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The genomic diversity of arthropod-specific viruses reinforces the continental distribution pattern of Aedes aegypti
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Briñez, Weimar D.
Alfonso Urrea, Daniel
Muñoz, Marina
Patiño, Luz H.
Ramírez, Juan David
Fecha
2025-10-19
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Antecedentes: Aedes aegypti es el principal vector de arbovirus a nivel mundial, incluyendo dengue, zika, chikunguña y fiebre amarilla. Se cree que se originó en África y migró a América durante los siglos XVI y XVII, propagándose posteriormente a Asia y Oceanía entre los siglos XIX y XX. Estos mosquitos albergan virus específicos de insectos (VIS), que representan la mayor parte de su viroma principal. El Phasivirus phasiense (PCLV), el virus del agente fusionante celular (VAFC) y el anfevirus de Aedes (VAe) destacan por su distribución global en vectores. En este contexto, este estudio pretende evaluar si los VIS pueden aportar información sobre la historia de la dispersión continental de Ae. aegypti. Métodos: Se analizaron 96 secuencias completas de tres virus de la influenza aviar (VAIV, VAIe y VAIV). Estas se obtuvieron de Ae. aegypti silvestres recolectados en cuatro regiones: América (45), Asia (38), África (12) y Oceanía (1), así como de colonias de laboratorio derivadas originalmente de mosquitos silvestres. De las 45 secuencias de América, 12 se recopilaron para este estudio a partir de muestras de mosquitos recolectadas en Ibagué, Colombia, en 2021 (4 por VAI). Para reconstruir la historia de dispersión del vector y comparar los patrones evolutivos entre virus con y sin evidencia de recombinación, se utilizaron múltiples enfoques metodológicos: (1) análisis filogenéticos con BEAST1 para estimar los tiempos de divergencia, (2) pruebas estadísticas de recombinación (prueba Φ), (3) construcción de redes de recombinación mediante SplitsTree y RDP, y (4) análisis de componentes principales (PCA) para evaluar la estructura poblacional. Resultados. El análisis de tres ISV en poblaciones globales de Ae. aegypti permitió inferir la dispersión histórica del vector. Los resultados revelaron: (1) patrones de diversidad genéticamente estructurados asociados con la geografía, (2) evidencia de recombinación en PCLV, pero no en AeAV y CFAV, y (3) estimaciones temporales contrastantes que sugieren múltiples introducciones en América entre los siglos XVII y XIX, así como una dispersión reciente en Oceanía. Conclusions ISVs are promising tools for studying the dispersal and evolution of Ae. aegypti, although their viral dynamics can influence their effectiveness as evolutionary markers. CFAV, with recombination evidence, reflects strong connectivity among populations. AeAV, despite lacking recombination but high variability, provides accurate insights into recent dispersal. PCLV, with low diversity and regional recombination, is useful for analyzing local popula tion structures.
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of arboviruses worldwide, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. It is believed to have originated in Africa and migrated to the Americas during the sixteenth and sev enteenth centuries, subsequently spreading to Asia and Oceania between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These mosquitoes harbor insect-specific viruses (ISVs), which represent the majority of their core virome. Phasivirus phasiense (PCLV), cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), and Aedes anphevirus (AeAV) stand out for their global distribution in vectors. Within this framework, this study aims to evaluate whether ISVs can provide insights into the continental dispersal history of Ae. aegypti. Methods A total of 96 complete sequences from three ISVs (CFAV, AeAV, and PCLV) were analyzed. These were obtained from wild Ae. aegypti collected across four regions: the Americas (45), Asia (38), Africa (12), and Oceania (1), as well as from laboratory colonies originally derived from wild mosquitoes. Of the 45 sequences from the Americas, 12 were newly assembled for this study from mosquito samples collected in Ibagué, Colombia in 2021 (4 per ISV). To reconstruct the vector’s dispersal history and compare evolutionary patterns between viruses with and without evidence of recombination, multiple methodological approaches were used: (1) phylogenetic analyses with BEAST1 to estimate divergence times, (2) statistical tests for recombination (Φ-test), (3) recombination network construction using SplitsTree and RDP, and (4) principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate population structure. Results The analysis of three ISVs in global Ae. aegypti populations allowed for the inference of the vector’s historical dispersal. The results revealed: (1) genetically structured diversity patterns associated with geography, (2) evidence of recombination in PCLV, but not in AeAV and CFAV, and (3) contrasting temporal estimates suggesting multiple introductions into the Americas between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as recent dispersal into Oceania. Conclusions ISVs are promising tools for studying the dispersal and evolution of Ae. aegypti, although their viral dynamics can influence their effectiveness as evolutionary markers. CFAV, with recombination evidence, reflects strong connectivity among populations. AeAV, despite lacking recombination but high variability, provides accurate insights into recent dispersal. PCLV, with low diversity and regional recombination, is useful for analyzing local popula tion structures.
Palabras clave
Filogeografía , Insecto vector , Recombinación , Arbovirus , Evolución biológica
Keywords
Phylogeography , Insect vector , Recombination , Arboviruses , Biological evolution
