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Does price-cap regulation work for increasing access to contraceptives? Aggregate- and pharmacy-level evidence from Colombia

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dc.contributor.gruplacGrupo de Investigaciones. Facultad de Economía. Universidad del Rosariospa
dc.creatorAndia, Tatiana
dc.creatorMantilla Ribero, César Andrés
dc.creatorMorales, Álvaro
dc.creatorOrtiz, Santiago
dc.creatorRodríguez Lesmes, Paul Andrés
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-20T23:25:37Z
dc.date.available2020-10-20T23:25:37Z
dc.date.created2020-10-20
dc.date.issued2020-10-20
dc.descriptionAntecedentes: Los topes de precios mediante precios de referencia internacionales se utilizan ampliamente en todo el mundo, pero no tan comúnmente en los mercados over-the-counter (OTC). Estudiamos este tipo de regulación para el caso de los anticonceptivos orales en Colombia, que es un mercado OTC de facto. Objetivos: Se pretende establecer si la regulación desencadenó una respuesta competitiva dentro y a través de las categorías de productos (ingredientes activos farmacéuticos). También estudiamos si los productos regulados dirigidos a clientes de alto nivel socioeconómico se distribuyen ahora en farmacias de barrios de bajo nivel socioeconómico. Métodos: En primer lugar, utilizamos un modelo de panel lineal de efectos fijos para estimar el cambio en los precios y las cantidades asociadas a la nueva regulación para los productos regulados y no regulados utilizando datos administrativos a nivel de mayorista, según tres niveles de precios. Segundo, realizamos un estudio de auditoría con 213 farmacias comunitarias en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Visitamos las farmacias en dos ocasiones, antes y después de la introducción del tope de precios, recogiendo información sobre los precios y la disponibilidad de seis marcas seleccionadas. Hallazgos: El análisis a nivel mayorista revela una reducción de precios en productos regulados, y en los no regulados pero con un ingrediente activo regulado. Las cantidades comercializadas aumentan para los mismos tipos de productos, pero sólo para los de las categorías más caras. Además, las cantidades comercializadas de productos no regulados disminuyen. Aunque esta reducción de precios también se transmite a las farmacias, la disponibilidad de los anticonceptivos de gama alta y media incluidos en nuestro estudio de auditoría también disminuye. Proporcionamos pruebas sugestivas de que la reducción de la disponibilidad de los mismos fue mayor en las zonas de baja condición socioeconómica. Conclusiones: Las reglamentaciones sobre límites de precios que podrían parecer tan eficaces para reducir los precios y ampliar el acceso a nivel agregado podrían ocultar pautas de almacenamiento que afectan negativamente a la disponibilidad del producto para el consumidor final.spa
dc.description.abstractBackground: Price caps through international reference pricing are widely used around the World, but not so commonly in over-the-counter markets (OTC). We study this type of regulation for the case of oral contraceptives in Colombia, which is a de facto OTC market. Objectives: We aim to establish whether the regulation triggered a competitive response within and across product categories (active pharmaceutical ingredients). We also study whether regulated products targeted to customers from high socio-economic status are now distributed in pharmacies from low socio-economic neighborhoods. Methods: First, we use a fixed effects linear panel model to estimate the change in prices and quantities associated with the new regulation for regulated and non-regulated products using administrative data at the wholesale level, according to three price tiers. Second, we conducted an audit study with 213 community pharmacies in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. We visited pharmacies twice, before and after the introduction of the price cap, collecting information on prices and availability of six selected brands. Findings: The wholesale-level analysis reveals a price reduction in regulated and non-regulated products with a regulated active ingredient. Traded quantities increase for the same product types, but only for those in the most expensive categories. Besides, the traded quantities of non-regulated products decrease. Although this price reduction is also transmitted to community pharmacies, the availability of the high-end and mid-range contraceptives included in our audit study decreases as well. We provide suggestive evidence that reduction in the availability of was larger in areas of low socio-economic status. Conclusions: Price cap regulations that might look as effective in lowering prices and expanding access at the aggregate level could conceal stocking patterns that negatively affect the product availability for the final consumer.spa
dc.format.extent35spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationAndia, Tatiana; Mantilla, Cesar; Morales, Álvaro; Ortiz, Santiago; Rodríguez Lesmes, Paul Andrés (2020) Does price-cap regulation work for increasing access to contraceptives? Aggregate- and pharmacy-level evidence from Colombia. Universidad del Rosario, Department of Economics, Documentos de trabajo economía. 35 ppspa
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.48713/10336_30436
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/30436
dc.language.isospa
dc.relation.citationTitleSerie Documentos de trabajo. Economía
dc.relation.urihttps://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000092/018484.html
dc.rights.accesRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.accesoAbierto (Texto Completo)spa
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dc.source.instnameinstname:Universidad del Rosariospa
dc.source.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional EdocURspa
dc.subjectFarmaciasspa
dc.subjectProductos farmacéuticosspa
dc.subjectClientes simuladosspa
dc.subjectPíldoras anticonceptivasspa
dc.subject.ddcProblemas & servicios de bienestar socialspa
dc.subject.jelI110spa
dc.subject.jelI150spa
dc.subject.jelI180spa
dc.subject.keywordPharmaciesspa
dc.subject.keywordPharmaceuticalsspa
dc.subject.keywordSimulated clientsspa
dc.subject.keywordContraceptive pillsspa
dc.titleDoes price-cap regulation work for increasing access to contraceptives? Aggregate- and pharmacy-level evidence from Colombiaspa
dc.typeworkingPapereng
dc.type.hasVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/draft
dc.type.spaDocumento de trabajospa
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