y1 - 2010/// VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 250 EP - 253 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Standardized Grading System For Scleritis A1 - Sen, H Nida A1 - Sangave, Amit A A1 - Goldstein, Debra A A1 - Suhler, Eric B A1 - Cunningham, Denise A1 - Vitale, Susan A1 - Robert, B Y1 - 2011/// JF - Ophthalmology VL - 118 IS - 4 SP - 768 EP - 771 DO - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.027.A ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Pattern of Scleritis in an Egyptian Cohort A1 - El Latif, Eiman Abd A1 - Seleet, Mouamen M A1 - El Hennawi, Hazem A1 - Abdulbadiea Rashed, Mohamed A1 - Elbarbary, Hossameldeen A1 - Sabry, Karim A1 - Abdelmonagy Ibrahim, Mohamed Y1 - 2019/// KW - Egypt KW - epidemiology KW - infectious scleritis KW - necrotizing scleritis KW - nodular scleritis PB - Taylor & Francis JF - Ocular Immunology and Inflammation VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 890 EP - 896 DO - 10.1080/09273948.2018.1544372 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2018.1544372 N2 - Purpose: To report the clinical experience with scleritis at four Egyptian tertiary care eye centers. Methods: Multicenter retrospective chart review of all patients with scleritis visiting four ocular inflammation referral clinics in Egypt between January 2013 and October 2017. Results: A total of 303 scleritis patients were enrolled. These included 76 male and 227 female patients. The most frequent subtype of scleritis was nodular anterior scleritis (44.9%). Rheumatoid arthritis and Wegener granulomatosis were the 2 most common systemic associations among our cohort. Eyes with necrotizing scleritis with inflammation had the lowest mean initial and final BCVA. Conclusion: The visual prognosis of an eye with scleritis varies with the subtype of scleral inflammation. In our cohort, it was found to be poorer in eyes with necrotizing scleritis with inflammation compared to other subtypes. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Blurry vision and eye pain after pterygium surgery A1 - Moussa, Kareem A1 - Shantha, Jessica A1 - Schallhorn, Julie M. Y1 - 2018/// JF - JAMA Ophthalmology VL - 136 IS - 7 SP - 827 EP - 828 DO - 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.6054 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Evidencias y Recomendaciones A1 - Secretaría de Salud Y1 - 2014/// JF - Guia de practica clinica SP - 4 EP - 71 SN - 9786077790754 UR - http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/Cathttp://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/IMSS-706-14-TxDermatitisatopica/706GER.pdfalogoMaestro/IMSS-706-14-TxDermatitisatopica/706GER.pdf N2 - Esta guía de práctica clínica fue elaborada con la participación de las instituciones que conforman el Sistema Nacional de Salud, bajo la coordinación del Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud. Los autores han hecho un esfuerzo por asegurarse de que la información aquí contenida sea completa y actual; por lo que asumen la responsabilidad editorial por el contenido de esta guía, declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses y en caso de haberlo lo han manifestado puntualmente, de tal manera que no se afecte su participación y la confiabilidad de las evidencias y recomendaciones. Las recomendaciones son de carácter general, por lo que no definen un curso único de conducta en un procedimiento o tratamiento. Las recomendaciones aquí establecidas, al ser aplicadas en la práctica, podrían tener variaciones justificadas con fundamento en el juicio clínico de quien las emplea como referencia, así como en las necesidades específicas y preferencias de cada paciente en particular, los recursos disponibles al momento de la atención y la normatividad establecida por cada Institución o área de práctica. En cumplimiento de los artículos 28 y 29 de la Ley General de Salud; 50 del Reglamento Interior de la Comisión Interinstitucional del Cuadro Básico y Catálogo de Insumos del Sector Salud y Primero del Acuerdo por el que se establece que las dependencias y entidades de la Administración Pública Federal que presten servicios de salud aplicarán, para el primer nivel de atención médica, el cuadro básico y, en el segundo y tercer nivel, el catálogo de insumos, las recomendaciones contenidas en las GPC con relación a la prescripción de fármacos y biotecnológicos deberán aplicarse con apego a los cuadros básicos de cada Institución. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Sterile corneal melting and necrotizing scleritis after cataract surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and collagen vascular disease A1 - Perez, Victor L. A1 - Azar, Dimitri T. A1 - Foster, C. Stephen Y1 - 2002/// KW - And collagen vascular disease KW - Cataract surgery KW - Post-operative corneal melting KW - Post-operative necrotizing scleritis KW - Rheumatoid arthritis JF - Seminars in Ophthalmology VL - 17 IS - 3-4 SP - 124 EP - 130 DO - 10.1076/soph.17.3.124.14786 N2 - The onset of post-operative corneal melting and necrotizing scleritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and collagen vascular disease who undergo cataract surgery can have devastating ocular and systemic consequences. Even though ocular surface factors such as sicca and surgical trauma are among the important variables that contribute to this entities, signs and symptoms of systemic disease need to be thoroughly investigated in order to prevent life-threatening complications associated with these ocular manifestations. The management of surgical induced corneal melting and necrotizing scleritis in these patients, include local therapy and in most instances, systemic immuno-modulation. Moreover, the development of corneal melting and necrotizing scleritis in an otherwise "healthy" patient after uncomplicated cataract surgery, can be the first manifestation of a serious occult systemic disease. Therefore, an aggressive approach regarding the diagnosis, workup and treatment should be initiated by the ophthalmologist in order to maximize a successful ophthalmic and medical outcome. