Ítem
Acceso Abierto
Cars accidents and academic test results. The case of Medellín, Colombia
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Posada, Héctor M
Gaviria, Carlos Felipe
Londoño Arenas, David
Fecha
2023-01-01
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Universidad del Rosario
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Resumen
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017), atmospheric air pollution is a major threat for public health in cities, affecting three billion people around the world. There is overwhelming evidence showing how pollutants such as ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants are responsible for deteriorating human health. For example, it has been showed that higher air pollution increases lung related diseases (Gillingham and Huang, 2021), cardiovascular diseases (Gupta, 2021; Slawsky et al., 2021), mental disorders (Ordoñez, 2020) and mortality rates (Deryugina et al., 2019), rising health care costs for individuals and the health care systems. In total, health related costs of air pollution (mainly by PM2.5) have been estimated, globally, in around 6.1% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), equivalent to $8.1 trillion USD (World Bank, 2016). In developing countries, the situation is more dire due to a combination of factors like lack of environmental regulation and enforcement, use of low quality fuel, fast growth in the number of cars and motorcycles, and deficient public transportation systems. The World Bank (2016) shows that, while the cost of air pollution is estimated in 1.7% of GDP in North America, in Latin America the cost is around 3.4% of the GDP. Particularly, in Colombia, the Departamento Nacional de Planeaci´on (DNP, 2017) calculates the damage cost for urban air pollution in 1.93% points of Colombian GDP.
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Air pollution , Public health , Atmospheric pollutants , Carbon monoxide (CO) , Ozone (O3) , Nitric oxide (NO) , Particulate matter (PM) , Lung diseases , Cardiovascular diseases , Mental disorders
