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Diversidad genética de Blastocystis y Giardia intestinalis en diferentes regiones de Colombia

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dc.contributor.advisorRamírez González, Juan David
dc.creatorhiguera-gelvez, adriana-marcela
dc.creator.degreeDoctor en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicasspa
dc.creator.degreetypeFull timespa
dc.date.accessioned2021-01-14T21:16:06Z
dc.date.available2021-01-14T21:16:06Z
dc.date.created2020-10-30
dc.descriptionEn el mundo, Blastocystis ha sido reportado como el microorganismo eucariota más común en el intestino de humanos y animales, con prevalencias incluso hasta del 100%, junto con Giardia intestinalis, quien ha sido considerado el principal agente causal de cuadros diarreicos en humanos, afectando aproximadamente 200 millones de individuos a nivel mundial. En general, el diagnóstico de ambos microorganismos se basa frecuentemente en la observación de formas típicas en heces y solo a nivel de investigación se busca su tipificación por medio del uso de técnicas moleculares. Además, cabe resaltar que, pocos genes han sido utilizados para evaluar sus características a nivel genético y que la mayoría de estudios moleculares se han enfocado únicamente a la tipificación y pocos han incluído la evaluación de la diversidad genética y estructura de poblaciones intra e inter grupos, dejando de lado el estudio de su biología, taxonomía, distribución, potencial zoonótico de transmisión e incluso obtener evidencia que permita esclarecer si su estructura poblacional es de tipo sexual o clonal. En Colombia la situación no es muy diferente a lo reportado en otros países, principalmente aquellos en vía de desarrollo, donde las condiciones comportamentales, socioeconómicas y ambientales favorecen la transmisión de algunas enfermedades intestinales, y, zonas con alta endemicidad propenden por el aumento en la variación genética de estos microorganismos, que, posiblemente, junto con el ambiente de fuerte competencia a nivel intestinal, hacen más factible la ampliación hacia nuevos hospederos y por ende mantienen la transmisión zoonótica, tanto con animales domésticos como silvestres, cumpliendo un papel fundamental en el mantenimiento de los ciclos epidemiológicos y haciendo cada vez más difícil el control y prevención de estas infecciones. Por esta razón, éste estudio buscó, no solamente detectar molecularmente estos microorganismos en diferentes regiones del país, sino también conocer sus genotipos circulantes, realizando un primer acercamiento a la epidemiología molecular de estos parásitos intestinales en las zonas evaluadas, y posteriormente, evaluar la diversidad existente a nivel intra taxa tanto de G. intestinalis como de Blastocystis, por medio del análisis de nuevos blancos genéticos que nos permitieron demostrar una gran variación genética, particularmente relacionada con posibles eventos de intercambio genético en G. intestinalis y variación intra Subtipo (ST) en el caso de Blastocystis. Los resultados producidos por esta tesis permitieron: a) describir una primera aproximación de la frecuencia de cada uno de los microorganismos parasitarios evaluados, como Blastocystis, G. intestinalis, Cryptosporidium y el complejo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii en cinco regiones biogeográficas de Colombia, sugiriendo que la región del Caribe tiene una mayor frecuencia para cada uno de estos. Además, gracias a los ensamblajes de Giardia, los STs de Blastocystis y especies de Cryptosporidium halladas, 11 mostrar la posible transmisión zoonótica de estos microorganismos hacia los seres humanos en algunas regiones del país, b) mostrar la variabilidad genética presente en G. intestinalis y los eventos de intercambio genético intra e inter ensamblaje, por medio de la evaluación de nueve blancos genéticos y finalmente c) determinar la diversidad genética de Blastocystis y su variación intra subtipo, gracias al uso en conjunto del gen ribosomal 18s y el gen metabólico sdhA. En conclusión, estos resultados muestran la gran necesidad de seguir evaluando las características genéticas de estos microorganismos, primordialmente en Colombia, para lograr establecer intervenciones de control y prevención más efectivas, y más aún, teniendo en cuenta, que la gran diversidad encontrada puede influir directamente en su prevalencia, dinámica de transmisión y virulencia. Quizás, en un futuro cercano, el uso de análisis genómicos de cepas aisladas a partir de muestras colombianas, puedan dar solución a algunos de los vacíos del conocimiento que permanecen en torno a estos microorganismos y sus características biológicas.spa