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surgically Induced Necrotizing Scleritis Following Strabismus Surgery Treated Successfully with Topical N-acetylcysteine in a Child with Congenital Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles and Varadi Papp Syndrome A1 - Rajamani, Muralidhar A1 - Nagasubramanian, Vidhya A1 - Ayyavoo, Ahila A1 - Raghupathy, Palany A1 - Dandapani, Ramamurthy Y1 - 2017/// KW - Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles KW - Varadi Papp syndrome KW - oral vitamin C KW - surgically induced necrotizing scleritis KW - topical N-acetylcysteine KW - treatment PB - Taylor & Francis JF - Strabismus VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 42 DO - 10.1080/09273972.2016.1277768 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2016.1277768 N2 - Introduction: Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis (SINS) is a rare but serious disorder that can develop many years after strabismus surgery. It is generally treated with high-dose steroids or immunosuppression. Case report: We describe a patient with Varadi Papp syndrome and congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, who developed surgically induced necrotizing scleritis a month after strabismus surgery and was successfully managed by oral vitamin C and topical N-acetylcysteine 10%. Discussion: While SINS is conventionally treated with steroids/immunosuppression, a conservative approach may be tried in milder cases. The role of topical N-acetylcysteine in managing this complication needs to be explored. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ocular Pharmacology for Scleritis: Review of Treatment and a Practical Perspective A1 - Stem, Maxwell S. A1 - Todorich, Bozho A1 - Faia, Lisa J. Y1 - 2017/// KW - immunomodulatory therapy KW - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs KW - scleritis KW - treatment JF - Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 240 EP - 246 DO - 10.1089/jop.2016.0127 N2 - Scleritis is defined as an infectious or noninfectious inflammation of the sclera that can be broadly categorized according to anatomic location (ie, anterior or posterior) and whether the process is necrotizing or non-necrotizing. Treatment for scleritis is dictated by the etiology of the inflammation, with infectious forms requiring treatment of the inciting agent and noninfectious forms requiring treatment of the underlying inflammation with immunosuppression. Pharmacotherapy for noninfectious scleritis can be classified according to delivery route (eg, local or systemic) and mechanism of action (eg, biologic or nonbiologic). This review will briefly summarize the classification scheme for scleritis before reviewing in depth both systemic and local pharmacotherapies that can be used to effectively treat an eye afflicted by either infectious or noninfectious scleritis. Traditional anti-inflammatory agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, and immunomodulatory therapy will be discussed, as well as newer biologic therapies such as antitumor necrosis factor alpha and anti-CD20 agents. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Remission Of Non-Infectious Anterior Scleritis: Incidence And Predictive Factors A1 - Kempen, John Harold A1 - Pistilli, Maxwell A1 - Begum, Hosne A1 - Fitzgerald, Tonetta D. A1 - Liesegang, Teresa L. A1 - Payal, Abhishek A1 - Zebardast, Nazlee A1 - Bhatt, Nirali P. A1 - Foster, C. Stephen A1 - Jabs, Douglas A. A1 - Levy-Clarke, Grace A. A1 - Nussenblatt, Robert B. A1 - Rosenbaum, James T. A1 - Sen, H. Nida A1 - Suhler, Eric B. A1 - Thorne, Jennifer E. Y1 - 2019/04// PB - Elsevier Inc. JF - American Journal of Ophthalmology IS - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.024 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002939419301345 N2 - PURPOSE: To assess how often non-infectious anterior scleritis remits and identify predictive factors. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study at four ocular inflammation subspecialty centers collected data for each affected eye/patient at every visit from center inception (1978, 1978, 1984, 2005) until 2010. Remission was defined as inactivity of disease off all suppressive medications at all visits spanning at least three consecutive months or at all visits up to the last visit (to avoid censoring patients stopping follow-up after remission). Factors potentially predictive of remission were assessed using Cox regression models. RESULTS: During 1,391 years' aggregate follow-up of 825 affected eyes, remission occurred in 399 (299 of 588 patients). Median time-to-remission of scleritis=3.1 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6, 3.9). More remissions occurred earlier than later during follow-up. Factors predictive of less scleritis remission included scleritis bilaterality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.75); and diagnosis with any systemic inflammatory disease (aHR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.39-0.87), or specifically with Rheumatoid Arthritis (aHR=0.64), Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (aHR=0.21), or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (aHR=0.32). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor treatment (aHR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.18-2.35) within