dc.description.abstractIn the world, Blastocystis has been reported as the most common eukaryotic microorganism in the intestine of humans and animals, with prevalences even up to 100%, along with Giardia intestinalis, which has been considered the main causal agent of diarrheal pictures in humans, affecting approximately 200 million individuals worldwide. In general, the diagnosis of both microorganisms is frequently based on the observation of typical forms in feces and only at the research level is their typification sought through the use of molecular techniques. In addition, it should be noted that few genes have been used to evaluate their characteristics at the genetic level and that most molecular studies have focused solely on typing and few have included the evaluation of genetic diversity and structure of intra- and inter-group populations. , leaving aside the study of its biology, taxonomy, distribution, zoonotic transmission potential and even obtaining evidence to clarify whether its population structure is sexual or clonal. In Colombia, the situation is not very different from that reported in other countries, mainly those under development, where behavioral, socioeconomic and environmental conditions favor the transmission of some intestinal diseases, and areas with high endemicity tend to increase in genetic variation of these microorganisms, which, possibly, together with the environment of strong competition at the intestinal level, make the expansion to new hosts more feasible and therefore maintain zoonotic transmission, both with domestic and wild animals, fulfilling a fundamental role in the maintenance of epidemiological cycles and making the control and prevention of these infections increasingly difficult. For this reason, this study sought, not only to molecularly detect these microorganisms in different regions of the country, but also to know their circulating genotypes, making a first approach to the molecular epidemiology of these intestinal parasites in the evaluated areas, and later, evaluating the existing diversity at the intra taxa level of both G. intestinalis and Blastocystis, through the analysis of new genetic targets that allowed us to demonstrate great genetic variation, particularly related to possible genetic exchange events in G. intestinalis and intra-Subtype (ST) variation in the case of Blastocystis. The results produced by this thesis allowed: a) to describe a first approximation of the frequency of each of the parasitic microorganisms evaluated, such as Blastocystis, G. intestinalis, Cryptosporidium and the Entamoeba histolytica / dispar / moshkovskii complex in five biogeographic regions of Colombia, suggesting that the Caribbean region has a higher frequency for each of these. Furthermore, thanks to the assemblages of Giardia, the STs of Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium species found, 11 show the possible zoonotic transmission of these microorganisms to humans in some regions of the country, b) show the genetic variability present in G. intestinalis and the intra- and inter-assembly genetic exchange events, by evaluating nine genetic targets and finally c) determining the genetic diversity of Blastocystis and its intra-subtype variation, thanks to the joint use of the ribosomal gene 18s and the metabolic gene sdhA. In conclusion, these results show the great need to continue evaluating the genetic characteristics of these microorganisms, primarily in Colombia, in order to establish more effective control and prevention interventions, and even more so, taking into account that the great diversity found can directly influence in its prevalence, transmission dynamics and virulence. Perhaps, in the near future, the use of genomic analysis of strains isolated from Colombian samples may solve some of the knowledge gaps that remain regarding these microorganisms and their biological characteristics.spa
dc.description.sponsorshipMinisterio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación - Mincienciasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.48713/10336_30750
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/30750
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad del Rosariospa
dc.publisher.departmentFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticasspa
dc.publisher.departmentEscuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud
dc.publisher.programDoctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicasspa
dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accesRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.accesoAbierto (Texto Completo)spa
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dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
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dc.source.bibliographicCitationBarrett LG, Thrall PH, Burdon JJ, Linde CC. Life history determines genetic structure and evolutionary potential of host-parasite interactions. Trends Ecol Evol. 2008;23(12):678-85. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.017.spa
dc.source.bibliographicCitationBlouin MS, Yowell CA, Courtney CH, Dame JB. Host movement and the genetic structure of populations of parasitic nematodes. Genetics. 1995;141(3):1007-14.spa
dc.source.instnameinstname:Universidad del Rosario
dc.source.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional EdocUR
dc.subjectDiversidadspa
dc.subjectBlastocystisspa
dc.subjectGiardia intestinalisspa
dc.subjectGenéticaspa
dc.subject.ddcMicrobiologíaspa
dc.subject.keywordDiversityspa
dc.subject.keywordBlastocystisspa
dc.subject.keywordGiardia intestinalisspa
dc.subject.keywordGeneticsspa
dc.titleDiversidad genética de Blastocystis y Giardia intestinalis en diferentes regiones de Colombiaspa
dc.title.TranslatedTitleGenetic diversity of Blastocystis and Giardia intestinalis in different regions of Colombiaeng
dc.typedoctoralThesiseng
dc.type.documentMonografíaspa
dc.type.hasVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.spaTesis de doctoradospa
local.department.reportEscuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Saludspa
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Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas